1 From Service Learning to Social Entrepreneurship Pr. Kao, Ming Rea( 高明瑞 ); Sheu, Margarita ( 許淮之 ) Wenzao Ursuline College of Languages, Taiwan.

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From Service Learning to Social Entrepreneurship

Pr. Kao, Ming Rea( 高明瑞 );

Sheu, Margarita ( 許淮之 )

Wenzao Ursuline College of Languages, Taiwan

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Agenda

＊ Background of Service Learning

＊ Catholic Universities in Taiwan: Contribution

and Development on Holistic Education with Action

＊ Service Leaning in Taiwan’s Higher Education

＊ Service Learning ＆ Social Entrepreneurship

＊ From Service Learning to Social

Entrepreneurship

＊ Academia Future Development

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The movement of volunteering

Volunteering

• UN: 2001, announced “the year of volunteer”

• 2001 , Taiwan Volunteer Act: encouragement for higher educational institutions to conduct service learning program

Serving

• On 1990: Bush signed the 『 Federal National and Community Service Act 』

• On 1993: Clinton signed the 『 National and Community Service Act 』

Service learning

• 2007: Taiwan, Officially graduate requirement for higher education(compulsory)

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Service Learning Development of Catholic Universities in Taiwan

Mission Department

1997:Promote service learning –oriented pedagogy

2008: formally established learning center

Academic Affair:

2000:Volunteering providence

2007:Service Learning Center formally established

Student Affair:

2002:Service learning curriculum projective team

2007.10.01:Service learning office was establishment

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Evolution of Service Learning Program in Taiwan’s Higher Education (1/3)

• Experimental pedagogy with five steps:– 1. preparation 2. execution– 3. performance 4. reflection– 5. celebration

• Definition of service learning:– Vehicle of social citizenship– Experiential Pedagogy– Civic Involvement– Seed Founding Program

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Evolution of Service Learning Program in Taiwan’s Higher Education (2/3)

• Learning embedded in service: transformation to experiential pedagogy, neither labor service/activity-orientation program

• Service learning: the bridge for the youth to utilize academic knowledge to practical world by participation & involvement

• To do is to learn, to see is to believe (social problem discovering, identifying, solving)

• Seed founding program : through the voluntary participation to serve, engage civicness, emotional affection

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Evolution of Service Learning Program in Taiwan’s Higher Education (3/3)

• Passive to Active• Subsidizing to Fundraising (self-drive)• Labor Service to Professional Service• Domestic Service to International Service• Pedagogy to Education• Education to Collective Actions• Movement aims to Social Change

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Fu Jen service teams

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Providence service teams

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Wenzao service teams

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For clarifying the issues and better understanding, we conduct a research

• Purpose: evaluating the service learning programs in Taiwan’s higher education, emerging the social entrepreneurship for social changes and public goods– Experience

accumulation/cooperation/collaboration– Direction – Myth and gap– Future development

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Frame work of the research

Individual factors

altruism, social relationship, qualification acquition, personal growth, while away. event-orientation

Institutional factors

institutional context , faculty support & involvement, student participation, community cooperation

Civicness

Social Entrepreneurship

Service Learning Programs

H1

H2

H3

H4

--

+

+

+--

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Researching• Survey with interview:

– F: 80.5%, M: 19.5%– Part time/non: 33.6%: 66.4%– Age: 19-20 : 63.7%, 21-22: 17.7%

H1: The institutional factors will contribute as impact factors to service learning programs.

H2: The individual factors of student volunteers will influence the willingness of student participation to service learning programs.

H3: Service learning program acts as important role to foster collective social civicness

H4: Service learning program inspires students to recognize the social problem and the willingness to help in the future

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• Descriptive Statistics(Satisfaction vs. partnership)

Mean Std. Deviation N

Community3.8009 .73661

257

Service L.C.3.1858 1.03552

257

Faculty4.2124 .90091

257

Student participation

3.1150 1.21561

257

Institution3.8717 .87316

257

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Correlations of partnership

Satisfaction Community Service L.C. FacultyStudent

participation InstitutionPearson Correlation

Satisfaction1.000 .450 .241 .269 .084 .314

Community.450 1.000 .368 .158 .096 .369

Service L.C..241 .368 1.000 -.081 .252 .254

Faculty.269 .158 -.081 1.000 .010 .143

Student participation .084 .096 .252 .010 1.000 .048

Institution.314 .369 .254 .143 .048 1.000

Institution 257 257 257 257 257 257

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Descriptive Statistics regarding motivation and satisfaction

