1 by Agni Prasad Nepal ID 104520 AARM/SERD/AIT A Thesis Presentation Assessing the role of “Jalari” women in livelihoods and aquatic resources management.

11

by

Agni Prasad Nepal ID 104520

AARM/SERD/AIT

A Thesis Presentation

Assessing the role of “Jalari” women in Assessing the role of “Jalari” women in livelihoods and aquatic resources livelihoods and aquatic resources

management in Phewa Lake, Pokhara, Nepalmanagement in Phewa Lake, Pokhara, Nepal

Examination Committee: Dr. Wenresti G. Gallardo (Chairperson)Dr. Amrit N. BartDr. Philippe DoneysDr. Ram C. BhujelDr. Håkan Berg

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Outline of PresentationOutline of Presentation

BackgroundBackground Conceptual frameworkConceptual framework Problem statementProblem statement ObjectivesObjectives Research design/methodologyResearch design/methodology FindingsFindings ConclusionConclusion RecommendationsRecommendations

333

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

““Jalari”,Jalari”, a deprived ethnic a deprived ethnic community in Nepal community in Nepal

Nearly 200 families in Pokhara Nearly 200 families in Pokhara valleyvalley

Nomadic life, No land for farming, Nomadic life, No land for farming, fishing was traditional occupationfishing was traditional occupation

Cage aquaculture started since Cage aquaculture started since 1970s, supported by the 1970s, supported by the government.government.

““Women” actively participating in Women” actively participating in lake resources management with lake resources management with maintaining their livelihoods, maintaining their livelihoods, especially since 2000especially since 2000

1.1 Background NEPAL

N

KathmanduPokhara200 KM

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Conceptual Framework

Jalari women (Human assets) in livelihoods

and resources conservation/management

Lake resources conservation and management- Maintain lake environment - Maintain biodiversity/native species - Managing restock

Means of livelihood - Aquaculture - Capture/recapture fisheries - Others (salary, wage-labor, small trade etc)

Policy Planning

Strategies

Support, Linkage, Cooperation- R & D institutions- Stakeholders- Legislative measures- Rule/regulations- Code of conducts

Feedback Implementation

Livelihood outcomes and women’s status

Feedback

55

In general, Lake Phewa is highly In general, Lake Phewa is highly affected by environmental problems affected by environmental problems which threaten its sustainability, which threaten its sustainability,

Problems stated in this study was:Problems stated in this study was:Women’s role has not been Women’s role has not been

adequately assessed, although they adequately assessed, although they are participating actively in activities are participating actively in activities associated with “livelihoods and associated with “livelihoods and aquatic resources management”aquatic resources management”

1.3 Problem Statement

Mahseer (Tor putitora):

a high value native species

66

Overall objective:Overall objective:– to assess the role of “Jalari” women in livelihood to assess the role of “Jalari” women in livelihood

strategy and their initiatives for aquatic resource strategy and their initiatives for aquatic resource conservation and managementconservation and management

Specific objectives:Specific objectives:

To evaluate the To evaluate the present means of livelihoodpresent means of livelihood of Jalari of Jalari community with special focus on community with special focus on women’s rolewomen’s role

To assess To assess existing initiativesexisting initiatives and and role of Jalari women in the role of Jalari women in the conservation and management of the lake resourceconservation and management of the lake resource

To make To make appropriate recommendationsappropriate recommendations for further for further improvementimprovement

1.4 Objectives

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RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Primary data collection

- Population size Population size 79 (HH)79 (HH)

- DDetermination of sample sizeetermination of sample size::

Nn = ------------- 1+N(e)2

(Yamane, 1967)(Yamane, 1967)

Here, n = sample sizeN= population sizee = level of precision

79n = ---------------- = 44.13 1+79(10%)2

Group compositionGroup composition WomenWomen MenMen TotalTotal

Jalaris/fishersJalaris/fishers 2222 2222 4444(55.7% of Ttotal Population)(55.7% of Ttotal Population)

Key informants Key informants -- -- 1212

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Methods used for researchMethods used for research

PRAPRA Fishers household (HH) surveyFishers household (HH) survey Field observations Field observations Key informants interviewKey informants interview Stakeholders workshopStakeholders workshop

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY …RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY …

3.2 Secondary information3.2 Secondary information – literatures/publications literatures/publications – DoFD, NARC, FRC, FRD, DoFD, NARC, FRC, FRD,

DADO, and NGOs such as DADO, and NGOs such as Li-birdLi-bird

3.3 Data Processing and Analysis3.3 Data Processing and Analysis - Data processed and analyzed for quantitative and Data processed and analyzed for quantitative and

qualitative findingsqualitative findings

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Site map

6 Naya Bazar

5 Sedidada

3 Khapaudi

2 Sidurke

1 Pame

4 Phyaure

8 Baidam

Inlet

7 Gharipatan

OutletSilt deposited plots

Fish marketing spot

Phewa watershed and Jalaris’ living area

Site descriptions

1

2 3 4

56

7

8

FRC, (Phewa Branch)

1010

DemographicsDemographics

Total Jalari HH in Pokhara valley Total Jalari HH in Pokhara valley 191191

• Jalari community (HH) in study site 79• Total population 398

– F 201 (50.5%)– M 197 (49.5%)– Family size 5

15

12

27

57

12

10

113

4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Female Male Total

Re

sp

on

de

nts

Illiterate Literate Primary Secondary

Adult Educational status

Adult women literacy rate 32% (Average adult literacy 39%)

Adult Men literacy 46%

Main FindingsMain Findings

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Means of livelihoods and income from main Means of livelihoods and income from main and other sourcesand other sources

Main sources of income:Main sources of income: Cage aquacultureCage aquaculture Capture/Recapture fisheryCapture/Recapture fishery

