1 Free Form Lesson Overview - humtech.com example, CPDLC (Controller Pilot Datalink ... RCP Integrity (I) The required probability that an operational communication transaction is

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Order Template Screen1 Free Form Lesson Overview

2 Free Form PerformanceBased CNS Requirements

3 Free Form PerformanceBased CNS Requirements

4 Single Answer Knowledge Check

5 Free Form Related ICAO Guidance


7 Free Form What is Data Link?


9 Free Form Components of a Data Link System

10 Free Form SATCOM Constellations

11 Free Form ARINC Coverage Map

12 Free Form How the Data Link System Works


14 Free Form Types of Data Link Systems

15 Free Form Data Link Services Coverage Area

16 Columns Knowledge Check

17 Free Form Data Link System Benefits


19 Free Form Data Link Guidance Materials


21 Free Form What is NextGen?


23 Free Form NextGen Technologies


25 Free Form How NextGen Affects ASI


27 Free Form Lesson Summary



Lesson Overview

Location: FAA: Overview of Oceanic and International Operations [CID:5101], PerformanceBasedRequirements and Technologies, Screen 1 [2_3_1]

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In this lesson, you will learn about the evolution ofInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) andFAA to a performancebased system, applicableICAO guidance, the role of Data Link in oceanicoperations and how NextGen technologies affectOceanic and International Operations.

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

Identify performancebased communication,navigation, and surveillance (CNS)requirementsIdentify related ICAO guidanceDefine Data LinkExplain how the Data Link System worksList the different types of Data Link SystemsIdentify the benefits of using a Data LinkSystemIdentify the guidance materials pertaining toData Link SystemsDefine NextGenIdentify NextGen technologiesIdentify how NextGen affects the AviationSafety Inspector (ASI)



PerformanceBased CNS Requirements


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Performancebased, in this context, refers to therequired performance to meet the criteria of thecommunications, navigation and surveillancerequirements.

Performancebased criteria include:

IntegrityReliabilityAvailabilityContinuity

Oceanic Data Link requirements are detailed in theGlobal Operational Data Link Document (GOLD).

Navigation requirements are detailed in ICAOPerformance Based Navigation Manual (PBN Doc9613).

For assistance, you should contact a SAOSpecialist.

Performancebased

Performancebased

Communication Requirements Navigation Requirements Surveillance Requirements

Operations require:

VHF and HF radios (eitherVoice or Datalink)SATCOM Data Link

For example, CPDLC(Controller PilotDatalinkCommunications)

SATCOM Voice

Navigation requirements are:

RNPRNAV

ADSC (Automatic DependentSurveillanceContract) (procedural) orvoice position reports.



PerformanceBased CNS Requirements


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These CNS requirements are currently or will be tiedto a specific metric to meet a required performancestandard.

For example, a Required CommunicationPerformance (RCP) of RCP240 or RCP400 isbeing explored to meet separation standards inoceanic operations.

In this case, the number connected to the RCP is adirect function of the number of seconds required toclose the communication loop.

Select the image on the right to view a list ofperformancebased criteria terms specific to RCPand RSP.

PerformanceBased criteria terms specific toRCP and RSP

PerformanceBased criteria terms specific to RCP and RSP

PerformanceBased CriteriaTerms

Description

Operational communicationtransaction

The process a human uses to initiate the transmission of an instruction,clearance, flight information, and/or request, and is completed when thathuman is confident that the transaction is complete.

RCP Integrity (I) The required probability that an operational communication transaction iscompleted with no undetected errors.

Whilst RCP integrity is defined in terms of the “goodness” of thecommunication capability, it is specified in terms of the likelihood ofoccurrence of malfunction on a per flight hour basis, e.g. 105, consistentwith RNAV/RNP specifications.

RCP Reliability (R) RNP accommodates a more reliable flight schedule by providing more



precise flight paths.

RCP Availability (A) The required probability that an operational communication transaction canbe initiated when needed.

RCP Continuity (C) The required probability that an operational communication transaction canbe completed within the communication transaction time, either ET or TT95%, given that the service was available at the start of the transaction.

Surveillance Data Data pertaining to the identification of aircraft and/or obstructions for routeconformance monitoring and safe and efficient conduct of flight.

Surveillance Availability (A) The required probability that surveillance data can be provided when needed

Surveillance Continuity (C) The required probability that surveillance data can be delivered within thesurveillance delivery time parameter, either OT or DT 95%, given that theservice was available at the start of delivery

Accuracy The general definition for accuracy is defined as:The degree of conformance between the estimate or measured positionand/or the velocity of a platform at a given time and its true position orvelocity. Radio navigation performance accuracy is usually presented as astatistical measure of system error and is specified as:

Predictable The accuracy of a position in relation to the geographicor geodetic coordinates of the earth.Repeatable The accuracy with which a user can return to a positionwhose coordinates have been measured at a previous time with thesame navigation system.Relative The accuracy with which a user can determine one positionrelative to another position regardless of any error in their truepositions.



