1 Four Worlds of History Materials developed by or through CALIS are made available online via a database that serves as a digital file cabinet of teaching.

1

Four Worlds of HistoryFour Worlds of History

Materials developed by or through CALIS are made available online via a database that serves as a digital file cabinet of teaching resources.

The Activities Database is a free and unrestricted collection.

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As others download and further adapt these materials—all credit and source lines, for teachers as well of for CALIS–USC, should remain in tact as published.

Teresa Hudock, Director, CALIS213-740-7794 or [email protected]

usc.edu/calis

First, thank you for opening this powerpoint and considering using it!

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First Edition: December 16, 2011

Revised Edition: Nov 27, 2012

Slide Count: 66

This file is provides an “inference exercise” using a 4W chart to outline information from a textbook.

Slides that refer directly to items on the Activities Database have the item referenced.

The “Four Worlds” framework is an analytical process. The development of ppt files is an attempt to more easily introduce the process – and the purpose – to interested teachers. Your collaboration is GREATLY appreciated.

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2

Four Worlds of History

Modern World History10th grade

Imperialism

3


Table of Contents Main Items & Issues

Modern World History10th grade

4 – Social Science Factors – the Four Worlds analysis… and other factors

56 – Goals of the Social Sciences

7 – Inference Exercise – “Active Reading” of expository text finding meaning

54 – Evaluation Question – The point of examining all the details, factors & dynamics

30 – Synthesis Question 1 – What was Western Europe’s imperial quest?

39 – Synthesis Question 2 – Who are the actors in new imperialism of the 1800s?

33 – Imperialism / Imperialism vs. Colonialism / Imperialism in Historical Context

4


Social Science Factors

These constantly reoccurring

are important to recognize

regardless of how they are described

basic factors of the human condition

5


Social Science Factors

Identifying factors, relating factors, and

is the science of the social sciences .

determining the “most important" factors

the science social sciences

6


Social Science FactorsIn addition to factors in Four Worlds,

--political, economic, social, and cultural--

there are other sets of factors

that affect all Four Worlds:

…the natural worldgeography

technology …the world of invention

character …the personal world

7

Political World Economic World

Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World

What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800s?H-SS 10.4.1

textbook: World History: The Modern World, Prentice Hall, 2007 – page 287

8


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



“Like other key developments in world history, the new imperialism exploded out of a combination of causes.” page 286

9


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World

See factors: reference sheets 1 and 2



“Like other key developments in world history, the new imperialism exploded out of a combination of causes.” page 286

factors imperialism

new imperialismcauses

10


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

Page 287 offers four paragraphs:

■ Economic Interests

■ Political & Military Motives

■ Humanitarian & Religious Goals

■ Applying Social Darwinism

10.4 Students analyze patterns of global change in the era of New Imperialism in at least two of the following regions or countries: Africa, Southeast Asia, China, India, Latin America, and the Philippines.

1. Describe the rise of industrial economies and their link to imperialism and colonialism (e.g., the role played by national security and strategic advantage; moral issues raised by the search for national hegemony, Social Darwinism, and the missionary impulse; material issues such as land, resources, and technology).

CST blueprint: 10.4.1 is an “A” standard

11


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

“Economic Interests”

12


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



Industrial Revolution

factors imperialism

manufacturersneeds & desires


13


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism

manufacturers

access to natural resources

new markets of consumers

bankers (investors) ventures

needs & desires


profits

14


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism

manufacturers




needs & desires


profits

Europe’s growing population

15


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism

manufacturers




needs & desires


profits


“valuable outlet”

16


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World





factors imperialism



“valuable outlet”


land

natural resources

consumersproduction

Colonies provide…means of


Colonies

demographic pressures

manufacturers

bankers (investors) venturesprofitsprosperity

17


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

“Political &Military Motives”

18


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism

merchant shipsbases for naval vessels

prestige

national security


“Political and military issues were closely linked to economic motives.”

