1. Explain how Japanese history classes teach WWII/Japanese war crimes. 2. Why do some Japanese civilians deny war crimes committed during WWII? What is.

BELLWORK 1/151. Explain how Japanese history classes teach WWII/Japanese

war crimes.2. Why do some Japanese civilians deny war crimes committed

during WWII? What is their rationale for doing so?3. What is a comfort woman? How do the Chinese and

Japanese depictions of comfort women differ? Why?4. How does Japan’s portrayal of their war crimes (or

“incidents” according to them) impact their relationship with other Asian countries?

5. THINKER: In your opinion, why is there strong opposition towards including Japanese war crimes in the textbooks? What could change this? Do you think this will ever change? Explain!

F.Y.I…… Bring your chapter 9 packet tomorrow – BW will

focus on other political/economic effects of WWII.

Also, tomorrow will be dedicated to a Total War review. As you know, this is a key concept of EA #2. Please bring your WWI notes in order to complete the activity.

No school Monday! Tuesday we will start our first Limited War case

study…… The Malvinas/Falklands War

Effects in post-WWII Germany Germany was totally

defeated, and the Nazi regime brought down. Its leaders were tried for crimes against humanity at Nuremberg.

German cities were in ruins from a massive bombing campaign.

Millions were displaced Germany was divided into

4 zones of occupation by the victorious powers

NUREMBERG TRIALSNovember 1945 - October 1946

Declaration on German Atrocities in Occupied Europe

November 1943 Published by the U.S., Soviet Union, and England Gave a "full warning" that, when the Nazis were

defeated, the Allies would "pursue them to the uttermost ends of the earth ... in order that justice may be done. ... and will be punished by a joint decision of the Government of the Allies.”

In accordance with the declaration of the United Nations

Nuremberg Court House

Charges Tribunal persecuted 23 top Nazi officials for the following: Count One: Participation in a common plan for the

accomplishment of a crime against peace Count Two: Planning, initiating, waging aggressive war

violation of international law or treaties Count Three: War Crimes

including mistreatment of prisoners of war or civilian populations

Count Four: Crimes Against Humanity murder, extermination, enslavement of civilian populations;

persecution on the basis of racial, religions or political grounds

Top Nazi officials NOT tried….. Heinrich Himmler: leader/founder of

the SS, chief of German police (including the Gestapo), facilitator of all concentration camps

Joseph Goebbels: Minister of Propaganda, Chancellor of Germany, facilitator of all censorship and media

Nazi Escape through Ratlines Ratlines: system of escape routes for

Fascists These escape routes mainly led toward

havens in South America, particularly Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and Bolivia.

Other destinations included the United States, Great Britain, Canada and the Middle East.

There were two primary routes: the first went from Germany to Spain, then Argentina; the second from Germany to Rome to Genoa, then South America

13 top ranking Nazis escaped to South America Joseph Mengele, head doctor at Auschwitz

lived rest of his life in Brazil Gustav Wagner, Staff Sargent of SS lived rest

of life in Argentina Other “missing” officials were assumed to

escape, but never found

Nuremberg Trials Martin Bormann:

Hitler’s private secretary, 2nd in command at Auschwitz, general in SS, responsible for domestic affairs Tried in absentia

Robert Ley: head of the German Labour Front

Hermann Göring Leader of the Nazi Party, founder

of the Gestapo, commander-and-chief of the Luftwaffe, 2nd in command

"I only thought we would eliminate Jews from positions in big business and government"

Outcome Twelve were sentenced to death Seven received prison sentences (ranging from

10 years to life in prison) Three were acquitted Two were not charged The definition of what constitutes a war crime is

now described by the Nuremberg principles, a set of guidelines created as a result of the trial

Influenced the Tokyo War Tribunal

American Newsreel Covering the Trials

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcudlm6tPa0

Effects of WWII in Asia Japan was eliminated as a major power Allied occupation of Japan; MacArthur was appointed

Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) Removal of Japanese troops in China

In 1949, China falls to communism under Zedong Territories are reclaimed: Taiwan, Korea (divided),

