1 Chapter 1 •Cases show the grammatical function of each noun. Nouns that use the same pattern of endings belong to the same declension. •First Declension Nouns: •have nominative singular in -a and genitive singular in -ae. •All are feminine, unless they refer to a person who would have been a man in antiquity
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1 Chapter 1 Cases show the grammatical function of each noun. Nouns that use the same pattern of endings belong to the same declension. First Declension.
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Chapter 1
•Cases show the grammatical function of each noun. Nouns that use the same pattern of endings belong to the same declension.
•First Declension Nouns:•have nominative singular in -a and genitive singular in -ae.
•All are feminine, unless they refer to a person who would have been a man in antiquity
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Singular Plural
Nominative
patria patriae
Genitive patriae patriarum
Dative patriae patriis
Accusative
patriam patrias
Ablative patriä patriis
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•Nominative Case:•Subject of the Sentence•Predicate Nominative
Asia est provincia.Asia is a province.
•Genitive Case (“magic word”=“of”):•Genitive of Possession•What goes into the genitive is the person/thing doing the possession, not
agricolae patria = the farmer’s fatherland (the fatherland of the farmer)
•Ablative Case•Used with certain prepositions to answer the question “Where?”
in villä = in the farmhouse
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Chapter 1 Vocabularyagricola, -ae (m.): farmerfemina, -ae (f.): womanpatria, -ae (f.): fatherland, native landprovincia, -ae (f.): provincepuella, -ae (f.): girlsilva, -ae (f.): forestterra, -ae (f.): landvia, -ae (f.): way, road, streetvilla, -ae (f.): farmhouse, villain (prep. with abl.): in, onest: is, there issunt: are, there aren.b. when est/sunt mean there is/there are, they precede the subject
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The 1st Conjugation: Present Tense
1st Person voco (-m in other tenses) vocamus2nd Person vocas vocatis3rd Person vocat vocant
Verbs agree with subjects in number (singular or plural)and in person (1st=I, 2nd=you,3rd = he/she/it, they in plural)
Latin present tense corresponds to 3 types of English verb1. Simple Present (they call)2. Present Progressive (they are calling)3. Emphatic/Question (they do call/do they call?)
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•Accusative Case•The Accusative Case is used for the direct objectReginam puella laudat.The girl praises the queen.
•Ablative of Accompaniment•Uses the preposition cum.
Agricola cum puellis navigat.The farmer is sailing with the girls.
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Apposition: A noun used to describe another noun is in apposition to the noun.Ms. Haviland’s dog, Klea, ate too much play-dough.In Latin, a noun in apposition must be in the same case as the noun it is describing.
•cum (prep. with abl.): with•et (conjuntion)=and; as an adverb=even
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Singular Plural
1st Person
sum sumus
2nd Person es estis
3rd Person est sunt
Sum is a linking verb (takes predicate nominative, not direct objectWhen sum is placed before the subject, it means “there is” or “there are.”
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Expressions of Place
•Accusative of Place to Which (AccPTW)•with ad, in sub
•Ablative of Place Where (AblPW)•with in and sub
•Ablative of Place From Which (AblPFW)•with a/ab, de, e/ex
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Questions
•To make a yes-no question, add -ne to the end of the first word.
•Other interrogative words are used for questions that don’t have a yes-no answer.
• quo = to where
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Chapter 3 Vocabulary
•a/ab (preposition with abl.): from, away from•ad (preposition with acc.): to, towards•de (+prep. with abl.): from, down from, concerning•e/ex (+ abl.): from, out of•in (+ abl.): in, on•in (+ acc.): into, onto, against•sub (+ abl.): under, at the foot of (no motion)•sub (+ acc.): (to) under, up to, to the foot of
•non (adverb): not•quo (interrogative adverb) (to): where?, or as relative adverb: to which place, to which•ubi (interrogative and relative adverb): where•unde (interrogative adverb) from where?, or as relative adverb: from which place, from which•super (+ accus.): over, above
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Singular
Plural
N. amicus amici
G. amici amicorum
D. amico amicis
Acc.
amicum amicos
Abl.
amico amicis
Second Declension
Singular
Plural
N. verbum verba
G. verbi verborum
D. verbo verbis
Acc.