and

Western leaderscoalsupplies

steam-powered

seized islands harbors

19


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism


prestige

national security



and


steam-powered


trade

security

prosperity

resources

power

military

Colonies provide…Colonies

power/energy

infrastructure

20


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism


prestige

national security



and


steam-powered


trade

security

prosperity

resources

power

military


power/energy

infrastructure

nationalism


21


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism


prestigenational security



and


steam-powered

trade

security prosperity

resources

power

military


power/energy


nationalism

loyaltyidentity

pride

22


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

“Humanitarian &Religious Goals”

23


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

concern

humanitarian

blessings of Western civilization

duty

“little brothers”

“Humanitarian &Religious Goals”

religious&

for

24


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism

concern

humanitarian


duty


practices

Colonies needed…

“Humanitarian &

Colonies

values

Religious Goals”

religious&

customs

beliefs

for

25


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism

concern

humanitarian


duty

“little brothers”ethnocentric

practices

Colonies needed…

“Humanitarian &

Colonies

values

Religious Goals”

religious

hierarchical

&

customs

beliefs

for

patriarchal

paternal

26


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

“Applying SocialDarwinism”

27


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

Social Darwinism

racial superiority

West’s civilizing mission

improvement of the human species

“Applying SocialDarwinism”

domination of weaker races

28


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism

Social Darwinism

racial superiority



“Applying Social

values

Darwinism”

domination of weaker raceshierarchical

beliefs

racism

29


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism

Social Darwinism

racial superiority



conformity

Colonies needed…

“Applying Social

Colonies

values

Darwinism”

domination of weaker raceshierarchical

assimilation

beliefs

racism

homogeneity

30


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

imperialism

Studying each context, is any one factor or world the primary cause of imperialism?

The is the root cause of imperialism?

What are secondary or contributing causes?

cause and effect

31


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

imperialism

Given the many factors involved, what is the best approach to end imperialism?

problem-solving

32


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World

See factors: reference sheet 3



factors imperialism

What was Western Europe’s imperial quest?imperial

33


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism

What was Western Europe’s imperial quest?

security prosperity

meaningequity

imperial

34


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World




factors imperialism

What was Western Europe’s imperial quest?

conquest

domination

security prosperity

meaning

exploitation

for its own for its own

equity

controlfor its own

imperial

without

35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism -- Dec 21, 2011

“Imperialism, as defined by Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination."

"Imagine the output of the whole vast State!"

http://chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/i2l/kls.html

Imperialism

The imperialism of the last 500 years, as described by the above work is primarily a western undertaking that employs "expansionist – mercantilism and latterly communist – systems." Geographical domains have included the German Empire, the Mongolian Empire, the Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire, the Dutch Empire, the Persian Empire, the French Empire, the American Empire, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Empire, the Chinese Empire and the British Empire, but the term can equally be applied to domains of knowledge, beliefs, values and expertise, such as the empires of Christianity (see Christendom) or Islam (see Caliphate). Imperialism is usually autocratic, and also sometimes monolithic (i.e. having a massive, unchanging structure that does not allow individual variation) in character. It can be relatively benign as in Canada, or murderously brutal as in the Congo Free State.


“Imperialism, as defined by Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination."

"Imagine the output of the whole vast State!"


Imperialism

The imperialism of the last 500 years, as described by the above work is primarily a western undertaking that employs "expansionist – mercantilism and latterly communist – systems." Geographical domains have included the German Empire, the Mongolian Empire, the Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire, the Dutch Empire, the Persian Empire, the French Empire, the American Empire, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Empire, the Chinese Empire and the British Empire, but the term can equally be applied to domains of knowledge, beliefs, values and expertise, such as the empires of Christianity (see Christendom) or Islam (see Caliphate). Imperialism is usually autocratic, and also sometimes monolithic (i.e. having a massive, unchanging structure that does not allow individual variation) in character. It can be relatively benign as in Canada, or murderously brutal as in the Congo Free State.

autocraticmonolithic

mercantilism

domination subordination

term can be equally applied to

economic, cultural, and territorial relationshipunequal

knowledgebeliefs values expertise

relatively benign murderously brutalor


Imperialism vs. Colonialism

Edward Said suggested that imperialism involved “the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan centre ruling a distant territory’”. He goes on to say colonialism refers to the “implanting of settlements on a distant territory”.