Knowledge Check


Template: Single AnswerADSC is an example of which of the following requirements?

Communication

Navigation

Surveillance

Operational Control

Answer Key: CCorrect Feedback: Correct. ADSC is the surveillance tool in an Oceanic environment.

IncorrectFeedback:

Incorrect. ADSC is the surveillance tool in an Oceanic environment.



Related ICAO Guidance


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The PBN Manual (Doc 9613) is an example ofguidance specific to navigation. It has established astandard that operators will have to meet in certainairspace. For example, the PBN Manual states thatif an operator wants an RNP 4 approval that it mustbe dependent on a GNSS capability.

Select the graphic to review the PBN Manual. Whenyou are finished, select NEXT to continue.

PBN Doc 9613

PBN Doc 9613



Knowledge Check


Template: Single AnswerIf an operator's aircraft only has inertial capability, they can request and receive an RNP 4 approval.

True

False

Answer Key: BCorrect Feedback: Correct. RNP 4 approval requires a GNSS capability.

IncorrectFeedback:

Incorrect. RNP 4 approval requires a GNSS capability.



What is Data Link?


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Another performancebased technology is DataLink. A Data Link system, such as Controller PilotData Link Communication (CPDLC), provides rapid,efficient communication between the pilot and AirTraffic Controller (ATC), via direct exchange ofdigital data messages between computers on theground and computers on board the aircraft.

It is a major change from long standing voicecommunication practices to newly developed datacommunication practices.

Data Link is used for:

Communications between flight crews andair traffic controllers for routinecommunication such as ATC clearances,position reports, and Flight ManagementComputer (FMC) loadable clearances,routes, etc.Communication between flight crews andairline operations centers (FMCAOC) forFMC loadable wind data, FMC loadableroutes, position reports and aircraftengineering data.


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Knowledge Check


Template: Single AnswerCPDLC provides rapid, efficient communication betwen the pilot and ATC.

True

False

Answer Key: ACorrect Feedback: Correct. CPDLC provides rapid, efficient communication between the pilot and ATC, via

direct and indirect exchange of digital data messages.Incorrect

Feedback:Incorrect. CPDLC provides rapid, efficient communication between the pilot and ATC,via direct and indirect exchange of digital data messages.



Components of a Data Link System


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There are many components to a data link system.These include satellites, Air Navigation ServiceProviders (ANSPs), communication providers,Ground Earth Stations (GES), and groundautomation computers.

Examples of NAT ANSPs are:

GanderShanwickSanta MariaNew YorkReykjavikOakland (Pacific)

Examples of Communication Servuce Providers are:

ARINCSITA



SATCOM Constellations


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Satellite systems, which we mentioned previouslyas one of the components of data link, include thefollowing:

InmarsatIridium

These satellite systems have different capabilitiesand limitations and must be considered when anSAO is requested. For example, Inmarsat is a highorbit system, and Iridium is a low orbit system.

ASIs should consult the SAO Specialist forclarification of Inmarsat or Iridium use.

InmarsatIridium

Inmarsat

This graphic is a map of the Inmarsat Satellite coverage area. It uses 4 geostationary highorbit satellites. Inmarsatdoes not provide Polar coverage. All satellite communication and navigation systems require lineofsight access.

Iridium

This graphic is a map of the Iridium satellite constellation. Iridium uses 66 satellites in low polar orbit. It offers totalglobal coverage including Polar areas. Communication is by lineofsight from a telephone to a satellite.





ARINC Coverage Map


Template: Free FormThe graphic depicts ARINC coverage maps for HFand VHF communication. The vendor charts areused with vendor's permission as long as they arenot used for actual navigation.



How the Data Link System Works


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Data link communication can originate with theaircraft, an air traffic controller, or dispatcher/flightfollower/flight locator.

Communications originating from an aircraft areeither relayed through a satellite segment or anetwork segment to the Data Link service provider,which then sends the message to either the airtraffic controller or the dispatcher/flightfollower/flight locator.

Communications originating on the ground are sentto the Data Link service provider to either a networksegment or a satellite segment, which then conveysthe message to the aircraft.

CPDLC allows a controller to exchangepreformatted and free text messages directly withthe pilots.



Knowledge Check


Template: Single AnswerData Link communication can be initiated by only ATC.

True

False

Answer Key: BCorrect Feedback: Correct. Data Link communication can originate with the aircraft, an air traffic

controller, or dispatcher/flight follower/flight locator.Incorrect

Feedback:Incorrect. Data Link communication can originate with the aircraft, an air trafficcontroller, or dispatcher/flight follower/flight locator.