Number Min Max Mean Standard DAltruism 257 2.00 5.00 4.2743 Q

Qualification 2572.50 5.00 4.5088 .60127

Personal growth 2573.00 5.00 4.6018 .57149

Social Relationship 2572.00 5.00 4.1106 .66054

Time killing 2571.50 5.00 3.8982 .76811

Event-orientation 2572.00 5.00 4.4690 .65221

Context of Ins. 2572.50 5.00 4.5088 .60127

Experiential Edu.. 2571.00 5.00 4.2920 .87302

Satisfaction 257 1.00 5.00 4.2478 .85075

Civicness 2571.00 5.00 4.3071 .76391

Social Entrep. 2571.33 5.00 4.3217 .69864

Exp. Satisfaction 2571.00 5.00 4.2478 .85075

Role Satisfaction 257 1.00 5.00 4.2566 .87402

有效的 N (完全排除 ) 257

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Correlations of individual motivation

Satisfaction altruism qualification

personal growth

social Relationship

time killing

event-orientati

on

P C

Satisfaction

1.000 .662 .545 .627 .412 .599 .714

altruism

.662 1.000 .460 .446 .364 .396 .559

qualification

.545 .460 1.000 .692 .498 .442 .707

personal growth .627 .446 .692 1.000 .437 .598 .751

social Relationship .412 .364 .498 .437 1.000 .388 .443

time killing

.599 .396 .442 .598 .388 1.000 .626

event-orientation .714 .559 .707 .751 .443 .626 1.000

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Correlations the limit and negative impact

CivicnessTime constraints

Transportation Exp

Living Exp

Obtain Certificate

Pearson Correlation

Civicness1.000 -.191 -.090 -.155 .054

Time constraints-.191 1.000 .416 .280 .178

Transportation Exp

-.090 .416 1.000 .505 -.029

Living Exp -.155 .280 .505 1.000 .132

Obtain Certificate.054 .178 -.029 .132 1.000

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Steps of service learning

Steps of Service Learning

Mean Std. Deviation NSatisfaction 4.25 .851 257

Recursion 3.78 .961 257

Training 3.62 .748 257

Investigation 3.81 .861 257

Preparation 3.73 .845 257

Execution 3.70 .854 257

Outcome 3.86 .833 257

Reflection 3.64 .973 257

Celebration 3.78 .832 257

Maintenance 3.90 .855 257

Serving Community 4.19 .789 257

Security/safety 3.81 .921 257

Role of Service L.(expectation) 4.35 .981 257

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steps on service learning

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviationrecursion 257

1.00 5.00 3.7788 .96116

pre-training 257 2.00 5.00 3.6071 .69484

preparation 257 2.00 5.00 3.7478 .75037

execution 257 1.50 5.00 3.8230 .74976

outcome 257 2.00 5.00 3.8850 .77635

reflection 257 1.00 5.00 3.6858 .81885

celebration 257 2.00 5.00 3.7566 .75034

maintain 257 2.00 5.00 3.9027 .85528

Valid N (listwise) 257

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Civicness that has been generated from S.L

Number Min Max Mean Standard DSatisfaction 257

1.00 5.00 4.2478 .85075

Civicness 2571.00 5.00 4.3071 .76391

Social Entrep. 2571.33 5.00 4.3217 .69864

Exp. Satisfaction 257

1.00 5.00 4.2478 .85075

Role Satisfaction 257

1.00 5.00 4.2566 .87402

Valid N (listwise) 257

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Myths and Gaps of Service Learning

• Compulsories: caused the challenge and criticism• Non-Volunteering writes off the sum of the positive

motivations/momentums• The role of service learning center needs to be re-

identified: resources bricolage and management• Governmental policy support with clear direction• Self-drive ( e.g. catholic culture and spirit

embeddedness )• Service without Learning

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Social Entrepreneurship• The emerging and vigorous research work on

social entrepreneurship, scholars are working to define the boundary and legitimacy with difficulties. But still….

• Four approaches to define( Dacin, Dacin and Matear , 2010 )

– Motivation/personality– Process/activities– Organizations– Performance/Mission

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Positioning social entrepreneurship from the organizational/mission approach( )

Conventional Institutional

Cultural Social

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Social entrepreneurship• 1. “collective actors can disengage the context of the

society by acting for a change” (Hardy & Maguire, 2008)

• 2. “increase the social good either by transforming the behavior, belief, and participation, aggressively learn skill, concept, and taking action as the social problem solver (Weerawardena and Mort, 2005)

• 3. “commercial models are used as the vehicle by which the social objects are achieved (Nicholls, 2006, Thompson, 2006)

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Development of social entrepreneurship

• UK: focus more the commercialization of NPOs, private initiatives that intends to deliver public welfare (embedded in the third sector)

• US. : collective entrepreneurship on the organizational level

• Taiwan: will be different under unique society context and dynamic contingency

• Friendly and constructive dialogues among different regions

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Social enterprises

social

environmental

economic

Welfare and health

Education and training

Economic development

Disaster relief/international aid

Social justice /political change

Environmental planning/management

Innovative approach

Market oriented action

Bottom line six fields

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Social Enterprise

• Build for social goods as NPOs, charity of business organization as CSR, and Social enterprise

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Academia Social Entrepreneurship

• Too paths(approaches): – 1. service learning: civicness activism– 2. education of social entrepreneurship