verbum verba
Abl.
verbo verbis
Masculine Neuter
* some masculine 2nd declension nouns have nom. sing. in -er
•contra (+ acc.): against (as adverb= on the contrary, on the other hand•itaque (conjunction): and so, therefore
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N. Sing. malus mala malum
G. Sing. mali malae mali
Dat. Sing.
malo malae malo
Acc. Sing.
malum malam malum
Abl. Sing.
malo malä malo
N. Pl mali malae mala
G. Pl. malorum malarum malorum
D. Pl. malis malis malis
Acc. Pl. malos malas mala
Abl. Pl. malis malis malis
First/Second Declension Adjectives ending in -us
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N. Sing. miser misera miserum
G. Sing. miseri miserae miseri
Dat. Sing.
misero miserae misero
Acc. Sing.
miserum miseram miserum
Abl. Sing.
misero miserä misero
N. Pl miseri miserae misera
G. Pl. miserorum
miserarum
miserorum
D. Pl. miseris miseris miseris
Acc. Pl. miseros miseras misera
Abl. Pl. miseris miseris miseris
First/Second Declension Adjectives ending in -er, retaining -e-
If the -e- remains in the feminine form, it remains in all forms.
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N. Sing. pulcher pulchra pulchrum
G. Sing. pulchri pulchrae pulchri
Dat. Sing.
pulchro pulchrae pulchro
Acc. Sing.
pulchrum pulchram pulchrum
Abl. Sing.
pulchro pulchrä pulchro
N. Pl pulchri pulchrae pulchra
G. Pl. pulchrorum
pulchrarum
pulchrorum
D. Pl. pulchris pulchris pulchris
Acc. Pl. pulchros pulchras pulchra
Abl. Pl. pulchris pulchris pulchris
First/Second Declension Adjectives ending in -er, dropping -e-
If the -e- drops in the feminine form, it is gone from all but masc. nom. sing.
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An adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case. Note that the endings will often (for now) be identical, but what is important is that they agree in gender, number and case. They won’t always “match.”
Vocative Case• Used for direct address• In plural, it is always the same as the nominative• In the singular, it is the same as the nominative EXCEPT
• Nouns and adjectives in -us have vocative in -e amicus nuntius --> amice nuntie• Proper names ending in -ius and filius have vocatives in -i Vergilius-->Vergili• meus, mea, meum--> mi
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Some Irregular Declensions (you will occasionally see these in readings, but I will not test you on them).
Sing.
Plural
N. deus dei, dii, di
G. dei deorum
D. deo deis, diis, dis
Acc.
deum deos
Abl.
deo deis, diis, dis
Sing.
Plural
N. dea dea
G. deae dearum
D. deae deabus
Acc.
deam deas
Abl.
deä deabus
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Formation of Adverbs•1st/2nd declension adjectives normally form adverbs by adding -e to the base (genitive stem)•Some adverbs are irregular
(bene, not bone)
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Chapter 6 Vocabulary•deus, dei (m.): god•filius, fili (m.): son•liberi, liberorum (m., pl. only): children•servus, -i (m.): slave
Present System•Formed from present stem (drop vowel-re from 2nd princ. part)•To form imperfect, add vowel+ ba+personal ending•Imperfect us translated as “I was calling/I used to call,” etc.voc+a+ba+
mvoc+a+ba+mus
voc+a+ba+s
voc+a+ba+tis
voc+a+ba+t
voc+a+ba+nt
•To form future, add vowel+ bi+personal ending•Future is translated as “I will call,” etc.
voc+a+bo voc+a+bi+mus
voc+a+bi+s
voc+a+bi+tis
voc+a+bi+t
voc+a+bu+nt
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•“Magic Word” for Dative =“to” or “for”•Dative of Indirect Object•Verbs of giving, saying, showing, etc.