Types of Data Link Systems


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Currently, FANS is in widespread use in oceanic airspace and is beginning to be used also in some domesticairspace, including in the US. ATN B1 is currently only used in overland areas. Some avionics are “dual stack,”meaning they can do CPDLC with any ATC center, whether the ATC center uses FANS or ATN B1 standards.Some ATCs are “dual stack,” capable of FANS and of ATN B1. ATS authorities are diligently working, together withavionics manufacturers, to put in place a single, common CPDLC standard, but until this takes place, inspectorsshould be aware of the possibility of a CPDLC system not being appropriate for the desired operation

Select each graphic to learn more about the types of Data Link Systems. When you are finished, select NEXT tocontinue.

FANS1/AAeronautical Telecommunications Network, Baseline 1 (ATN B1)Link 2000+

FANS1/A

FANS1/A is a system that integrates physical systems (hardware, software, and communication networks),human elements (pilots and controllers), and the procedures for use by pilots and controllers.

FANS 1/A Data Link system is the only system compatible with ATC Flight Processors for conducting OceanicOperations.

Aeronautical Telecommunications Network, Baseline 1 (ATN B1)

The Aeronautical Telecommunications Network, Baseline 1 (ATN B1) connects various ground applications, withcorresponding air applications through airground sub networks.

This system is exclusively used in overland areas.

Link 2000+

Link 2000+ is the European Data Link system.

This system is not allowed to be used in the United States because of software incompatibility.



Data Link Services Coverage Area


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There are global initiativesrequiring greater use of DataLink capabilities. Somegeographic areas will becomeexclusionary if an operator isnot equipped with specific DataLink capabilities and has beenissued appropriateauthorizations.

Atlantic and Pacific oceanicareas accommodate equipmentand approval of Data Linkaircraft.



Knowledge Check


Template: ColumnsMatch each description with its corresponding data link system by selecting the appropriate cell in the table below.

Description FANS1/A

ATNB1

This system is currently only in use in overland areas.

This system is in widespread use in oceanic areas.

Description AnswerThis system is currently only in use in overland areas. ATN B1This system is in widespread use in oceanic areas. FANS 1/A



Data Link System Benefits


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Data link systems provide the following benefits:

Data can be processed by avionics andground systemsLess reliance on voiceDirect, rapid communication with controllerFacilitates rapid intervention by ATC toreduce errorsCan enable Reduced Separation Standards



Knowledge Check


Template: Single AnswerData Link capabilities are helping to reduce voice frequency congestion.

True

False

Answer Key: ACorrect Feedback: Correct. Data Link capabilities are helping to reduce voice frequency congestion.

IncorrectFeedback:

Incorrect. Data Link capabilities are helping to reduce voice frequency congestion.



Data Link Guidance Materials


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Select each graphic to learn more about Data Link guidance materials. When you are finished, select NEXT tocontinue.

Advisory Circular (AC) (AC 12070)Air Traffic Organization (ATO) Website on Data LinkGlobal Operational Data Link Document (GOLD)FAA Order 8900.1, Volume 3Data Link Approval ChecklistOperator Guide to Data Link Approval(RTCA) RTCA DO306(RTCA) RTCA DO240

Advisory Circular (AC) (AC 12070)

This document describes methods for operators of different data link systems to meet international standards setby the regional airspace authorities and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

For more information, select the AC 12070 link in the Resources section.

Air Traffic Organization (ATO) Website on Data Link

This Air Traffic Organization website provides links to websites and documents that are related to Data Linkcommunication and its use.



For more information, select the Air Traffic Organization website link in the Resources section.

Global Operational Data Link Document (GOLD)

The Global Operational Data Link Document provides information about Data Link aspects of aeronautical activity.The intent of the GOLD is to facilitate the consistent application of standards and recommended practices.

Previous documents on Data Link guidance are now obsolete since they have been consolidated in the GOLD. Thisdocument must be used when an operator requests approval for oceanic Data Link operations.

For more information, select the Global Operational Data Link Document link in the Resources section.

FAA Order 8900.1, Volume 3

As a part of FAA Order 8900.1, Template A056 contains operational limitations and provisions for grantingauthorization to operators of aircraft to conduct Data Link communications.

Data Link Approval Checklist

The Data Link Approval Checklist is a list of all the items that need to be included in the Operator Application forOperational Authorization to use Data Link.

For more information, select the Data Link link in the Resources section.

Operator Guide to Data Link Approval

The Operator Guide to Data Link Approval outlines the policies and procedures related to CNS requirements andoptions.

(RTCA) RTCA DO306

RTCA DO306, Safety and Performance Standard for Air Traffic Data Link Services in Oceanic and RemoteAirspace, outlines requirements for Data Link services in oceanic and remote airspace.

(RTCA) RTCA DO240

RTCA DO240, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN)Avionics, indicates the standards for Aeronautical Telecommunication Network operations for aircraft systems andequipment.



