1 From logic to hardware Ellen Spertus MCS 111 November 25, 2003
Dec 26, 2015
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From logic to hardware
Ellen SpertusMCS 111
November 25, 2003
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Solderless breadboard
http://www.robotroom.com/Infrared555.html
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Wire wrap
http://philip.greenspun.com/humor/eecs-difference-explained
http://www.okindustries.com/products/4.1.1.10.htm
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Point-to-point solder board
http://happybob.com/marc/diy.htm
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Printed circuit boards
• More robust than other techniques– Less subject to jostling– Able to handle higher frequency signals
• Easier to mass produce– Setup cost: create initial artwork– Marginal cost: print board, solder in chips
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Steps
• Choose technology
• Create schematic diagram
• Create artwork
• Transfer artwork to board
• Drill and solder
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Chip packaging
Surface mount technology (SMT)
Dual inline package (DIP)
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Artwork
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Silkscreen and top mask
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Silkscreen and bottom mask
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Notes
• Blue silkscreen layer is just for decoration
• Red lines represent top traces
• Green lines represent bottom traces
• Lines don’t intersect
• Circles represent– holes– vias (to carry signal from top to bottom)
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Etching artwork onto board
• Subtractive processes– Begin with copper board– Mask where you want traces– Remove the exposed copper– Wash off mask
• Additive processes– Begin with nonconductive board– Add conductive traces
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Transferring artwork to board
• Press-on or rub-on traces
• Special markers
• Iron-on transfers
• Photographic transfers
• Direct plotting onto board
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Silkscreen and mask
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Mask
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Remainder of lecture
• From switches to gates
• Implementing switches
• Transistors
• Building gates from transistors
• Integrated circuits
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From switches to gates
• Innovators– Konrad Zuse (Germany, 1935) – Claude Shannon (United States, 1940)
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Computer hardware
• Mechanical relays– Z1 (1938)
• Electromagnetic relays– Z3 (1938-1941)– Mark 1 (1944)
• Vacuum tubes– Colossus (1943)– ENIAC (1946)
• Transistors (1947)
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Conductors and insulators
• Conductors– Copper– Water
• ____________– Silicon– Germanium
• Insulators– Rubber
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Faucet analogy
Pictures copyright © 1995 by Azer Bestavros
GateGate
Source Source
Sink Sink
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Two types of transistors
Current flows when gate high Current flows when gate low
Pictures copyright © 1995 by Azer Bestavros
23Pictures copyright (c) 1995 by Azer Bestavros
24Pictures copyright (c) 1995 by Azer Bestavros
25Pictures copyright (c) 1995 by Azer Bestavros
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What other gates can we build?
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Integrated circuits
• Integrating multiple components (resistors, transistors, and capacitors) onto a single semiconductor chip
• Inventors 1958-1959– Jack Kilby, TI– Robert Noyce
• Fairchild Semiconductor• Intel
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Microprocessors
• Intel 4004 (1971)– 2300 transistors– 4-bit processor– 108 KHz
• Intel Pentium 4 EE (2003)– 169 million transistors– 32-bit processor– 3.2 GHz– Cache (L1: 8 KB, L2: 512 KB, L3: 2 MB)
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Creating silicon wafers
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Opto-lithography and die separation
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Packaging
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Moore’s Law• The number of transistors that can be placed on the
same area of a microprocessor doubles every 1-2 years – Gordon Moore, 1965/1973
• Has held true ever since 1965!• In 2003, Intel predicted a billion transistors in 2007!
http://www.physics.udel.edu/wwwusers/watson/scen103/intel-new.gif