1 Ch 24 1848 Revolutions: “the turning-point at which modern history failed to turn” Source: G.M. Trevelyan, historian Unification of Italy and Germany.

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Ch 24

1848 Revolutions:“the turning-point at which

modern history failed to turn”

Source: G.M. Trevelyan, historian

Unification of Italy and GermanyRealism

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Belgium, one more

timeEuropean powers will tell Belgium nationalists:

O.K., be independent, but

you’ll have to remain neutral.

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The Gleaners (1857)by Francois Jean Francois Millet

1857Realism:

gleaners - trash pickers after the harvest

The Third Class Carriage 1864by Honore DaumierRealism: Paris Train

The French Realist movement took place from 1830’s, during the aftermath of the French revolution, until the late 1850s when the Second Empire under Napoleon III was in swing (ends in 1870). French Realism sprung up at the same time as modern-day journalism and in similar ways the French Realist movement sought to convey an honest and objective vision of contemporary life. French artists democratized art by depicting the everyday lives of the working class while radicals and socialists fought for revolutionary reform.

Source: http://www.artble.com

Realism

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Long-Term Causes: Liberalism and Nationalism

Results: Failed - Why? Liberals did not unite with working class.Working-class movement not strong enough yet.Liberals also failed in their nationalist goals.Military suppression Still significant because....Nationalists, realizing the power of the masses, will go on to lead nationalist movements via conservative leaders.Unification of Italy and Germany will be led by conservative leaders and ideologies not liberals.

Short term causes: The “hungry forties” + population growth = scarcity +

unemployment

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1848 Revolutions

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1848 Revolution in France

February 1848

The July Monarchy

Louise Philippe

Provisional Government• plan = set up a republic• reforms• groups that opposed it• Louis Blanc = national workshops• The National Assembly calls for presidential elections.

“liberty trees” planted

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1848 Revolution ends when New President is elected - still

in1848:

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

1848 - 1852 President = Second French Republic1852 - 1870 Napoleon III, Emperor = Second French Empire

Provisional Government closes National

Workshops

June Days 1848Three days of violence in Paris

= =

Karl Marx sees it as a

dress rehearsal for

the future proletarian revolution against the bourgeoisie.

Provisional Government responds by passing: Falloux Law and ends universal manhood suffrage.

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1848 Revolution in France - What changed?

• Did liberalism triumph?

• Did workers triumph?

• Did women triumph?

• Did the Catholic Church triumph?

• Did monarchists, “legitimists” triumph?

• Did Socialists triumph?

Compare the 1848 revolution with the Second Stage of the French

Revolution.

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Louis NapoleonNapoleon III

•Give evidence from your textbook that supports just how

•conservative

•liberal

•socialist

•he was.

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End of rule of Napoleon III - abdicates the throne. 1871 - German Empire declared in the Hall of Mirrors of

Versailles, France after the Franco-Prussian WarThis begins the Third French Republic

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1848 Revolution in Germany The “three

Germanies”Frederick William IV

(r 1840 - 1861)

The Frankfurt Parliament presented its Constitution to King Frederick William IV to convince him to be the king of a new united Germany. King Frederick William IV refused to accept the “crown from the gutter... a dog collar offered by bakers and butchers and reeking with the stench of revolution.” He rejected the offer stating that kings ruled by the grace of God rather than by the permission of man-made constitutions.

1848 Berlin Uprising in Prussia leads King Frederick William IV to allow an assembly and agrees to a Constitution. He later disbands the assembly and declares martial law. Austria:

Vienna: Student uprising, want liberal reforms, constitutions, freedoms, etc.Budapest, Hungary - Magyars want national autonomyPrague - Czechs - want national autonomy.New Austrian Emperor Franz Josef I is able to stop all revolutions in Vienna and Budapest.

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King Frederick William IV’s Three-class voting system

The Three-class voting system of Prussia.This voting system existed in Prussia/Germany 1850 - 1918.

Wealthiest 3% of the Prussian population got to elect 1/3 of the representativesNext wealthiest 10% of the population also got to elect 1/3 of the representativesEveryone else = 87% of the population also got to elect 1/3 of the representatives

+ Allowed all males to vote = universal male suffrage- The wealthiest, who constitute only 3% of the population voted one-third of the Prussian Parliament.

Is this fair?

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Lessons learned from 1848

• Liberalism became more conservative as socialism and Marxism threatened the stability of private property.

• The working class adopted new strategies instead of rioting and leading insurrections as they turned to trade unions and political parties.

• Liberals refused to take on the plight of the working class. That plus the willingness of rulers to use force, made the revolutions unsuccessful.

Permanent change in Austria, Hungary and eastern Prussia:

Emancipation of serfs

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Review of 1848 Revolutionspages 706 - 719

• Give specific evidence to support the quote “the turning-point that failed to turn” as it applies to 1848 revolutions in: (include causes and results to assess the level of success and explain why they did or did not succeed)

• France

• Italian states

• Austrian Empire

• How radical, conservative or liberal was the Frankfurt Parliament? Include specific articles in their constitution as evidence.

• Evaluate the success of the rule of Louis Napoleon/ Napoleon III? Include his use of public opinion, the power of the press and involvement in foreign wars as a way to mask domestic problems.

