1 Lecture 1 1. Phonetics vs. Phonology 2. How speech sounds are produced? 3. Consonants • Definition • Classification - According to place of articulation - According to manner of articulation - According to voicing • Describing consonants • Identifying consonants
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Lecture 11. Phonetics vs. Phonology
2. How speech sounds are produced?
3. Consonants
• Definition
• Classification- According to place of articulation
- According to manner of articulation
- According to voicing• Describing consonants
• Identifying consonants
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Phonetics vs. Phonology
1. Phonetics: is the linguistic science that studies speech
sounds: the way in which they are produced (uttered,
articulated), the way in which they are perceived, theirphysical characteristics, etc. The questions that
Phonetics answer are:
• What sounds occur in human languages?• How these speech sounds are made?
• What physical properties do they have?
• In what way can speech sound similar to, or different
from, other speech sounds?
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Phonetics vs. Phonology• There are three main areas of Phonetics
a. Articulatory phonetics: is the study of how speech soundsare produced using the articulators - the parts of the body
involved in producing speech sounds.b. Acoustic phonetics, which is also considered a branch of
physics, involves the study of the speech signals (the
sound waves produced when a speaker speaks). In otherwords, it deals with the transmission of speech soundsthrough the air.
c. Auditory phonetics, which is also considered a branch of
physiology, is the study of how speech signal is sensed inthe auditory canal and interpreted by the relevant parts ofthe brain. In other words, it deals with how speech soundsare perceived by the listener.
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Phonetics vs. Phonology
2. Phonology is the study or description of the distinctive
sound units (phonemes) of a language and their
relationship to one another. It involves studying alanguage to determine its distinctive sounds and to
establish a set of rules that describe the set of changes
that take place in these sounds when they occur indifferent relationships with other sounds. The subject of
phonology includes the following areas:
a. Study of the phonemic system.b. Phoneme sequences and syllable structure.
When we are producing sounds, the air-stream goesthrough the vocal cords. If the vocal cords come together,
obstructing the air-stream, the air-stream cannot get outthrough them freely and it makes them vibrate, then wehave voiced sounds.
e.g. /d/, /v/, /m/ 6. How are voiceless sounds produced?
When we are making sounds, the air-stream goes throughthe vocal cords. If the vocal cords come apart, they areopen. The air-stream can go out through them freely and itdoes not make them vibrate, then we have voicelesssounds.
Fortis and lenis• A voiced/voiceless pair such as /s/ and /z/ are distinguished
not only by the presence or absence of voice but also by thedegree of breath and muscular effort involved in thearticulation. It is generally said that those English
consonants which are usually voiced tend to be articulatedwith relatively weak energy, whereas those which arealways voiceless are relatively strong. Thus, the voiceless
consonants are sometimes called ‘fortis’ meaning ‘strong’,and the voiceless consonants in opposition are then called‘lenis’ meaning ‘weak’.
• Fortis consonants have the effect of shortening a preceding
vowel. The effect is most noticeable in the case of longvowels and diphthong, though it does also affect shortvowels.