1 CRed Carbon Reduction Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А д-р технических наук Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low

1

CRedCarbon Reduction

Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvН.К.Тови М.А д-р технических наук

Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon

Innovation

Low Carbon Workshop

What we can all do to save the planet from the

consequences of Global Warming

2

Time is getting short to save the planet

• IPCC climate report of 2500 Scientists – November 2007.

• World is dying, but can we unite to save it? • Pollution in the seas from burning fossil fuels is now

speeding global warming • increases in droughts, • heatwaves • floods• famine• poor and elderly will suffer most

• Can we all agree what to do by 2010?

18th November 2007

http://www.independent.co.uk/

3

Concentration of C02 in Atmosphere

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

(ppm

)

4

Total winter precipitation Total summer precipitation

Source: Tim

Osborne, C

RU

Change in precipitation 1961-2001

5

Increasing Occurrence of Drought

6

Source: Tim

Osborne, C

RU

Increasing Occurrence of Flood

7

19792003

Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003

• Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region

• NASA satellite imagery

• في الجليد الصيفالشمالي القطب

المنطقة تغطيةالقطبيه

• الفضاءيه الصور ناسا

Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

•20% reduction in 24 years•20 ٪ في سنوات 24تخفيض

المناخ تغيركاب القطبيه الجليديه على 2003 - 1979 اثار

http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

8

What causes the emissions of carbon

dioxide?

• What is the magnitude of the problem?• What can we all do about it?

9

What is the magnitude of the problemEach person in Libya causes emission of 7.58 tonnes of CO2 each year.

What volume does that occupy?

4.25 hot air balloons

How does Libya compare with other countries?

CountryCO2 emission

per capita balloons

China 3.65 2.03

France 6.22 3.46

Germany 10.29 5.72

India 1.02 0.57

Italy 7.95 4.42

Russia 10.63 5.91

United Kingdom 8.98 4.99

United States 18.73 10.41

Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others?

10

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Income (US$) per head

CO

2 t

on

ne

s p

er

he

ad

USA

Libya

Russia

France

UK

11

1 hot air balloon = 1.8 tonnes

Each person in Libya emits equivalent of 4.25 balloons

1 party balloon = 10 gms

1 big balloon = 900 000 party balloons

The magnitude of the problem

12

How to reduce causes of Global Warming

• Reduce energy use.– How?– Switch off unnecessary appliances– Change how we do things - change the setting on the

thermostat

• Improve efficiency of Energy Use– Insulate buildings to keep them warm in winter and cool in

summer.

• Technical improvements in equipment– More efficient refrigerators, cars etc.

• Use Renewable Energy rather than fossil fuels to generate electricity.

• Offset residual emissions

13

How is electricity generated

14

Electricity Generation in Libya

Oil4.73 kWh

GAS1.19 kWh

Electricity1.67 kWh

Heat Lost from power station

4.24 kWhLost from wires

0.47 kWh

Used for extracting oil and gas0.20 kWh

Electricity actually used

1.0 kWh

18.47 million tonnes of CO2 are emitted in the generation of Electricity

Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO2

In UK 520 gms, France 70 grams China 850 gms

28% efficient in Libya

Data from IEA Balance Tables for Libya.

Power Station

For each unit of electricity used.

15

Electricity Generation in Libya and UK

Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO2 in Libya and 520 gms in UK.


Power Station

42% efficient in UK

Power Station

Coal 37.7%

Gas 35.5%

Oil 1.3%

Other 2.0%

Renewable 4.7%

Nuclear 18.9%

Oil 80%

Gas 20%

Losses 28%

Losses 8.5%

Emissions depends on efficiency, losses and fuel

Coal 1000 – 1300 gms

Oil 900 - 1100

Gas 400 – 600 gms

16

Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project

Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh

Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004

17

Options for Renewable Electricity Generation

On shore wind

•1.5 MW machine will provide energy for 1000 homes in UK

•Possibly 3000 homes in Libya

•New machines are twice as big

66 m

66 m

18


Off shore wind

Has 30 turbines and can provide sufficient electricity for 35 000 houses in UK

19

Solar Electricity

It is still quite expensive

20

Hydroelectricity

Some countries have a high proportion of hydro electricity -

Norway ~ 99%

UK ~ 2%

21

Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Biomass

22

Short rotation coppice (SCR) - Willow

Miscanthus

ENERGY CROPS

• But Land Area required is very large - 10000 sq km would be needed to generated just 5% of UK electricity needs.

• What % of area of UK would be needed just for electricity?90%

23

Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Biomass

Transport Fuels:

• Biodiesel?

• Bioethanol?

• Compressed gas from methane from waste.

24

Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Wave

25

Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Wave

26

Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Tidal

27


Geothermal

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Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project

Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh

Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004

29

Performance of a Solar Thermal System

Solar Gain (kWh/day)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 20 30 9 19 29 8 18 28 10 20 30 9 19 29 9 19 29 8 18 28 8 18 28 7 17 27 6 16 26 6 16 26

Day of Month

Sola

r G

ain

(kW

h)

December January February

March April May

June July August

September October

Data collect 9th December 2006 – 30th October 2007

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Raising Awareness• In UK a tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing

machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2.

• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon.

• Standby on electrical appliances ~60+ kWh a year - ~9000 balloons.

• A Mobile Phone charger: up to 20 kWh per year ~ 3000 balloons each year. 30 kg CO2

• Filling up with petrol (~£38 for a full tank – 40 litres) --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon)

Or one party balloon every 50 m

At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai

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Involve the local Community• The residents on the island of Burray (Orkney) campaigned

for a wind turbine.

• On average they are more than self-sufficient in electricity needs and indeed are a net exporter of electricity.

• Many of the Islanders bought shares in the project and are now reaping the reward.

• Orkney is hoping to be a zero net emitter of carbon dioxide by 2015.

• Even better things are happening on the Island of Westray.

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Involve the local CommunityEven better things are happening on the Island of Westray.

The Parish Kirk, and Community Centre are heated by heat Pumps partly

powered by Wind Turbines

Waste cooking oil from other islands is processed into biodiesel for farm and

other vehicles.

Ethanol used in process is obtained from fermentation of harvested sea weed

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A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future

• Switch off unnecessary appliances.• Turn up thermostat by 1 deg in summer and 1 deg lower in winter

3. Renewable Energy

4. Offset – plant trees

2. Improve Efficiency

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CRedBirmingham

Carbon Reduction

CRedNorth Carolina

Carbon Reduction

CRedOkinawa

Carbon Reduction

CRedShanghaiCarbon Reduction

CRedChester

Carbon Reduction

CRedAustralia

Carbon Reduction

Elsewhere

Overseas

In the Future

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So what can you do?What can you do as a School

• Pledge to save energy• Join and commit to

Carbon Dioxide reduction• >>>

CRED

CRedLibya??

Carbon Reduction

Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese philosopher

"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."

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CRedCarbon Reduction

Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvН.К.Тови М.А д-р технических наук

Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon

Innovation

Email: [email protected]

This presentation will be placed on WEB at

www.cred-uk.org

>>Follow Academic Links

http://www.cred-uk.org/

37Animation Courtesy of Rob Hannington

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Insulating a building will keep it cool and save energy

6

78

910

1112

13

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Time (Seconds)

Te

mp

era

ture

(o

C) insulated

not insulated

An insulated building will heat up less quickly and save energy

39

40Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Tem

per

atu

re R

ise

(o C)

actual

predicted

Is Global Warming man made?

Prediction: Anthropogenic only

Not a good match between 1920 and 1970

Predictions include:

• Greenhouse Gas emissions

• Sulphates and ozone

• Solar and volcanic activity

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Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office

Prediction: Natural only

good match until 1960





1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Tem

per

atu

re R

ise

(o C)

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Tem

per

atur

e R

ise

(o C)

actual

predicted

42

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Tem

per

atu

re R

ise

(o C)

actualpredicted

Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office

Prediction: Natural and Anthropogenic

Generally a good match






43

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Gas and Oil Production - ASPO projection 2004

Bill

ion

bar

rels

of

oil a

yea

r

1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

44

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

bil

ion

bar

rels

per

an

nu

m

actual discoveries

projected discoveries

demand

45

Electricity Generation in Libya

Oil57001 GWh

GAS14305 GWh

Electricity20202 GWh

Heat Lost from power station

51104 GWhLost from wires

5704 GWh28%

Used for extracting oil and gas2403 GWh

Electricity actually used12059 GWh

18.47 million tonnes of CO2 are emitted in the generation of Electricity

Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO2

In UK 520 gms, France 70 grams China 850 gms


Data from IEA Balance Tables for Libya.

Power Station

46

• What fuels do you use to heat your home in winter?

– Gas?

– Oil?

– Electricity?

• What fuels do you use in summer?

– Electricity?

Using Energy causes emission of CO2

Each fuel emits different amounts of carbon dioxide

Gas for heating 210 – 260 gms per unit of heat 21 – 26 balloons

Approximately same in all countries

Oil for heating 310 – 400 gms

Similar same in all countries

Electricity 1530 grms [153 balloons] for Libya

But 520 gms in UK and 80 gms in SwitzerlandWhy the difference?

47

Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Tidal

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Output (MWh)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

01/0

1/20

02

15/0

1/20

02

29/0

1/20

02

12/0

2/20

02

26/0

2/20

02

12/0

3/20

02

26/0

3/20

02

09/0

4/20

02

23/0

4/20

02

07/0

5/20

02

21/0

5/20

02

04/0

6/20

02

18/0

6/20

02

02/0

7/20

02

16/0

7/20

02

30/0

7/20

02

13/0

8/20

02

27/0

8/20

02

10/0

9/20

02

24/0

9/20

02

08/1

0/20

02

22/1

0/20

02

05/1

1/2

002

19/1

1/2

002

03/1

2/20

02

17/1

2/20

02

31/1

2/20

02

Out

put

(MW

h pe

r da

y)

Output 78 000 GWh per annum

Sufficient for 13500 houses in Orkney

Save 40000 tonnes of CO2

Tidal Barrages

1 CRed Carbon Reduction Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А д-р технических наук Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low

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