• Review documents: Tristan, Tocqueville, Schurz, Bismarck

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Unifications of Italy and Germany

GaribaldiCavourMazzini

Otto von Bismarck

Count Camillo di Cavour

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Unification of ItalyMazzini, founder of

the Young Italy Society

Garibaldi and his Red Shirts

Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont

Victor Emmanuel IIKing of Piedmont

Cavour:•pragmatic•Machiavellian•realist•opportunist•Used diplomacy as an instrument of domestic policy

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Unification of Italy•Cavour - moderate, liberal; wants Italy to

be a constitutional monarchy once united• He was a liberal who worked for free trade and railway construction and

expansion of credit.

• He believed that if Italy showed Europe its economic and military worth then European states would support its quest for unification; Italy helps Britain and France in the Crimean War.

• Turns to France, Napoleon III, for help in unification. If France helped Italy provoke a war against Austria, Italy would give France Nice and Savoy once united. Napoleon III agrees in a secret treaty.

• Piedmont mobilizes troops and Austria demands demobilization of Italy and mobilizes themselves. France intervened to aid its ally, Italy.

• Fearing too strong of a Italy, France negotiates a secret treaty with Austria and Austria keeps Venetia.

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Garibaldi now leads romantic republican nationalist

movement• Garibaldi using guerilla warfare (as he had done in Latin

American independence movement) is fighting in southern Italy, unify one region at a time.

• Cavour and Garibaldi join forces as Garibaldi accepts unification under the kingdom of Piedmont.

• 1861 Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed king of Italy

• However, French troops continued to occupy Rome until Franco-Prussian War calls them back in 1870.

• By 1870, all except provinces of Trent and the city of Trieste (still controlled by Austria) were united in the new state of Italy. Italian nationalists still wanted to liberate Trent and Trieste from Austrian rule. Italia irredente, or unredeemed Italy referred to this desire to liberate Trent and Trieste from Austrian rule. This becomes the reason why Italy joins WWI.

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Unification of GermanyOtto von Bismarck

“iron and blood” Chancellor;pragmatist not idealist: put more trust in actions than

ideals.

William I, King of Prussia

Kaiser

Why is Prussia the dominant state to lead unification?How does Bismarck do it? Machiavelli’s amoral politics.Will he aim for Kleideutsch, smaller Germany solution, excluding Austria or Grossdeutsche, greater German, including Austria?

Germany is not looking to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power. . . . The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions - that was the mistake of 1848-1849 - but by iron and blood.

Otto von Bismarck, first speech as Prime Minister (1862).

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Unification of Germany

• Opposed liberal Parliament, favored constitutional monarchy; pursued a kleindutsch solution to unification - no Austria

• Uses war as an instrument for unification

• The Danish War 1864 - will end up uniting northern German states with Prussia

• Schleswig-Holstein - Austria took Holstein and Prussia Schleswig; got Napoleon III to promise neutrality and won loyalty of Russia in suppressing a Polish revolt; got troops in Schleswig to revolt and ended up with entire Schleswig-Holstein region.

• Prussia then forms the Northern German Confederation 1867. Had a bicameral legislature: Bundesrat (upper house, minister answered to the king) and Reichstag (lower house, chosen by universal male suffrage). How can he now bring in the southern states for a united Germany? Provoke war again.

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Franco-Prussian War

1870 - 1871• Change of dynasty in Spain, from Bourbon to Habsburg, becomes his

opportunity as the new monarch is a cousin of William I.

• France sends ambassador to Bad Ems to speak to William I. In the meantime, the Habsburg family decides not to take Spanish throne for fear of causing war between France and Prussia.

• William I sends telegram to Bismarck who changed the wording hoping to draw an insulted France into war. Southern German states now join the North German Confederation in war.

• German Empire declared in the Hall of Mirrors of Versailles in 1871.

• Napoleon III abdicates - end of Second French Empire and beginning of Third French Republic.

• Germany annexed Alsace and part of Lorraine.

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Otto von Bismarck: 1866“We had to avoid wounding Austria too severely; we had to avoid leaving behind in her any unnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge; we ought rather to reserve the possibility of becoming friends again with our adversary of the moment, and in any case to regard the Austrian state as a piece on the European chessboard. If Austria were severely injured, she would become the ally of France and of every other opponent of ours; she would even sacrifice her anti-Russian interests for the sake of revenge on Prussia. . . .The acquisition of provinces like Austria Silesia and portions of Bohemia could not strengthen the Prussian state; it would not lead to an amalgamation of German Austria with Prussia, and Vienna could not be governed from Berlin as a mere dependency. . . .Austria's conflict and rivalry with us was no more culpable than ours with her; our task was the establishment or foundation of German national unity under the leadership of the King of Prussia.”

Bismarck’s thoughts on Austria in between the Danish War and the

Franco-Prussian War

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German Reich (empires)First German

Reich

Third German Reich

The Second German Reich1871-1918

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Bismarck continues to work on strengthening the

German state by going after...The Catholic Church

“Kulturkampf”an attack on the Church

German Social Democratic PartySPD

1875 - 1933See Bismarck’s speech on p 728

1883 - 1887 Bismarck pushes through social reform in German parliament:Results: Germany becomes the 1st welfare state by providing healthcare and pension programs

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Reforms in Russia• Social - serfs emancipated 1861

• Alexander II “czar liberator”

• Political - local governments the mir, zemstvos

Austrian Empire

Creation of Austria-Hungary

1867 - 1918Compromise (Ausgleich) of

1867A dual monarchy

Potential Problems?