The term 'imperialism' should not be confused with ‘colonialism’ as it often is.

Robert Young supports this thinking as he puts forward that imperialism operates from the center, it is a state policy, and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons whereas colonialism is nothing more than development for settlement or commercial intentions.


Imperialism vs. Colonialism

Edward Said suggested that imperialism involved “the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan centre ruling a distant territory’”. He goes on to say colonialism refers to the “implanting of settlements on a distant territory”.

The term 'imperialism' should not be confused with ‘colonialism’ as it often is.

Robert Young supports this thinking as he puts forward that imperialism operates from the center, it is a state policy, and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons whereas colonialism is nothing more than development for settlement or commercial intentions.

settlementcolonialismcommercial intentions

imperialismdominating

ruling

39

Imperialism in Historical Context

early colonialism e.g. Ancient Greece Mediterranean settlements

early imperialism 15th to 17th century Age of Exploration

New Imperialism 19th & early 20th centuries

American Imperialism late 19th & early 20th centuries

Neo-Imperialism

ongoing colonialism

North-South relations —the colonial legacy

40

Imperialism in Historical Context

1945 – to the present?

Neo-Imperialism

Lack of development and mal-development of colonies meant that they were “behind” once they won their independence. The period of decolonization after WWII gave birth to over 100 new nations (the South) that had not industrialized like imperial powers of Europe and the United States (the North). Former colonies were desperately behind in both political and economic development. The North was able to continue its dominance and exploitation of the South through unequal diplomatic and trade relations.

North-South relations —the colonial legacy

1945 – to the present?

The period of decolonization was also the beginning of the Cold War—the superpower struggle between the United States and its allies (the West) and the Soviet Union (USSR) and its allies (the East). Both the US and USSR went “fishing in troubled waters” of the new nations that were not yet politically stable. The Americans and Soviets would take opposite sides whether it meant giving arms to dictators or violent rebel groups. Fueling constant war or staunch oppression would slow or stop political and economic development.

East-West relations —the cold war legacy

41


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

class status

privilege

Who are the actors in imperialism of the 1800s?actors

42


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

Western leaders

colonial officialsbankers

class status

privilege

stated

consumers

missionaries

manufacturers

Westerners

millions of non-Westerners


rival nations

Christian

humanitarians

actors

43


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

Western leaders

colonial officialsbankers

class

actors

status

privilege

stated implied

investors

merchants

consumers

missionaries

manufacturers

Westerners



rival nations

Christianracists

humanitarians

44


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

Western leaders

colonial officials

bankers

class

wealthyelite

status

privilege

stated implied

investors

merchants

consumers

missionaries

manufacturers

Westerners



rival nations

inferred

workers

Christianracists

slave labor

slaves

slave traders

humanitarians

tyrants

actors

45


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

Western leaders

colonial officials

bankers

class

wealthyelite

status

privilege

stated implied

investors

merchants

consumers

missionaries

manufacturers

Westerners



rival nations

inferred

workers

Christianracists

slave labor

slaves

slave traders

What can happen if a combination of actors is the same person?*

humanitarians

tyrants

actors

add other actors/roles as they arise

46


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

Which roles describe this actor?

King Leopold II

47

King Leopold's Soliloquy:

A Defense of His Congo Rule

By Mark Twain

Boston: The P. R. Warren Co., 1905.http://sourcebook.fsc.edu/history/twain.html

“And Yes, they go on telling everything, these chatterers! They tell how I levy incredibly burdensome taxes upon the natives – taxes which are a pure theft; taxes which they must satisfy by gathering rubber under hard and constantly harder conditions, and by raising and furnishing food supplies gratis – and it all comes out that, when they fall short of their tasks through hunger, sickness, despair, and ceaseless and exhausting labor without rest, and forsake their homes and flee to the woods to escape punishment, my black soldiers, drawn from unfriendly tribes, and instigated and directed by my Belgians, hunt them down and butcher them and burn their villages – reserving some of the girls.