• Non-profit organization

• Corporate social responsibility (ethics) CSR

• Social enterprises (Fu Jen/ Providence)

• Social Entrepreneurship

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The beauty of service learning is matching with the goal of social entrepreneurship

• 1. social goods• 2. civicness• 3. innovative approach• 4. mean not the end • practical pedagogy• 5. ideology for better global citizenship

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The mission of Catholic Universities is Matching with the Trend of the Global Educationalization

Entrepreneurship

Conventional Capitals

Networks

Economic rationality

Self interests

Social Entrepreneurship

Social rationality

Social problems

Civicness

Service learning

All of us

all

us

you

me

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Cooperativeness of Three Catholic Universities

• Leverage the resources: serious of speeches regarding social entrepreneurship

– Fu Jen: Taiwan Social Enterprise Innovation

Association: Professor. Jer San, Hu

– Providence: Professor Chia Hung, Dan; and Pr.

Wang

– Wenzao: Professor Ming Rea, Kao

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Fu Jen: Taiwan Institute of Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship(2000.04)

• Coordinator and initiator for social enterprise research and practical implementation

• Devotee of promoting social enterprise management in order to upgrade the atmosphere of the social goods

• Enhance the function through cooperation with academia, business, government, and social welfare associations.

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Public Welfare Lectures and Speeches• Taichung: speeches among those educational

institutions for promoting the idea and increase the impact of social enterprises as well as social entrepreneurship

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Kaohsiung Association of Social Enterprise

• Founded on 2011 by Professor Kao• Cooperated with the Taipei, Taichung with the mission of

–Consulting and assistance the

development of social entrepreneurship

for social goods and societal sustainability –Concerning and assisting the

development of environmental-friendly

cooperations

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Brunch Caffe Italiano: General Manager Shi, experienced business managers

• Founder:. on 2009 with experience of running a coffee shop, establish a sheltered workshop to provide the disables with opportunity of “self-reliance”

• 2010, he built up another sheltered workshop– Standard operational procedure (SOP) – Working value – Life value – Self-help, self-drive to work

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Taiwan Farmer – Wang Shunyu, educated master with the ability of innovative problem solving ability • Veterinary• 1999.09.21 earthquake caused him to go back

hometown by taking over the operating the family business -- farm

• Tips:– Focus on exporting– Organic and non-toxic products

with international certificates– Marketing strategy with identify the un-satisfied

market needs– Organics village with promotion of eco tourism

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Injured-Wing Angels Association Too girls who are social entrepreneurs with passions, without formal skill and training to run a social enterprises……

More than 20 years, one is majoring in electricity, while the other is a fashion designer, founding with US$70,000 (about), to establish this shelter factory

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No paycheck for two years, with lots of hats and complains with the

hope of self-reliance

Never figure out the procedure, governmental regulation, without too much donation, but break even through hard work – they are working and fighting to survive

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Operation models: Professional? Passional?

Mask, uniform, bags, sporting wear, coat , jacket, drain cover, and even homepage design…….

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To train, to teach, to survive for one singe belief: self-reliance, self-dignity

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Solutions and Managerial Techniques -- trial and error, persist and insist

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Educationalization of Service Learning and Social Entrepreneurship

• Enhanced the function of service learning• Provide another choices besides economic rationality– self

interest/ economic utility• Activating the teaching pedagogy • Seeding our youth through education for better society

(social rationality: profit is the mean, not the end)• Leverage the resources of holistic education with practical

theory and applicable technique, skill, and knowledge

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Emerging social entrepreneurship within the campus, cooperating service leaning with social

entrepreneurship • Emphasizing holistic education as well as th spirit of service with

religious belief and background (catholic universities)

• Cooperating with service learning program to maximize the

resources of holistic and social entrepreneurship education

• Achieving service learning by civicness and social entrepreneurship,

catalyzing service learning

• Self-driving educationalization instead of compulsory requirement

• Seed founding within the academic institutions: sustainability

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Acknowledgement

• Fu Jen University: Father Yan

(嚴任吉 ), Director Pan (潘榮吉 ) Pr. Hu (胡哲生 ),Pr. Leen(林耀南 ), and Pr. Kuo(郭國泰 )

• Providence University: Sister Anne Therese, Director Hu (胡蓓憶 ), Pr. Teng (鄧嘉宏 ), Pr. Wang (王友民 )

• Wenzao College: Director Tsao (曹志誠 ), Director Chen (陳靜佩 )

• Taiwan Farmer: Wang Shunyu

• Brunch Caffe Italiano (General Shi)

• Injured Wing Angels Association: Ms. Leen and Ms. Tsai

Academia Social entrepreneurs

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Love to giveServe to learn

Educate youth to solve social problem, aim to social change

“Contribution by Catholic Higher Education to Sustainable Development in Modern World:

From Service Learning to Social Entrepreneurship”

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Ming Rea Kao, Margarita Sheu