1. Bullying 2 Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior by the use of force or coercion to affect others, particularly when the behavior is habitual.

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به نام خدا

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Dr. Afsane Sehat Child & adolescent psychiatrist

Bullying

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Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior by the use of force or coercion to affect others, particularly when the behavior is habitual and involves an imbalance of power. It can be include verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion and may be directed repeatedly towards particular victims, perhaps on grounds of race, religion, gender, sexuality, or ability. The “imbalance of power” may be social power and/or physical power.

What is bullying?

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Each and every person has the right to feel safe in your life and good about yourself.

Does it have to be a part of growing up?

NO

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Bullying is not

A normal childhood activity

A rite of passage

The targets fault

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Normal conflict/mean behavior Equal power or are friends Happens occasionally Accidental Not serious Equal emotional reaction Not seeking power Remorse-will take

responsibility Effort to solve the problem

Differentiating Bullying from Normal Peer Conflict/Mean Behavior

Bullying Imbalance of power Repeated negative

actions Intentional Physical or emotional

reaction Seeking control/material

things No remorse-blames

target No effort to solve the

problem

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LOSS of safety LOSS of self-esteem LOSS of belonging LOSS of control over their own life

For the target, bullying is a “loss” experience

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Frequently teased, taunted belittled, ridiculed, intimidated threatened, dominated or subdued

Has a derogatory nickname Regularly has bruises or injuries that can

not be explained Has belongings taken or damaged Few or no close friends at school

Warning Signs!

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Frequently socially isolated Less assertive or lacks the skills to respond

to others teasing or harassment Appears weak or easily dominated Tries to stay close to a teacher or other

adult at recess or breaks

Warning signs!

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Physical Emotional Behavioral/social Academic

Signs That a Child is Being Bullied

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Cuts, bruises, scratches Headaches, stomachaches Damaged possessions “Missing” possessions that need to be

replaced

Physical Signs

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Withdrawal and/or shyness

Anxiety

Depression

Aggression

Emotional Signs

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Changes in eating or sleeping habits (e.g., nightmares)

No longer wanting to participate in activities once enjoyed

Beginning to bully siblings or mistreat family pets

Hurting self, attempting or threatening suicide

Suddenly changing friends

Behavioral/Social Signs

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Not wanting to go to school Changing method of going to school (e.g.,

changing walking route, wanting to be driven

instead of riding the bus) Drop in grades

Academic Signs

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Physical Effect Stomach aches Weight loss/gain Headaches Drop in grades Drug or alcohol use Sexual activity Physical aggression Suicidal Homicidal

Effect of Bullying on the Target

Emotional Effects Alienation Low self-esteem Insecurity FEAR Depression Withdrawn Aggression Anger Vengeful

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Prevalence of Bullying:Longitudinal study in 25 country 2010: 12-15 Y 5-50% Incidence in school age children has been

estimated at 20% in Canada(1997). In Norway 9%(1999) It has been reported 17-21% in British survey. The most common forms were teasing and hitting Most boys bullies by boys, girls bully by both

gender.

Epidemiology:

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Age Gender SES School size/Class size Birth order Family function Mother education Minority Disability Physic and appearance Race

Demographics:

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Something or someone is making them feel insecure.

~Therefore they bully to make themselves feel better.

They could have something going on in their family. They might not feel like they are getting enough

attention from parents or teachers. They might have watched their parents or older

siblings get their way by being angry and pushy. Maybe they are also bullied. They might be spoiled by their parents.

All bullies have one thing in common:

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If you get anxious or upset easily.

If you usually are alone and don't have

many friends.

If you don't have a lot of confidence and

don't stand up for yourself.

Possible reasons for being a Target

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Treat others the way you want to be treated. Stand up for

someone when he or she needs it, and when you need it,

someone will stand up for you.

Remember the golden rule:

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Children who bully Want power Have a positive attitude toward violence Have quick tempers Have difficulty conforming to rules Gain satisfaction from inflicting injury and

perceive “rewards” (prestige, material goods) from their behavior

Have positive self images

Personal Attitudes/Behaviors

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Lack empathy Are concerned with their own desires rather

than those of others Find it difficult to see things from someone

else’s perspective Are willing to use others to get what they

want

Children Who Bully

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These children often stand out as different in some way because of

- Appearance - Sexual orientation - Intellect - Socio-economic background - Cultural or religious background

Common Characteristics Among Youth Who Are

Bullied

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Boys and girls are bullied in different ways - Boys are more likely to be bullied

physically. - Girls are more likely to be bullied socially.

Common Characteristics Among Youth Who Are

Bullied

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showing limited emotions

Failing

lacking feelings of guilt or remorse to use

empathy

callous/unemotional trait

Fontaine et al 2008

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Aggressive behavior Conduct problems Self harm behavior Depressive symptoms Concentration problem Violence More cold Sores High blood pressure High salivary cortisol Negative self esteem Anxiety

What are the consequences of Bullying?

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A recent Finnish study has reported that boys who frequently bullied others at the age of 8 years were more likely to suffer from antisocial personality disorder as young adults

Boys who had been both frequent bullies and frequent victims suffered the worst outcomes

Researchers discovered that 30% of the bully/victims suffered from some kind of adult psychiatric disorder.

The road to psychopathy?

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The disorders included anxiety, depression, psychosis, and substance abuse.

But the most common disorder among these bully/victims was anti-social personality disorder.

In fact, over 11% of all bully/victims had developed this disorder as young adults.

Compared with boys who had not been involved in frequent bullying, the bully/victims had almost 7 times the odds of being diagnosed with anti-social personalities.

Compared with boys uninvolved in frequent bullying, “pure” bullies had three times the odds of developing the disorder.

The road to psychopathy?

Sourander et al 2007b

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There’s evidence that bullying in children can precede the onset of new, psychopathologic symptoms.

In a longitudinal study of Korean kids, researcher Young Shin Kim and colleagues tracked over 1600 middle school students for 10 months!!!???

Kids who had bullied were more likely to have developed new aggressive behaviors at the end of the 10-month period.

The researchers concluded that bullying is a “strong risk factor for the later development of psychopathologic behaviors”.

Untreated, bullies tend to get worse.

Can bullying in children cause psychopathy?

Kim et al 2006

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The bully or the target are either smaller

or bigger than most kids their age.

The target may be a minority.

May have a disability.

Maybe you have a name that is not

ordinary.

Possible reasons for being a Target

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Identity crisis

Autonomy seeking

Gang

Other sex relationship

Power struggle

Peer group

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Ask yourself these questions. Does it make you feel better to hurt other people or

take their things?

Are you bigger and stronger than other people your age? Do you sometimes use your size and strength to get your way?

Have you been bullied by someone in the past and feel like you have to make up for doing the same thing to others?

Do you avoid thinking about how other people might feel if you say or do hurtful things to them?

Are you Bully?

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