1 Copyright © 2004 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. Chapter15 Urbanization by John Hannigan.

Copyright © 2004 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 1

ChapterChapter 1515 Urbanization Urbanizationby John Hanniganby John Hannigan


• Cities are relatively large, densely populated,

permanent settlements in which most

residents do not produce their own food.

• The first cities, established mainly as centres

of religious worship, appeared in

Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and Egypt, 5000–

6000 years ago.

CITIESCITIES


PREINDUSTRIAL CITIESPREINDUSTRIAL CITIESThe growth of preindustrial cities required:

• a food surplus in fertile valleys, which allowed some people to work in non-agricultural jobs;

• literacy among elites, scribes, and priests, which allowed the keeping of financial and other records; and

• technological innovations, which allowed agricultural irrigation, sailing, and grain milling.


URBAN GROWTHURBAN GROWTH


• The industrial city was larger, more complex, and more dynamic than its predecessor.

• Industrial cities grew because of:

• advances in transportation and agricultural technology (land drainage, fertilizers, steam power);

• improved means of accumulating capital (the joint stock company); and

• the growth of the factory, which required that workers be concentrated in a central location.

THE INDUSTRIAL CITYTHE INDUSTRIAL CITY


• At Confederation (1867), Canada lagged

behind Britain and the United States in the

development of an urban-industrial

economy.

• However, the Canada Bank Act of 1871 was

instrumental in concentrating economic

power in Toronto and Montreal.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN URBAN-INDUSTRIAL URBAN-INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY IN CANADA IECONOMY IN CANADA I


• Intervention by the federal government helped to establish a national economic market (e.g., transcontinental railway, protective tariff system).

• This led to the expansion of wheat production and increased sales of manufactured goods by central Canadian factories to prairie farmers.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN URBAN-INDUSTRIAL URBAN-INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY IN CANADA IIECONOMY IN CANADA II


URBAN–RURAL POPULATION, URBAN–RURAL POPULATION, CANADA, 1931-1996 CANADA, 1931-1996


POPULATION OF CANADA’S POPULATION OF CANADA’S BIGGEST METROPOLITAN BIGGEST METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1951–1996 (IN 000s)AREAS, 1951–1996 (IN 000s)


• Robert E. Park and his colleagues studied Chicago’s “social pathologies” – crime, mental illness, juvenile delinquency, family breakdown, etc. – in the first decades of this century.

• They assumed there was a big contrast between rural and urban life. They thought rural life involves a strong community feeling and social solidarity, while anonymous urban life destroys the traditional bases of community.

THE CHICAGO SCHOOLTHE CHICAGO SCHOOL


• Burgess’ concentric-zone model

conceptualized cities as a succession of

five concentric rings, each containing a

distinct population and type of land use.

ECOLOGY OF ECOLOGY OF THE INDUSTRIAL CITY ITHE INDUSTRIAL CITY I


• Central Business District: major department stores, live theatres, hotels, banks, offices

• Zone of Transition: cheap housing for each new immigrant wave and the centre of illegal activities

• Zone of Working-Class Homes: settlements of second-generation immigrants and rural migrants

• Zone of Better Residences: middle-class homes • Commuter Zone: suburbs and satellite towns

ECOLOGY OF ECOLOGY OF THE INDUSTRIAL CITY IITHE INDUSTRIAL CITY II

BURGESS’

CONCENTRIC

ZONE MODEL

APPLIED TO

CHICAGO

Copyright © 2004 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.


ECOLOGY OF ECOLOGY OF THE INDUSTRIAL CITY IIITHE INDUSTRIAL CITY III

• The Burgess model fit early twentieth century Chicago well but does not apply to all cities and all eras.

• Often there is more than one growth nucleus.

• Transportation corridors often act as magnets for urban growth.

• Some people develop strong attachments to their neighbourhoods and refuse to move out despite an aging housing stock, preferring instead to renew it.


URBANIZATION IN URBANIZATION IN THE THIRD WORLDTHE THIRD WORLD• Third World urbanization is characterized by a

high degree of urban primacy – that is, one metropolitan centre is much larger and more dominant than any of the others.

• The population of urban areas is growing faster than the urban economy, services, and resources can absorb it. This process is called overurbanization.

• Sociologists are concerned with urban bias – that is, uneven investment and development that favour urban over rural areas.


• After World War II the corporate city

increasingly replaced the industrial city.

• The five major elements of the corporate city are:

• the corporate suburb;

• high rise apartment buildings;

• suburban industrial parks;

• downtown office towers; and

• suburban shopping malls.

THE CORPORATE CITY ITHE CORPORATE CITY I


• Before 1939, most residents of large cities lived within a few blocks of neighbourhood stores and services. This created constant pedestrian traffic and a lively “front yard culture.”

• In Don Mills, the first Canadian corporate suburb:• large houses with front porches were set back

from the streets, which had no sidewalks and little pedestrian traffic;

• every family had to own a car and use it extensively; and

• corporate involvement minimized the municipality’s authority.

THE CORPORATE CITY II: THE CORPORATE CITY II: THE SUBURBTHE SUBURB


SUBURBANISM I SUBURBANISM I • In the 1950s, suburbs were often considered sterile

social and cultural wastelands where conformity ruled and individual taste was stifled.

• However, suburbanites were more socially active with their neighbours than downtown residents.

• Suburbanism was further depicted as a lifestyle choice with an emphasis on children and the family.

• Women often felt isolated and dissatisfied.


SUBURBANISM II SUBURBANISM II There are three different interpretations of

suburbanism and lifestyle patterns:

• The structural interpretation holds that the demographic characteristics of suburbs encourage a distinct lifestyle.

• The selective migration interpretation holds that people already primed for familism moved to the suburbs.

