1 DNA Technology. 2 DNA Extraction Chemical treatmentsChemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst stickyThe DNA is inherently sticky, and can.

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DNA Technology

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DNA Extraction

• Chemical treatmentsChemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst

• The DNA is inherently stickysticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture

• This is called “spooling”“spooling” DNA

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“Spooled” DNA

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Cutting DNACutting DNA• Restriction enzymesRestriction enzymes cut

DNA at specific sequences

• Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragmentsmanageable fragments

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DNA DNA SequencingSequencing

• DNA is cut• Put into test

tube• DNA

polymerase and dyed bases added

• Each base is a different color

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Uses in ForensicsUses in ForensicsThink CSI! Think CSI!

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Uses in Agriculture

• GM food

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Uses in MedicineUses in Medicine

Insulin productionInsulin production Gene TherapyGene Therapy

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CloningCloning• CloneClone- a

member of a group of genetically identical cells

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Nucleus from a somatic cell is Nucleus from a somatic cell is placed inside a denucleated placed inside a denucleated egg.egg.

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Animal ClonesAnimal Clones

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Transgenic OrganismsTransgenic Organisms

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Transgenic Clones Are Transgenic Clones Are HereHere

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Cow - Human ClonesCow - Human Clones Human cloning from human Human cloning from human cell and cows eggcell and cows egg

The world's first human clone of an adult has now been made, The world's first human clone of an adult has now been made, by an American biotechnology company in Massachusetts, by an American biotechnology company in Massachusetts, Advanced Cell Technology.  They took a cell from Dr Jose Advanced Cell Technology.  They took a cell from Dr Jose Cibelli, a research scientist and combined it with a cows egg Cibelli, a research scientist and combined it with a cows egg from which the genes had already been removed. (News from which the genes had already been removed. (News November 1998)November 1998)

The genes activated and the egg began to divide in the normal The genes activated and the egg began to divide in the normal way up to the 32 cell stage at which it was destroyed.  If the way up to the 32 cell stage at which it was destroyed.  If the clone had been allowed to continue beyond implantation it clone had been allowed to continue beyond implantation it would have developed as Dr Cibelli's identical twin.    would have developed as Dr Cibelli's identical twin.    Technically 1% of the human clone genes would have Technically 1% of the human clone genes would have belonged to the cow - the mitochondria genes.belonged to the cow - the mitochondria genes.

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Advanced Cell Technologies, Inc is working on Advanced Cell Technologies, Inc is working on human cloning in the United Stateshuman cloning in the United States