Pacific Islands SU gets control of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands The Emperor would help maintain political stability and

facilitate reform Japan was turned into a democratic state with a new

constitution

Treaty of San Francisco

Japanese compensation to countries occupied during 1941–45

Country Amount in US$ Date of treaty

Burma 200,000,000 November 5, 1955

Philippines 550,000,000 May 9, 1956

Indonesia 223,080,000 January 20, 1958

Vietnam 38,000,000 May 13, 1959

Total $1,012,080,000

In accordance with Clause 14 of the Treaty, Allied

forces confiscated all

assets owned by the Japanese government,

firms, organization and private citizens,

in all colonized or occupied countries

Japanese overseas assets in 1945

Country/region Value (US Dollars)

Korea 468,370,000

Taiwan 2,846,100,000

North East China 9,768,800,000

North China 3,695,800,000

Central South China 2,447,900,000

Others 1,867,600,000

Total $25,300,000,000

TOKYO WAR CRIMES TRIBUNAL

April 1946 – November 1948

Declaration of General MacArthurIn January 1946, MacArthur ordered the establishment of an International Military Tribunal

Accused the defendants of promoting a scheme of conquest that "contemplated and carried

out...murdering, maiming and ill-treating prisoners of war (and)

civilian internees...forcing them to labor under inhumane

conditions...plundering public and private property, wantonly

destroying cities, towns, and villages beyond any justification of military necessity; (perpetrating)

mass murder, rape, pillage, torture and other barbaric cruelties upon the helpless civilian population of

the over-run countries."

Ichigaya Court in Tokyo, formerly the Imperial Japanese Army HQ

building

Charges Class A: participation in a joint conspiracy to start

and wage war 28 Japanese military/political leaders charged with Class

A Class B: crimes against humanity Class C: those in "the planning, ordering,

authorization, or failure to prevent such transgressions at higher levels in the command structure“ more than 5,700 Japanese nationals were charged with

Class B and C crimes, mostly entailing prisoner abuse

War Tribunal in Tokyo Trials were carried

out by General MacArthur and an appointed 11 judges (Australia, Canada, China, France, India, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, UK, US & USSR)

Chief Prosecutor; U.S. Judge Joseph Keenan

"War and treaty-breakers should be

stripped of the glamour of national heroes and exposed as what they really are—plain, ordinary

murderers”

28 Primary DefendantsThe trial lasted for more than two and a half years, hearing testimony from 419 witnesses and admitting 4,336 exhibits of evidence, including depositions from 779 individuals.

Top Japanese Officials NOT Tried… Emperor Hirohito (Allies

needed him to legitimize democratic reforms)

Nobusuke Kishi (conservative ally – later Prime Minister)

Shiro Iishi (received immunity in exchange for data on medical experiments)

Hirohito’s Amnesty "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save

Hirohito from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war . . . months before the Tokyo tribunal commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for Pearl Harbor to Hideki Tojo” Japanese Historian, Herbert Bix

3 of the judges on trial later said Hirohito should’ve been the main one tried, and Tojo should’ve been the one acquitted

Outcome 984 were condemned to death 475 received life sentences 2,944 were given prison terms 1,018 were acquitted 279 were never brought to trial or not

sentenced

Execution of Hideki Tojo

American Newsreel Covering the Trials

Show the clip!

Long Term Impact In 1978, 1,068

convicted war criminals, including 14 convicted Class-A war criminals (Tojo) were secretly enshrined at Yasukuni Shrine

Long Term Impact Today, denial of Japanese war crimes remains a symbol

of nationalism In a Japanese survey conducted on the 60th

Anniversary of the sentencing (2006): 70% of those questioned were unaware of the details

of the trials rose to 90% for those in the 20–29 age group.

76% recognized a degree of aggression on Japan's part during the war

Only 7% believed it was a war strictly for self-defense

Discussion In your opinion, do you think the U.S.,

Soviet Union, England or France should have been tried for war crimes? Why or why not?

How would they have been tried? Should a victorious power be forced to

take responsibility?

Compare/Contrast the two War Crimes Trials

BELLWORK 1/16 Today’s BW focuses on effects of WWII. If you need help, refer to your ch. 9 packet

1. WWII was much more economically devastating than WWI…… WHY???

2. Read the excerpt from Judt’s Postwar: A History of Europe (pg. 179) According to him, how were politics different post-WWI vs. post-WWII?

3. Describe the political/territorial changes in Europe post-WWII.

4. List three changes implemented by the Allies in Japan post-WWII.

5. How did WWII affect European empires and colonies?