• Finally, the class and life-cycle interpretation believes that suburbanism is just a snapshot of middle-class life at mid-century.


THE POSTMODERN CITY ITHE POSTMODERN CITY IThe postmodern city:• is shaped by the globalization of

consumption (e.g., small ethnic neighbourhood restaurants are replaced by global chains);

• is fragmented and chaotic and does not have a single culturally homogeneous way of life; and

• privatizes public space (e.g., the creation of shopping malls and “gated communities”).


• Postmodern cities consist of three overlapping components:

• the edge city;

• the dual city; and

• the fantasy city.

• None of these components exists in pure form.

THE POSTMODERN CITY IITHE POSTMODERN CITY II


THE EDGE CITY ITHE EDGE CITY I

Unlike industrial or corporate cities, edge cities:

• have no dominant core or clearly marked boundaries;

• are located in rural residential areas around suburbs; and

• are typically clusters of malls, office developments, and entertainment complexes that emerge where major highways converge.


THE EDGE CITY IITHE EDGE CITY IIEdge cities emerged because of:

• a shift from manufacturing to services;

• transportation patterns that favoured trucks and cars over fixed-line public carriers;

• the growth of advanced telecommunications;

• the rising costs of doing business downtown; and

• the desire of dual-income baby-boom families to shop, eat, and be entertained without commuting downtown.


THE DUAL CITYTHE DUAL CITY• The term dual city describes the increasing

polarization between glitzy, high-tech parts of the city and its dilapidated areas.

• It refers to the two increasingly divergent streams in the global economy:

• the information-based formal economy rooted in financial services, telecommunications, and the microchip, and

• the informal economy in which residents rely on face-to-face interaction, usually based on race and ethnicity.


GENTRIFICATION IGENTRIFICATION I

• Gentrification involves the transformation

of working-class housing into fashionable

down-town neighbourhoods.


Explanations for gentrification:• Many childless and career-oriented “baby

boomers” were interested in housing near their downtown workplaces and were content with smaller homes.

• Developers saw big profit potential in investing in depressed downtown areas.

• Middle-class newcomers to the central city wanted for a more cosmopolitan lifestyle.

• The number of well-paid jobs downtown grew.However, research shows that most gentrifiers come

from other parts of the city, not the suburbs.

GENTRIFICATION IIGENTRIFICATION II


COMPARISON OF SUBURBAN COMPARISON OF SUBURBAN AND POSTMODERN URBAN AND POSTMODERN URBAN LIFESTYLESLIFESTYLES


PRIVATE COMMUNITIESPRIVATE COMMUNITIES• Recent years have witnessed the rise of private

communities.

• Private communities offer

• a racially and often ethnically homogeneous middle-class population;

• physical security and local control;

• stable housing values; and

• freedom from exposure to the social problems of the inner city.


THE FORTRESS CITY THE FORTRESS CITY • Postmodern cities are also systematically

privatizing and militarizing public space to secure it against the homeless and the poor.

• Public-private partnerships ensure that poor people are isolated socially and spatially from office workers, tourists, etc.

• Los Angeles in particular has been called a “fortress city.”


THE FANTASY CITY ITHE FANTASY CITY I• The fantasy city is the third component of the

postmodern city.

• These “theme park cities” are a product of the developing “symbolic economy,” which is based on the marketing of images of popular culture.

• Cities increasingly rely on large retail and entertainment giants as well as “mega-events” for their economic well-being.


THE FANTASY CITY IITHE FANTASY CITY II

Many sociologists regard fantasy cities with some alarm because:

• natural ties between the city and local and physical geography are severed;

• they are characterized by pervasive surveillance and security; and

• they are cities of simulations, confusing the urban “real” and the entertainment “ideal.”


COMPARISON OF INDUSTRIAL, COMPARISON OF INDUSTRIAL, CORPORATE AND CORPORATE AND POSTMODERN CITIESPOSTMODERN CITIES


SUPPLEMENTARY SLIDESSUPPLEMENTARY SLIDES


PERCENT OF WORLD POPULATION PERCENT OF WORLD POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN AREAS AND IN LIVING IN URBAN AREAS AND IN LARGE CITIES, 1800–2000LARGE CITIES, 1800–2000

2 24 29 6

21

13

42

26

61

42

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

urban (20,000+) cities (100,000+)

180018501900195019752000

Percent

IMMIGRANTS ARE CONCENTRATED IN IMMIGRANTS ARE CONCENTRATED IN LARGE CITIES; SETTLEMENT PATTERNS LARGE CITIES; SETTLEMENT PATTERNS USED TO BE DIFFERENTUSED TO BE DIFFERENT

Provincial share of recent immigrants*

* Immigrated during 5 year period preceding Census

1981 1986 1991 19960

10

20

30

40

50

60%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ontario British Columbia Quebec Alberta

Share of recent immigrants, selected CMA's 1996 Toronto 42% Vancouver 18% Montréal 13% Ottawa-Hull 4%

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1986 1991 19960

10

20

30

40

50

60%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ontario

Alberta

Quebec

British Columbia

Immigrants as a percentage of total provincial population

Copyright © 2004 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.


Percent Urban Population in Canada

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1871

1881

1891

1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1951

1956

1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2026

Year

Per

cen

tag

e o

f T

ota

l Po

pu

lati

on

livi

ng

in

urb

an a

reas


PERCENT OF PROVINCIAL GDP PERCENT OF PROVINCIAL GDP PRODUCED BY SOME OF PRODUCED BY SOME OF CANADA’S MAJOR CITIESCANADA’S MAJOR CITIES

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70Vancouver &VictoriaCalgary &EdmontonWinnipeg

Toronto

Montreal

Halifax

1 Copyright © 2004 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. Chapter15 Urbanization by John Hannigan.

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