•English can use “to” or “for” (but doesn’t always)Filiae fabulam narro.I am telling a story to my daughter/I am telling my daughter a story
•olim (adv.): once, at one time (in past), at some time (in future)•post (adv.): afterward, behind•saepe (adv.): often
•per (+ acc.): through, (in oaths) by•post (+ acc.): after, behind•-que (enclitic conjunction): and
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Imperfect and Future of SumImperfect
eram eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
•Future
ero erimus
eris eritis
erit erunt
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Ablative of Means or Instrument•In English, we usually use the words “with” or “by,” but other words may be used as well.•The means or instrument should not be a person.•In Latin, no preposition is usedgladio = with a swordpaucis verbis = in a few wordsequo = on a horse
•iam (adv.): now, already; non iam: no longer•interim (adv.): meanwhile, in the meantime•nunc (adv.): now, at this time•tum or tunc (adv..): then, at that time
•ante (+ acc.): before, in front of•trans (+ acc.): across
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Principal Parts of Verbs•First conjugation verbs normally have principal parts in -o, -are, -avi, -atum•Principal parts of sum are sum, esse, fui, futurus
Perfect Tense•Find perfect stem (drop -i from 3rd principal part)•Add perfect endings
vocavi vocavimus
vocavisti vocavistis
vocavit vocaverunt
Translation of perfect tense is “I called”/”I have called.”
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Interrogative Particles•Num: suggests that the answer to the question will be no.
Num stultus est? He’s not stupid, is he? (of course not!)•Nonne: suggests that the answer to the question will be yes.
Nonne stultus est? He’s stupid, isn’t he? (yes!)•Utrum: Implies that that there are only two possible answers.
Passive VoiceIn the present system, change active endings to passive to make passive forms
vocor vocamur
vocaris vocamini
vocatur vocantur
Present
vocabar vocabamur
vocabaris vocabamini
vocabatur vocabantur
Imperfect
vocabor vocabimur
vocaberis vocabimini
vocabitur vocabuntur
Future
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Ablative of Personal Agent•The person by whom a passive verb is performed is put in the ablative, with the preposition a/ab.
Vocabatur a filiä. He was being called by his daughter.
Predicate Nominative with Passive Verbs•A verb of making, naming, choosing can take a predicate accusative when active. In the passive, a predicate nominative is used.active: Filiam meam voco Emmam. I call my daughter Emma.passive: Filia mea vocatur Emma. My daughter is called Emma
Passive Voice, Perfect SystemUses the 4th principal part, with forms of sum as helping verbs.The participle must agree with the subject in gender and number.vocatus, -a, -
um sumvocati, -ae, -a sumus
vocatus, -a, -um es
vocati, -ae, -a estis
vocatus, -a, -um est
vocati, -ae, -a sunt
vocatus, -a, -um eram
vocati, -ae, -a eramus
vocatus, -a, -um eras
vocati, -ae, -a eratis
vocatus, -a, -um erat
vocati, -ae, -a erant
vocatus, -a, -um ero
vocati, -ae, -a erimus
vocatus, -a, -um eris
vocati, -ae, -a eritis
vocatus, -a, -um erit
vocati, -ae, -a erunt
Perfect Pass.I was called/have been calledPluperfectI had been calledFut. PerfI will have been called
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Imperative MoodUsed for giving commands. We will use only the present tense, the second person singular and plural.
Singular Plural
narra narrate
Sum has irregular imperative forms
Singular Plural
es este
There are passive imperative forms as well, but we will notuse them until 2nd year. Future imperative forms have been eliminated from your readings.
Remember: You must get the stem from the genitive singular. You cannot predict the stem from the nominative form!
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Objective GenitiveWith a noun that has a verbal idea (e.g. love, flight, memory), the genitive can represent what would be the direct object if instead of the noun you used the related noun.
I have a love of dogs <--> I love dogs.
Sometimes an objective genitive has to be translated with a preposition other than “of” in English.fuga malorum --> a flight from evils `
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Chapter 14 Vocabulary•auctor, auctoris (m.): founder, author•cupido, cupidinis (f.): longing, desire•cura, -ae (f.): care, anxiety•decus, decoris (n.): ornament, honor, glory (in pl.=honorable exploits)•gratia, -ae (f.): pleasantness, influence, gratitude•(genitive) + gratiä = for the sake of (genitive)•imperium, imperi (n.): command, empire•laus, laudis (f.): praise, fame, glory
•memor, memoris: mindful (+ gen.)•omnis, omne: all, every•par, paris: equal•similis, simile: like, alike (+ dative)•vetus, veteris: old
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Third Declension I-Stem Nouns -M/F1. Most nouns ending -is or -es in nom. and
same # of syllables in nominative and genitive.
