1 COMPUTER HARDWARE TECHNOLOGIES © Abdou Illia, Spring 2007 (Week 2, Thursday 1/18/2007)

1

COMPUTERHARDWARE

TECHNOLOGIES

© Abdou Illia, Spring 2007

(Week 2, Thursday 1/18/2007)

2

LEARNING GOALS

Identify the major components of modern PCs Explain how the components of a computer work

together; Explain input devices and how they operate. Describe output devices and how they operate. Describe I/O (secondary storage) devices and how they

operate. Explain the role of the CPU and the RAM.

Describe various types of computers.

3

The Core Computer Components Three subsystems in a computer system:

1. Input subsystem2. Processing subsystem3. Output subsystem

4

Input subsystem Main functions:

Allowing the user to enter data Transmitting data to the Processing subsystem

Includes keyboard, mouse, and other input devices

Question: Name five other input devices ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________

5

Input Devices Human input devices

Allow a person to send data to the computer Examples: Keyboard, Mouse

Machine-readable input devices Send data directly to computer without human

involvement No human involvement means no human error Usually faster than human input Examples: Bar codes reader, Optical Characters

Recognition (OCR) system

6

Machine-readable Input Devices

Bar code scanners Uses light to read series of coded stripes Universal Product Code (UPC) – Adams.com

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Includes OCR Software and scanner Translates scanned digital image to

character that user can recognize and manipulate

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Character recognition technology used by

banks to allow rapid routing of checks between banks

7

Output subsystem Main function: Show processing results Includes monitor, printer, and other output devices Q: Name two other output devices

____________________________ ____________________________

8

Output Devices Monitors

Cathode ray tube (CRTs) Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) Quality of display

Resolution in pixels (e.g. 640 x 480) Dot pitch in millimeters (.26 to .28) Active-Matrix vs. Passive-Matrix display

Touch screens Input and output via display device

Monitor size Common resolution

15 inches 640 x 480

17 inches 800 x 600 or 1024 x 768

19 inches 1024 x 768 or 1280 x 1024

9

10

Printers Speed and resolution

Pages per minute (PPM) Dots per inch (DPI)

Number of ink dots to fill a square inch Higher DPI = greater page clarity

Impact printers Create image by striking paper and ribbon Dot-matrix printers = most common impact printers

Non-impact printers Create image by spraying or rolling ink on the page

11

Non-impact Printers Ink-jet technology printers

Spray ink on the paper Quiet Color is readily and cheaply available

Laser printers Laser heats drum which rolls ink (toner) on

paper Can be faster than ink-jet More expensive than ink-jet

12

I/O devices or Secondary Storage Nonvolatile storage of digital data Magnetic or optical Magnetic storage (Floppy disk, Magnetic

tape, Zip disk, Hard disk) Sequential access (tape) or direct access (HDD) Hard disk drives

Two main standards: IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) aka ATA (AT Attachment) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

SCSI allows disk fault-tolerance through RAID – Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

Disk speed: Transfer rate in MBps (Megabytes per second) Average Read Time (in milliseconds or ms) Platter rotation speed in RPM (5400/7200/10,000/15,000)

13

Optical Secondary Storage Compact disks (CDs)

600 MB capacity CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW

Digital versatile disks (DVDs) 2 – 17 GB capacity DVD DVD+/-R DVD+/-RW

14

15

Processing subsystem Two major components

CPU (Central Processing Unit) or Processor(s) Primary Storage:

Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM)

CPU

Primary Storage

Busses that transfer data

16

Central Processing Unit

Clock: generate time that synchronize other components

ICU: Fetches instructions from RAM

ALU: Execute instructions (arithmetic & logic operations)

Registers: Store control information, data, intermediate results

Processor

Clock

Instruction Control Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit

Registers

17

CPU speed Speed measured in hertz

Hertz = # of instructions executed per second Megahertz = 1 million of instructions per second Gigahertz = 1 billion of instructions per second

Intel- Celeron

- Pentium 3, Pentium 4, Pentium 4 Xeon, Dual Core

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)

- K6 series processors (which compete with Intel Pentium 3)

- Athlon series (which compete with Intel Pentium 4)

IBM

- PowerPC 740, 750, 750FX, 750GL, 750GX

Major Processor manufacturers

18

Primary Storage

RAM holds running programs and the data they use

ROM contains critical programs such as those that boot the computer

Primary Storage

RAM

ROM

Computer’s memory stored on semiconductor chips Two categories:

RAM (Random Access Memory) which is volatile Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) Double Data Rate SDRAM or DDR SDRAM

ROM (Read-Only Memory) which is non-volatile

Capacity in Megabytes (MB) or Gigabytes (GB)

Program Data

19

Moore’s Law on Processor Speed

RAM capacity tends to double every 18-24 months Processor speed tends to double every 18-24 months

20

Types of Computers

Supercomputers Mainframes Minicomputers Servers Workstations Desktop computers Notebook computers (laptops) Handheld computers (PDAs)

21

Bead Bar : Exercise 2Visit Dell website at www.dell.com in order to choose a computer system for Bead Bar. You must select the components based on the assessment of needs prepared by Stan after interviewing the Bead Bar employees (See the Assignment section’s of the course website for a copy of Stan’s memo to you) . Your job consist in filling out the Computer Hardware specification form found in the Assignment section of the course website with the characteristics of the computer system you have selected. Your assignment must include the printout of the description of the computer system from Dell website.

22

Summary QuestionsMalaga Notes

1) Name five (3) computer input devices

2) Name three (3) computer output devices

3) What computer devices can be used for both input and output?

4) What is the difference between: (a) a Kilobyte and a Gigabyte? (b) a Megabyte and a Terabyte?

5) Name the two main types of monitors used in today’s computer systems.

6) (a) Name main components of the Processing subsystem. (b) What is the function of the ALU?

7) Explain the difference between RAM and ROM.

8) Describe the various types of computers.

9) What is meant by Moore’s law?

23

RAIDFile

RAID 0 Strips data across multiple disk No redundancy Advantage: Fast data access through multiple reads Disadvantage: Loosing one disk results in loosing data on all disks

RAID 1 Doesn’t strip data across many disk Mirrors data between two disks Data kept synchronized between two disks Advantage: Fault-tolerance, i.e. If one disk fails, the other continue working until failed disk can be replaced Disadvantage: Only half of available storage space is used.

File

24

RAID

RAID 3 Spreads data across multiple disks and uses ECC bits for recovery purpose in case of problem ECC bits determined based on data stored on data disks If one data disk fails, disk controller automatically regenerates missing data

Data spread across these disks

Last disk contains ECC* data for

disks 1-4

* Error Checking and Correcting

25

Dell XPS 700 Desktop computer

Intel D955XBKLKR motherboard Pentium® 4 Processor with Dual Core Technology (3.00GHz, 800FSB)Windows® XP Professional Edition with re-installation CD1GB Dual Channel SDRAM at 667MHz (2 DIMMs)250GB Serial ATA 3Gb/s Hard Drive (7200RPM and 10 ms ART) 3.5 in Floppy Drive  17 inch UltraSharp LCD Active Matrix screen, 1280x1024 Resolution, 0.26 dot pitch. 16x CD-ROM Drive 16x DVD+/-RW DrivenVidia GeForce 7900 GS Video cardSound Blaster® X-Fi™ XtremeMusic (D) Sound Card w/DolbyDell A525 30 Watt 2.1 Stereo Speakers with Subwoofer  Dell USB Enhanced Multimedia Keyboard  Logitec Optical USB Mouse  56K PCI Telephony Modem  10/100/1000 NIC PCIDell Inkjet Printer 924, Up to 17 PPM Black/White, 600 x 600 dpi 1Yr Ltd Warranty, 1Yr At-Home Service

$1,640.00

26

PowerEdge SC1420 server computer

Intel D955XBKLKR motherboard Dual Pentium® Xeon Processor with Dual Core Technology (3.00GHz, 800FSB)Windows® XP Professional Edition with re-installation CD2.0GB DDR2 400MHz, 4X512MB SDRAMTwo 73 GB 10K RPM SCSI Hard Drives Ultra 320 PERC Ultra 320 2-Channel SCSI RAID Controller Card 3.5 in Floppy Drive  48X IDE Internal CD-RW/DVD ROM Drive nVidia GeForce 7900 GS Video card Sound Blaster® X-Fi™ XtremeMusic (D) Sound Card w/DolbyDell A525 30 Watt 2.1 Stereo Speakers with Subwoofer  Dell USB Enhanced Multimedia Keyboard  Logitec Optical USB Mouse  10/100/1000 NIC PCI   Dell Inkjet Printer 924, Up to 17 PPM Black/White, 600 x 600 dpi 1Yr Ltd Warranty, 1Yr At-Home Service

$3,040.00