"They only tell what is against me."


They tell it all: how I am wiping a nation of friendless creatures out of existence by every form of murder, for my private pocket’s sake, and how every shilling I get costs a rape, a mutilation or a life. But they never say, although they know it, that I have labored in the cause of religion at the same time and all the time, and have sent missionaries there (of a “convenient stripe,” as they phrase it), to teach them the error of their ways and bring them to Him who is all mercy and love, and who is the sleepless guardian and friend of all who suffer. They tell only what is against me, they will not tell what is in my favor.

48King Leopold's Soliloquy - continued

“And were the fault-finders frank with my private character? They could not be more so if I were a plebeian, a peasant, a medianic. They remind the world that from the earliest days my house has been chapel and brothel combined, and both industries working full time; that I practiced cruelties upon my queen and my daughters, and supplemented them with daily shame and humiliations…

Congo State by King Leopold were put in buckets and the buckets placed side by side, the line would stretch 2,000 miles; if the skeletons of his ten millions of starved and butchered dead could rise up and march in single file, it would take them seven months and four days to pass a given point; if compacted together in a body, they would occupy more ground than St. Louis covers, World’s Fair and all; if they should all clap their bony hands at once, the grisly crash would be heard at a distance of –” Damnation, it makes me tired!

“It is as I have said: they are unfair, unjust; they will resurrect and give new currency to such things as those, or to any other things that count against me, but they will not mention any act of mine that is in my favor. I have spent more money on art than any other monarch of my time, and they know it. Do they speak of it, do they tell about it? No, they do not. They prefer to work up what they call “ghastly statistics” into offensive kindergarten object lessons, whose purpose is to make sentimental people shudder, and prejudice them against me. They remark that “if the innocent blood shed in the

49


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

What can happen if a combination of actors is the same person?*King Leopold II

50


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism


Cecil Rhodes

51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes - Dec 21, 2011

Cecil John Rhodes (1853–1902) was an English-born South African businessman, mining magnate, and politician. He was the founder of the diamond company De Beers, which today markets 40% of the world's rough diamonds and at one time marketed 90%. An ardent believer in British colonial imperialism, he was the founder of the state of Rhodesia, which was named after him. In 1964, Northern Rhodesia became the independent state of Zambia and Southern Rhodesia was thereafter known as simply as Rhodesia. In 1980, Rhodesia, which had been de-facto independent since 1965, was granted independence by Britain and was renamed Zimbabwe. South Africa's Rhodes University is also named after Rhodes. He set up the provisions of the Rhodes Scholarship, which is funded by his estate.

Historian Richard A. McFarlane views Rhodes "as integral a participant in southern African and British imperial history as George Washington or Abraham Lincoln are in their respective eras in United States history... most histories of South Africa covering the last decades of the nineteenth century are contributions to the historiography of Cecil Rhodes.

"The Rhodes Colossus" - cartoon by Edward Linley Sambourne, published in Punch after Rhodes announced plans for a

telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo.


Rhodes' policies were instrumental in the development of British imperial policies in South Africa, such as the Hut tax. He did not, however, have direct political power over the Boer Republic of the Transvaal. He often disagreed with the Transvaal government's policies. He believed he could use his money and his power to overthrow the Boer government and install a British colonial government supporting mine-owners' interests in its place.

In 1895, Rhodes supported an attack on the Transvaal, the infamous Jameson Raid, which proceeded with the tacit approval of Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain. The raid was a catastrophic failure. It forced Cecil Rhodes to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, sent his oldest brother Col. Frank Rhodes to jail in Transvaal convicted of high treason and nearly sentenced to death, and led to the outbreak of both the Second Matabele War and the Second Boer War.

Rhodes -- Politics in South Africa


Rhodes and the imperial factor

Rhodes used his wealth and that of his business partner Alfred Beit and other investors to pursue his dream of creating a British Empire in new territories to the north by obtaining mineral concessions from the most powerful indigenous chiefs. Rhodes' competitive advantage over other mineral prospecting companies was his combination of wealth and astute political instincts, also called the 'imperial factor', as he used the British Government. He befriended its local representatives, the British Commissioners, and through them organised British protectorates over the mineral concession areas via separate but related treaties. In this way he obtained both legality and security for mining operations. He could then win over more investors. Imperial expansion and capital investment went hand in hand.