2. Nouns ending in -ns or -rs in the nominative singular.
3. Nouns of one syllable with a base ending in 2 or more consonants.
• I will always tell you if a noun is an I-Stem – you don’t haveto memorize these rules
navis navesnavis naviumnavi navibusnavem naves *nave navibus
*The book uses –is as the ending here, but this is in factan alternate ending that you won’t be responsible for
until 3rd year.
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Third Declension I-Stem Nouns -Neuter1. Neuter nouns that end in -e, -
al, -ar(again, if a noun is an I-Stem, I
will tell you!)
mare mariamaris mariummari maribusmare maria mari maribus
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Partitive Expressions
Genitive of the Whole (Partitive Genitive)Just like in English, “of…” can indicate the whole that something is a part of.Pars urbis occupata est.Part of the city has been taken.
Some expressions that would not use a partitive in English do use a partitive in Latin:nihil: nothingparum: too littleplus, pluris: moresatis: enough
•mors, mortis (f. i-stem): death•navis, navis (f. i-stem): ship•parens, parentis (m. or f. i-stem): parent•pars, partis (f. i-stem): part, share, role•urbs, urbis (f. i-stem): city•vis, vis (f. irreg.): force, violence; in plural = strength
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2nd Conjugation - Infinitive in -ëre
habebam habebamus
habebas habebatis
habebat habebant
habebo habebimus
habebis habebitis
habebit habebunt
habeo habemus
habes habetis
habet habent
Present
Imperfect
Future
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2nd Conjugation - Active Imperatives (passive imperatives are in the textbook but we will not usethem this year)
habe habete
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, active and passive, are formed the same for all conjugations (using the 3rd and 4th principal parts, respectively)
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Ablative Of Separation
With a verb of separation with no motion implied, “from” is expressed in Latin by an ablative of separation.
Usually no preposition (a preposition may be used with a person or with a concrete noun).
•prae (+ abl.) before, ahead of•pro (+ abl): before, out in front of, on behalf of
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3rd Conjugation - Infinitive in -ere. Note shifting theme vowel!!
mittebam mittebamus
mittebas mittebatis
mittebat mittebant
mittam mittemus
mittes mittetis
mittet mittent
mitto mittimus
mittis mittitis
mittit mittunt
Present
Imperfect
Future - No -bo, -bis,-bit!!
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3rd Conjugation - Active Imperatives
pone ponite
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, active and passive, are formed the same for all conjugations (using the 3rd and 4th principal parts, respectively)
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Ablative of Manner
• Answers the question “how?”• Can replace an adverb• If the noun in the ablative is not modified by an adjective, cum is necessary• If the noun in the ablative is modified by an adjective, cum is optional, and word order is always adjective + cum + noun
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Chapter 18 Vocabulary•dolor, doloris (m.): pain, grief•dux, ducis (m.): leader•gaudium, gaudi (n.): joy•homo, hominis (m.): human being, person•rex, regis (m.): king
3rd Conjugation I-Stem: Infinitive in -ere, 1st principal part in -io.
capiebam capiebamus
capiebas capiebatis
capiebat capiebant
capiam capiemus
capies capietis
capiet capient
capio capimus
capis capitis
capit capiunt
Present - I of stem only appears when ending doesn’t start with -i
Imperfect - I of stem shows up in all forms
Future - Remember, no -bo, -bis,-bit!!I of stem shows up in all forms
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3rd Conjugation I-Stem: Infinitive in -ere, 1st principal part in -io.
capiebantcapiebat
capiebatiscapiebas
capiebamuscapiebam
capientcapiet
capietiscapies
capiemuscapiam
capiuntcapit
capitiscapis
capimuscapio Present - I of stem only appears when ending doesn’t start with -i
Imperfect - I of stem shows up in all forms
Future - Remember, no -bo, -bis,-bit!!I of stem shows up in all forms
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3rd Conjugation I-Stem - Active Imperatives
cape capite
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, active and passive, are formed the same for all conjugations (using the 3rd and 4th principal parts, respectively)
Declension of Unus (one)has some 1st/2nd decl endings and some 3rd. It also shares some endingswith the pronouns (which we haven’t seen yet, but will)
Neuterunumuniusuniunumuno
Declension of Duo (two)
Masculineduoduorumduobusduosduobus
Feminineduaeduarumduabusduasduobus
Neuterduoduorumduobusduoduobus
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M/Ftrestriumtribustristribus
Declension of Tres (three) – a regular 3rd declension adj.
