1 Enzymes. 2 What Are Enzymes? ProteinsMost enzymes are Proteins CatalystAct as Catalyst to speed up a reaction Not permanentlyNot permanently changed.

1

EnzymesEnzymes

2

What Are Enzymes?What Are Enzymes?• Most enzymes

are Proteins Proteins

• Act as CatalystCatalyst to speed up a reaction

• Not permanentlyNot permanently changed in the process

3

EnzymesEnzymes•Are specific

for what they will catalyzecatalyze

•Are ReusableReusable•End in –asease

-Sucrase-Sucrase-Lactase-Lactase-Maltase-Maltase

4

How do enzymes Work?How do enzymes Work?

Enzymes work by weakening weakening bondsbonds which which lowers lowers activation activation energyenergy

5

EnzymesEnzymes

FreeEnergy

Progress of the reaction

Reactants

Products

Free energy of activationFree energy of activation

Without Enzyme

With Enzyme

6

7

Enzyme-Substrate ComplexEnzyme-Substrate ComplexThe substancesubstance

(reactant) an enzymeenzyme acts on is the substratesubstrate

EnzymeSubstrate Joins

8

Active SiteActive Site• A restricted regionrestricted region of an enzymeenzyme

molecule which bindsbinds to the substratesubstrate.

EnzymeSubstrate

Active Site

Model of how an Enzyme Functions

9

10

Induced FitInduced Fit•A change in the shapeshape of an enzyme’s active site

• Induced Induced by the substrate

11

Induced FitInduced Fit

• A changechange in the configurationconfiguration of an enzymeenzyme’’s actives active site site (H+ and ionic bonds are involved).

• InducedInduced by the substratesubstrate..

Enzyme

Active Sitesubstrate

induced fit

12

What Affects Enzyme Activity?What Affects Enzyme Activity?

• Three factors:Three factors:

1.1. Environmental ConditionsEnvironmental Conditions

2.2. Cofactors and CoenzymesCofactors and Coenzymes

3.3. Enzyme InhibitorsEnzyme Inhibitors

13

1. Environmental Conditions1. Environmental Conditions

1. Extreme1. Extreme Temperature Temperature are the are the most dangerousmost dangerous

- - high tempshigh temps may denature denature (unfold) (unfold) the enzyme. enzyme.

2.2. pHpH (most like 6 - 8 pH near (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral)neutral)

3.3. Ionic concentrationIonic concentration (salt ions) (salt ions)

14

2. Cofactors and Coenzymes2. Cofactors and Coenzymes

• Inorganic substances Inorganic substances (zinc, iron)(zinc, iron) and vitaminsvitamins (respectively) are sometimes needed for proper enzymatic activityenzymatic activity.

• Example:Example:IronIron must be present in the red red

blood cellblood cell –– (hemoglobinhemoglobin is used to carry carry oxygen throughout the body)oxygen throughout the body)

15

Two examples of Enzyme Two examples of Enzyme InhibitorsInhibitors

a. a. Competitive inhibitorsCompetitive inhibitors:: are chemicals that resembleresemble an enzymeenzyme’’s normal substrates normal substrate and competecompete with it for the active active sitesite.

Enzyme

Competitive inhibitor

Substrate

16

InhibitorsInhibitors

b.b. Noncompetitive inhibitorsNoncompetitive inhibitors::Inhibitors that do not enter thedo not enter the

active siteactive site, but bind tobind to another another partpart of the enzymeenzyme causing the enzymeenzyme to change its shapechange its shape, which in turn alters the alters the active siteactive site.

Enzymeactive site altered

NoncompetitiveInhibitorSubstrate