Knowledge Check


Template: Single AnswerWhich of the following documents is the promary reference when an operator requests a data link approval forOceanic Operations?

AC 9170

GOLD

Doc 4444

Annex 2

Answer Key: BCorrect Feedback: Correct. The GOLD must be used when an operator requests approval for oceanic Data

Link operations.Incorrect

Feedback:Incorrect. The GOLD must be used when an operator requests approval for oceanicData Link operations.



What is NextGen?


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The last performancebased system that will be discussed inthis lesson is NextGen. The Next Generation Air TransportationSystem, ?better known as NextGen, is a set of technologies,and a set of actions enabled by those technologies thattransforms the way the aviation system operates.

NextGen will allow more aircraft to safely fly closer together onmore direct routes. This will result in benefits for theenvironment and the economy through reductions in carbonemissions, fuel consumption, and noise.

http://www.faa.gov/nextgen



Knowledge Check


Template: Single AnswerWhat is NextGen?

A single project to describe the ongoing, wideranging transformation of the National Airspace System (NAS).

The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is a set of technologies, and a set of actionsenabled by those technologies that transforms the way the aviation system operates.

A collection of programs and initiatives that will be implemented in the next ten years and completed in 2020.

A single program that will evaluate new technologies at varying levels of maturity and take advantage ofexisting aircraft capabilities to empower the flight crew by providing applicable information to the flight deckand implementing performancebased op

Answer Key: BCorrect Feedback: Correct. The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is a set of

technologies, and a set of actions enabled by those technologies that transforms theway the aviation system operates.

IncorrectFeedback:

Incorrect. The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is a set oftechnologies, and a set of actions enabled by those technologies that transforms theway the aviation system operates.



NextGen Technologies


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The table to the right provides a sample list ofcurrent NextGen technologies.

Select the table to view a larger version of the table.



Automatic DependantSurveillanceBroadcast (ADSB)

Automatic Dependant Surveillance Broadcast transmits the aircraft GPSlocation. This is part of the FAA's plan to shift from a radarbased system toa satellitebased system. ADSB allows pilots in the cockpit and air trafficcontrollers on the ground to know the locations of aircraft with much moreprecision than has been possible before.

Global Navigation SatelliteSystem or Global PositioningSystem [(GNSS) (GPS)]

Global Positioning System is the United States Global Navigation SatelliteSystem that provides reliable location and time information.

PerformanceBased Navigation(PBN)

PerformanceBased Navigation is a framework for defining performancerequirements for design in areas such as automated flight paths, airspacedesign, and obstacle clearance. Area Navigation (RNAV) and RequiredNavigation Performance (RNP) are the main components of PBN.

Area Navigation (RNAV) Area Navigation enables aircraft to fly on any desired flight path within thecoverage of ground or satellitebased navigation aids.

Required NavigationPerformance (RNP)

Required Navigation Performance is RNAV with the addition of an onboardperformance monitoring and alerting capability. It is a kind of Performance



Based Navigation that allows aircraft to safely operate on a specific lateralarea in space.



Knowledge Check


Template: Single AnswerThe following are examples of NextGen technologies.

ADSB

PBN

RNAV

All of the above

Answer Key: DCorrect Feedback: Correct. ADSB, PBN, and RNAV are all examples of NextGen technologies.

IncorrectFeedback:

Partially correct. All are examples of NextGen technologies.



How NextGen Affects ASI


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Aviation Safety Inspectors (ASIs) need to befamiliar with the NextGen technologies for operatorrequests. You should call your Regional NextGenSpecialist when approached for approval.



Knowledge Check


Template: Single AnswerASIs receiving requests from operators for approvals using NextGen technologies should consult with the RegionalNextGen Specialist.

True

False

Answer Key: ACorrect Feedback: Correct. ASIs receiving requests from operators for approvals using NextGen

technologies should consult the regional NextGen Specialist.Incorrect

Feedback:Incorrect. ASIs receiving requests from operators for approvals using NextGentechnologies should consult the regional NextGen Specialist.



Lesson Summary


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In this lesson, you learned about performancebased CNS requirements for oceanic operationsand their corresponding ICAO guidance, how theData Link System applies to International andOceanic Operations and how NextGen technologiesaffect Oceanic and International Operations.

You should now be able to:

Identify performancebased Communication,Navigation, and Surveillance (CNS)requirementsIdentify related ICAO guidanceDefine Data LinkExplain how the Data Link System worksList the different types of Data Link SystemsIdentify the benefits of using a Data LinkSystemIdentify the guidance materials pertaining toData Link SystemsDefine NextGenIdentify NextGen technologies Identify how NextGen affects the AviationSafety Inspector (ASI)

1 Free Form Lesson Overview - humtech.com example, CPDLC (Controller Pilot Datalink ... RCP Integrity (I) The required probability that an operational communication transaction is

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