Neutertriatriumtribustriatribus
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Partitive Expressions with Numerals
You use de or ex + abl. with numbers,not a partitive genitive:
quinque de/ex puerisfive of the boys
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Genitive and Ablative of Description
A phrase in either the ablative or genitive can
describe a noun:
vir magnae virtutis = a man of great courage
vir magno capite = a man with a big headeither one can be translated as “with” or “of,”
whichever works in English
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Chapter 21 Vocabulary
•altitudo, altitudinis (f.): height, depth•forma, -ae (f.): form, shape, beauty•latitudo, latitudinis (f.): width, breadth•longitudo, longitudinis (f.): length•mons, montis (m.): mountain•nemo, neminis (m., no plural): no one, nobody•fortis, forte: strong, brave
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Demonstratives
iseius
eieumeo
eaeius
eieameä
ideius
eiideo
Is, Ea, Id (this, that, he, she, it)
eieorumeiseoseis
PluralM F N
eaeearumeiseaseis
eaeorumeiseaeis
SingularM F N
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We are skipping Chapter 22
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hichuius
huichunchöc
haechuius
huichanchäc
hochuius
huichochöc
Hic, Haec, Hoc (this (here, close by))
hihorumhishoshis
PluralM F N
haeharumhishashis
haechorumhishaechis
SingularM F N
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illeillius
illiillum
illo
illaillius
illiillam
illä
illud
illius
illiillud
illo
Ille, Illa, Illud (that (there, far away))
illiillorum
illisillosillis
PluralM F N
illaeillarum
illisillasillis
illaillorum
illisillailla
SingularM F N
iste, ista, istud is a contemptuous demonstrativethat follows the same declension as ille, illa, illud
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Chapter 23 Vocabulary•arma, armorum (n., only plural): arms (defensive and offensive)•castra, castrorum (n., only plural): (military) camp•tempus, temporis (n.): time
•clarus, -a, -um: clear, bright, famous•iuvenis, iuvenis (no neuter): young•mirus, -a, -um: amazing, wonderful•talis, tale: such, of such a kind•tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large•tot (indecl. adj.): so many
•ergo (adv.): therefore•iterum (adv.): again, a second time•totiens (adv.): so often
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ubi: where/whenquo: (to) whereunde: from wherecum: whenut: aspostquam: aftersimul atque (ac): as soon asquod: becausequia: becausequoniam: sincesi: ifnisi: unlesssin: but ifsive…sive: whether…or (also seu…seu)
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Chapter 24 Vocabulary•corpus, corporis (n.): body•os, oris (n.): mouth, face•virgo, virginis (f.): girl, maiden
•gravis, -e: heavy, serious•vivus, -a, -um: alive, living
Reflexive PronounsFor first and second person, reflexive and non-reflexivePronouns are the same
Me vides. = You see me.Te vides.=You see yourself.
But for 3rd person there is a special reflexive pronoun.The same form is used for 3rd person singular and 3rd Person plural.
Miles se videt.=The soldier sees himself.Miles eum vident.=The soldier sees him (i.e. someone else)
Miltites se vident.=The soldiers see themselves.Milites eos vident.=The soldiers see them (i.e. other people)
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Declension of 3rd Person Reflexive Pronoun
(no nominative)SuisibiseSe
Remember, the same forms are used forSingular and plural.
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The only time you use a genitive of a pronounTo express possession is in the 3rd person nonreflexive.If there is a possessive adjective, you use that insteadOf the genitive of possession. (This is just like English --You would never say “The book of me” instead of“my book”
My=-meus, -a, umYour (s.)= tuus, -a, -umHis/Her/Its (use genitive of is, ea, id)Our=noster, -ra, -rumYour (pl.)=vester, -ra, -rumTheir (use genitive plural of is, ea, id)
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Accusative of Extent of Space (without a preposition)He will sail for 100 feet.Navigabit centum pedes.
