1 DMITRI MENDELEEV • ORGANIZED KNOWN ELEMENTS INTO A TABLE • POSITIONED ELEMENTS SO ELEMENTS WITH SIMILAR PROPERTIES IN COLUMNS • RECOGNIZED THAT PROPERTIES REPEATED PERIODICALLY IN A PATTERN
DMITRI MENDELEEVORGANIZED KNOWN ELEMENTS INTO A TABLEPOSITIONED ELEMENTS SO ELEMENTS WITH SIMILAR PROPERTIES IN COLUMNSRECOGNIZED THAT PROPERTIES REPEATED PERIODICALLY IN A PATTERN
MENDELEEVS PT
MENDELEEVS PREDICTIONSPREDICTED PROPERTIES OF YET UNDISCOVERED ELEMENTSPREDICTIONS BASED ON TRENDS IN COLUMNS AND ROWSPREDICTIONS WERE VERY ACCURATE
PREDICTED PROPERTIES
MODERN PREDICTIONS
MODERN PERIODIC TABLEMODERN PERIODIC TABLE IS ARRANGED BASED ON ATOMIC NUMBER
LONG FORM PT
TYPES OF ELEMENTS
GROUP NAMES
METALLOSES ELECTRONS WHEN REACTINGTYPICALLY HAS 1-3 VALENCE ELECTRONSFOUND LEFT OF THE STAIR STEPS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
NONMETALGAINS ELECTRONS WHEN REACTINGTYPICALLY HAS 5-7 VALENCE ELECTRONSFOUND RIGHT OF THE STAIR STEPS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
METALLOIDCAN GAIN OR LOSE ELECTRONS WHEN REACTING A SUBSTANCE HAVING 3-5 VALENCE ELECTRONSFOUND ALONG THE STAIR STEPS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
NOBLE GASESDO NOT GAIN OR LOSE ELECTRONS SO THEY DO NOT REACTHAVE FULL VALENCE SHELL (2 FOR He AND 8 FOR OTHERS)FOUND IN RIGHTMOST COLUMN OF PERIODIC TABLE
FAMILY CHARACTERISTICSALL HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONSSIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIESTRENDS OF DENSITY, MP, BP TREND OF INCREASING OR DECREASING REACTIVITY
PERIODIC LAWPROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS TEND TO REPEAT IN A PATTERN WHEN THE ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER
ATOMIC SIZE PATTERNSGET SMALLER GOING FROM LEFT TO RIGHT ACROSS A PERIODADDING PROTONS PULLS ENERGY LEVELS CLOSERELECTRONS ADDED TO VALENCE SHELLGET LARGER GOING FROM TOP TO BOTTOM IN A GROUPNEED MORE ENERGY LEVELS TO FIT ALL ELECTRONS
ION SIZESCATIONS ARE SMALLER THAN NEUTRAL ATOMSLOST VALENCE SHELL, SO FEWER ENERGY LEVELSANIONS ARE LARGER THAN NEUTRAL ATOMSADDED ELECTRONS REPELL TO MAKE VALENCE SHELL LARGER
UNITS FOR ATOM SIZEANGSTROMS () = 1 x 10-10 mPICOMETERS (pm) = 1 x 10-12 m
*ATOMS AND CATIONS
*ATOMS AND ANIONS
ATOMIC SIZE (in pm)
IONIZATION ENERGYENERGY INPUT NEEDED TO REMOVE THE OUTERMOST VALENCE ELECTRON FROM AN ATOMINCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHTDECREASES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
ELECTRON AFFINITYENERGY RELEASED WHEN AN ELECTRON IS ADDED TO AN ATOMINCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHTDECREASES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
IE & AFFINITY TRENDS
REACTIVITY TRENDSMETALS BECOME MORE REACTIVE DOWN THE GROUPNONMETALS BECOME LESS REACTIVE DOWN THE GROUP
ALKALI METAL PROPERTIESLOW DENSITYLOW MELTING POINTSGOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITYSILVER IN COLORSOFT+1 CATION
ALKALI METALS REACTIONSREACT EASILY WITH OXYGEN TO FORM OXIDESREACT EXOTHERMICALLY WITH WATER TO FORM STRONG BASES (METAL HYDROXIDES) AND H2 GASMUST BE STORED IN OIL TO PREVENT REACTION WITH O2 COMBINE WITH HALOGENS TO FORM SALTS
HYDROGENNOT AN ALKALI METALIN SAME FAMILY DUE TO HAVING 1 VALENCE ELECTRONREACTS WITH HALOGENS BY SHARING ELECTRONSREACTS WITH ALKALI METALS BY FORMING A -1 ANION CALLED HYDRIDE
ALKALINE EARTH METAL PROPERTIESSIMILAR TO ALKALI METALSDO NOT NEED TO BE STORED IN OIL TO PREVENT REACTION WITH O2 (FORM HARD OUTER LAYER THAT PREVENTS FURTHER REACTION)HARDER THAN ALKALI METALS+2 CATION
ALUMINUM FAMILYMETALS AND METALLOIDS+3 CATIONALUMINUM IS MOST ABUNDANT METAL IN EARTHS CRUST, FOUND AS OXIDE COMPOUND
CARBON FAMILYVARIETY OF PROPERTIESCARBON IS ONLY NONMETALSILICON AND GERMANIUM ARE METALLOIDSTIN AND LEAD ARE MULTI-VALENCE METALS
ALLOTROPESDIFFERENT FORMS OF AN ELEMENTCARBON: GRAPHITE, DIAMOND, FULLERENESOXYGEN: O2 AND O3PHOSPHORUS: RED AND WHITE
NITROGEN FAMILYN AND P ARE NONMETALSAs AND Sb ARE METALLOIDSBi IS METALNITROGEN IS ESSENTIAL IN LIVING THINGS, PART OF DNAWHITE PHOSPHORUS BURSTS INTO FLAME IN OXYGEN
OXYGEN FAMILYMOST ARE NONMETALS (Po IS METALLOID)-2 ANIONOXYGEN IS MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT ON EARTH & 2ND MOST REACTIVE ELEMENTSULFUR KNOWN FOR BAD SMELLING COMPOUNDS & HAS MANY ALLOTROPESSe IS POOR CONDUCTOR IN DARK BUT GOOD IN LIGHT (LIGHT SENSITIVE)
HALOGENSNONMETALS-1 ANION BUT ALSO SHARE ELECTRONSDIATOMICNOT FOUND IN ELEMENTAL FORM SINCE THEY ARE SO REACTIVEFORM SALTS WITH GROUP IA AND IIATOXIC, USED TO KILL AND DISINFECTF IMPORTANT TO PREVENT TOOTH DECAYI IMPORTANT TO THYROID HEALTH
NOBEL GASESFULL VALENCE SHELLUNREACTIVE (INERT)GASES
TRANSITION METALSSOLIDS AT ROOM TEMP, EXCEPT HgMOST ARE DUCTILE (PULLED INTO WIRE)MOST ARE MALLEABLE (CAN BE RE-SHAPED)
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