Other sources of income:Other sources of income:

Cage aquaculture

31%

Small trade/shop

5%

Capture fishery37%

Salary/Penson7%

Labor work8%

House rent3%

Remittance7%

Others (Pond fish, bee

keeping, etc)2%

Livelihoods/Socio-economics:Livelihoods/Socio-economics:Main findings …Main findings …

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• Consumption of fish as food of total harvest/hh - 5%• Selling (from total harvest) - 95%

• Cheaper fish purchase from local market = - 5% of total food expenses

ExpenditureValue in NRs

food exp, 75,611, (47%)

surplus, 31,517, (19%)

cage culture operation,

12,119, (7%)

other exp in family,

43,473, (27%)

Other expenses: education, health, culture etc


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JALARI WOMEN’S ROLE IN LIVELIHOODS AND INCOME GENERATIONJALARI WOMEN’S ROLE IN LIVELIHOODS AND INCOME GENERATION

Status/position of Jalari women in community and Status/position of Jalari women in community and familyfamily

47.7%52.3%

02468

1012141618202224

Yes No

Nu

mb

ers

of

resp

on

den

ts

• Property rights of women in family


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Training

Jalari women: education and empowermentJalari women: education and empowerment

Training, group formation and education

• Formed a women group in 2000 – “Machhapuchhre Women Group” (MWG)

• Almost all children are attending school

• girls 45%

• boys 55%

• Percentage of dropping out before entering college is high

girls 89%boys 96%

46

35

2 4

0

10

20

30

40

50

Schoolboys

Schoolgirls

Collegeboys

Collegegirls

Nu

mb

er o

f st

ud

ents

• Women started to train since 1990s – (under JICA Project)

School children


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Jalari women in decision making

Money keeping and spending decisions

• Money is spent based on mutual understanding of husband and wife in 34 families (77.3%)

• Women decide on spending money in 10 families (22.7%). Out of 10 families, 5 (11%) have women heads

Decision on spending money

Women self -decision 23%

Mutual understanding

77%


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Participation in decision making:ActivitiesActivities FemaleFemale

(%)

MaleMale

(%)

Both (mutual)Both (mutual) No responseNo response

Cage cultureCage culture 55 2020 7575 00

FishingFishing 1414 4141 3636 99

Food selection and Food selection and marketingmarketing

8686 00 1111 33

Other HH works Other HH works (Children’s school,(Children’s school,

family health, festivals etc)family health, festivals etc)

27- 68*27- 68** Goods purchase

0 – 4.50 – 4.5 30 – 68**30 – 68**

Respondents 44


Work typeWork type No workNo work 3-4 hours3-4 hours 5-6 hours5-6 hours 7-8 hours7-8 hours

In houseIn house - - 3 (13.6)3 (13.6) 13 (59.113 (59.1)) 6 (27.3)6 (27.3)

Out of houseOut of house 2 (9.1)2 (9.1) 11 (50.0)11 (50.0) 5 (22.7)5 (22.7) 4 (18.2)4 (18.2)

Working hour of Jalari women,

86% (19) reported no overload to them

Respondents 44

1717

Institutional approach in decision making• Machhapuchhre women group (MWG)

constituted in 2000

• Now, 36 members assembly

• Meeting every 5th of the month

• Discuss on the issues and decide (aquaculture and resources management) Meeting at upstream site


Cleaning the lake

Feeding grass in cage

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Participation of women in Occupation

• Involvement and contribution in aquaculture, fishing and marketing

Over all contribution is 41% from women beside in-house works

41

28

74

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Cage aquaculture Fishing Marketing

Wo

rk c

on

trib

uti

on

(%

)


1919

Restocking strategy and recapture fisheryRestocking strategy and recapture fishery

• Restocking with indigenous and exotic fish every year in Lake Phewa

• Basically 4 stakeholders participating to restock

Conservation/management

Women Group’s contribution was nearly 4% fingerlings restocked in last 4 years (2004-2007)

Main findings …Main findings …

2020

• Regular meetings (every 5th of the month)

• Cleaning the lake every year after rainy season

• Formulation of code of conducts (CC) (support of FRC)

• Monitoring fishing gears and CC

• Spawning ground (SG) protection: (enforcement CC)

• Patrolling upstream and SG areas

• Awareness/education

• Campaigning/rally,

• Pamphlets/posters,

• hoarding boards

• Enforcement of CC

Conservation/management:

Regular meeting

Campaigning/rally for native fish conservation

pamphlet

Patrolling (hoarding board in background

cleaning the lake

MWG and it’s activities

Main findings …Main findings …

2121

Conclusions

• Women fishers contribute about 41% (P>0.05) as much as men on occupational works for income generation (excluding HH chores)

• Jalari women are effective in community collaborative resources management practices.

• Jalari women have good understanding and initiatives for native fish conservation, special focus on Sahar (Tor spp) conservation

• About 80% respondents confident on women’s ability to show positive impact (P<0.05)

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Recommendations

• Legal recognition of MWG as a cooperative is necessary, so the legal community property right and fishing right could be recognized /established

• It is necessary to formulate suitable policy/strategy for educational, social and economic empowerment to facilitate their participation

• For better aquatic resources management women from watershed areas (down and up stream) should be mobilized in an integrated approach

• Expansion of lessons learned from women fishers mobilization in Phewa Lake could be recommended to other wetlands management

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1 by Agni Prasad Nepal ID 104520 AARM/SERD/AIT A Thesis Presentation Assessing the role of “Jalari” women in livelihoods and aquatic resources management.

Documents

role of jalari women

jalari community hh

phewa lake

lake phewa

womens role

demographicstotal jalari

lake resources management

lake resourceto