Expressions of Time (no prepositions)Accusative of Extent of TimeQuinque horas = for five hours
Ablative of Time WhenQuartä horä = at the 4th hour
Ablative of Time Within WhichQuinque horis perveniet. He will arrive within 5 hours.
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Chapter 25 Vocabulary•civis, civis (m. or f.): citizen•fors (defective, ablative = forte; f.): chance•hora, -ae (f.): hour•litus, litoris (n.): shore•natura, -ae (f.): birth, nature•nox, noctis (f., i-stem): night•sanguis, sanguinis (m.): blood•ceteri, ceterae, ceteri (pl. only): the other, the rest (of)
•felix, felicis: lucky, successful, happy
•fugio, fugere, fügi, fugitum: flee, flee from•inquam (defective verb): say
•quidem (postpositive adv.): in fact, to be sure, at any rate•ne…quidem: not even
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Relative Pronouns
Get their number and gender from the antecedent, their case from their function in the relative clause
Masc.quicuiuscuiquemquo
Fem.quaecuiuscuiquamquä
Neuterquodcuiuscuiquodquo
Masc. quiquorumquibusquosquibus
Fem.quaequarumquibusquasquibus
Neut.quaequorumquibusquaequibus
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Haec est puella.
Ei pecuniam dedi.
Haec est puella _________ pecuniam dedi.
Hae sunt puellae __________ pecuniam dedi.
Hae sunt puellae.
Eae navigaverunt.
Hae sunt puellae _________ navigaverunt.
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Interrogative PronounsWho is it?What is it?To whom did you give it?
These decline almost exactly like the relative pronoun. Differences are in purple.
Masc./Fem.quiscuiuscuiquemquo
Neuterquidcuiuscuiquidquo
Masc. quiquorumquibusquosquibus
Fem.quaequarumquibusquasquibus
Neut.quaequorumquibusquaequibus
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Interrogative adjectives:Who did it? (interrogative pronoun)What teacher did it? (interrogative adjective)To whom did you give the money? (pronoun)To what child did you give the money? (adjective)
The forms of the interrogative adjective areexactly the same as the forms of the relative pronoun!
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Chapter 26 Vocabulary•aedes, aedis (f., i-stem): temple•aetas, aetatis (f.): age, lifetime•caput, capitis (n.): head•imago, imaginis (f.): image, likeness, portrait, statue•mens, mentis (f., i-stem): mind•modus, -i (m.): measure, degree, manner, way
•absum, abesse, afui, afuturus: be away, be absent, be distant•ardeo, ardëre, arsi, arsum: burn (intransitive)•colo, colere, colui, cultum: cultivate, worship•lego, legere, lëgi, lectum: pick read•relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum: leave behind, leave, abandon•trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum: hand over, hand down
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Skipping Chapter 27-28
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Fourth Declension:Mostly Masculine, except for domus and manusMany are made from the 4th principal part of verbs
•publicus, -a, -um: public, belonging to the people (poplulus)•rusticus, -a, -um: of the country, of farming
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The forms of possum, posse, potui, potitum (to be able)
To form the present, imperfect, and future of possum, take the form of sum, add pot- as a prefix, and when necessaryfor easy pronunciation change pot- to pos- when the form of sum begins with “s”
Presentpossum possumuspotes potestispotest possunt
The perfect system is completely normal, formed from the perfect stem potu- from the3rd principal part.
There are no passive forms (it only has a4th principal part because this will be used to make other forms next year.
The verb possum takes a Complementary Infinitive.
Nos possumus linguam Latinam legere.We are able to read Latin.We can read Latin.
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Chapter 31 Vocabulary•metus, metüs (m.): fear, dread•versus, versüs (m.): a turning a verse (of poetry), a line (of prose)
•adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus: be present, be present at (+ dat.)•fero, ferre, tuli, latum: bear, bring, take, relate•impono, imponere, imposui, impositum: put something (in acc.) on something/someone (in dative), deceive
• insto, instare, institi, -- (+ dat.): stand in, stand on, follow closely, press•ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum: display, show•praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitum (+ dat.) stand before, excel•promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum: send forth, promise (+ dat.)•prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus (+ dat.): be useful, be advantageous