The imperial factor was a double-edged sword: Rhodes did not want the bureaucrats of the Colonial Office in London to interfere in the Empire in Africa. He wanted British settlers and local politicians and governors to run it. This put him on a collision course with many in Britain, as well as with British missionaries, who favoured what they saw as the more ethical direct rule from London. Rhodes won because he would pay to administer the territories north of South Africa against future mining profits. The Colonial Office did not have the funds to do it. Rhodes promoted his business interests as in the strategic interest of Britain: preventing the Portuguese, the Germans or the Boers from moving in to south-central Africa. Rhodes' companies and agents cemented these advantages by obtaining many mining concessions, as exemplified by the Rudd and Lochner Concessions.


Rhodes – Political Views

Rhodes wanted to expand the British Empire because he believed that the Anglo-Saxon race was destined to greatness. In his last will and testament, Rhodes said of the British, "I contend that we are the first race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race." He wanted to make the British Empire a superpower in which all of the British-dominated countries in the empire, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Cape Colony, would be represented in the British Parliament. Rhodes included American students as eligible for the Rhodes scholarships. He said that he wanted to breed an American elite of philosopher-kings who would have the United States rejoin the British Empire. As Rhodes also respected the Germans and admired the Kaiser, he allowed German students to be included in the Rhodes scholarships. He believed that eventually the United Kingdom (including Ireland), the USA and Germany together would dominate the world and ensure peace.

Confusingly for the modern reader, self-government of the type Rhodes supported was known as "colonialism". The opposed policy, direct control of a colony from London, was known as "imperialism". This should be kept in mind when reading documents from this time.

55


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism


Cecil Rhodes

56


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

Evaluation Question

Is any one factor or one world of factors the primary cause of imperialism?

The point of examining all the details, factors & dynamics

primary cause

57


Social World

Standards Check

Cultural World



factors imperialism

Evaluation Question

Is any one factor or one world of factors the primary cause of imperialism?

The point of examining all the details, factors & dynamics

primary cause

Essential Questions

How can a nation limit the drive to exploit, control, dominate, oppress, or hurt others for its own benefit or hubris?

What types of policies exemplify good governance where no one is unfairly advantaged or unfairly disadvantaged?

58

What is the objective of the social sciences?

59

to better understand


the human condition

60

to better understand


the human condition

in order to make

the human condition better

61

What are the objectives of the 4W model?

an analytical exercise to

• make connections, trace dynamics• identify action/reaction across worlds• infer concepts• build detail & complexity• evaluate factors, causes, responses

engage

in the

science

of the

social

sciences

62

OTHER objectives of the 4W model?

an analytical exercise to practice

• active reading

• purposeful, directed reading

• reading as research

• meaningful reading to respond to a relevant question/problem

63

OTHER objectives of the 4W model?

an analytical exercise to practice

academic

literacy,

rigor,

relevance

• active reading

• purposeful, directed reading

• reading as research

• meaningful reading to respond to an historical question/problem

64

We do not claim that the portrait we present here is a true one, only that it comes close.

Victor HugoLes Miserables

65


a project of theCenter for Active Learning in International Studies

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Four Worlds analytical framework developed by

Steven Lamy, Professor of International Relations

Four Worlds of History adapted by Teresa Hudock, Director, and Sandy Line, Associate

CALIS, USC

66


Center for Active Learning in International StudiesUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

For more information, contact:

Teresa [email protected] 213-740-7794

Classroom materials are available free online at usc.edu/calis

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.usc.edu/calis

1 Four Worlds of History Materials developed by or through CALIS are made available online via a database that serves as a digital file cabinet of teaching.

Documents

imperialism imperialism

worlds of history materials

th grade imperialism

worlds analysis

worlds framework

slide count

colonialism imperialism

basic factors