1 Broadcom Proprietary and Confidential. © 2012 Broadcom Corporation. All rights reserved. SCALING MOBILE BROADBAND CAPACITY – A FRESH LOOK IEEE-USA PRESENTATION.

1Broadcom Proprietary and Confidential. © 2012 Broadcom Corporation. All rights reserved.

SCALING MOBILE BROADBAND CAPACITY – A FRESH LOOK

IEEE-USA PRESENTATION TO FCCNOVEMBER 6, 2012

Arogyaswami PaulrajBroadcom Corporation & Stanford University


Headquartered in Irvine, CA A global leader in semiconductors

for wired and wireless communications

~ 11,200 staff worldwide 75 design centers globally 2011 net revenue of $7.39 billion

Broadcom Corporation

Sr. Advisor to Broadcom Corp. Professor (Emeritus), Stanford

University

Arogyaswami Paulraj

BROADCOM CORP. AND PRESENTER INFO


WIRELESS – CONNECTING EVERYTHING


MOBILE BROADBANDDRIVERS

Richer Media

Lower Latency

Greater User Density

Service Criticality

Higher Availability Expectation

Greater Geographic Penetration

Higher Network Capacity

Higher Areal Reliability


MOBILE BROADBANDDEMAND GROWTH

Industry Forecasts of Mobile Data Traffic

Traf

fic

Re

lati

ve t

o 2

009

Cisco

Coda

Yankee Group

Average

Source: FCC, October 2010

80% CAGR


Spectrum(Hz)

Spectrum Efficiency(BPS / Hz / Cell)

No. of Cells/ Sq. Mile

Capacity (BPS / Sq. Mile) = xx

GROWING NETWORK CAPACITY


FCC Goal: 300 MHz by 2015 and additional 500 MHz by 2020 in the “mobile” bands – optimistic ??

Allocating spectrum Exclusively licensed Shared Rights Unlicensed

ADD MOBILE SPECTRUM

Spectrum(Hz)





WHAT CAN SPECTRUM BUY?

At low SNRs (typical), we cannot increase BPS / User by adding bandwidth without proportionally adding power

Uplink: Power in handsets already at Max (SAR) – so more spectrum mainly buys more users, unless we shrink cell size or add antennas

Downlink: Power in BS is not at max (as yet) so more spectrum allows scaling BPS/user and number of users

Bandwidth(Hz)

BPS / User = x Log (1 + )Signal (Power per Hz)

Noise (Power per Hz)


Early MIMOBetter reuse, adaptive modulation

MORE SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY

Spectrum(Hz)




GPRS EDGE WCDMA HSDPA, Rel 5

HSPA, Rel 6

HSPA, Rel 7

LTE0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

0.03 0.090.16-0.24

0.48

0.72

1.08-1.29

1.36-1.5


ADD CELLS

Spectrum(Hz)




Challenges in adding cells

High CAPEX + OPEX costs (US cell growth 7-8% recent years)

Zoning / access

Backhaul: Fiber is prohibitive in some areas, DSL/Cable do not scale (500 MBPS/Cell), small cell radio back haul faces many technology issues


x10 capacity growth – optimistic

MOBILE BROADBAND CAPACITY GROWTH TO 2017

Cell Type Add Cells Add Spectrum(Low Band)

Add SpectrumEfficiency

Outdoor

Macro + 50 %

+30%

+50%- MIMO- CoMP- Higher QAM- ICICMicro-Pico + 400%

Indoor Covered by Indoor Networks

12

A New Approach


FREQUENCY VS. RANGE (FIXED APERTURE)

FrequencyGHz

Tx Aperture Sq. cm

Rx ApertureSq. M

Range Km.

UPLINK

1.0 1 1 1

2.0

0.25 0.25 0.5

0.25 1 1

1 1 2


FREQUENCY VS. CAPACITY (FIXED APERTURE)

FrequencyGHz

No. of Tx Antennas

No. of Rx Antennas

CapacityMbps UPLINK

1.0 1 1 1

2.0

1 4 4

4 4 8


Current (Small) Aperture Higher Frequency Band

Current (Low) Frequency Band Larger Aperture

HYPER MIMO (H–MIMO)

Adding Antennas


ATTENUATION LOSS – HIGH BAND

Attenuation Loss from Atmosphere, Rain and Foliage is Acceptable in Small Cells

Atmospheric Rain

Weissberger’s Mode

Foliage

where,L = The loss due to foliage (dB)f = The transmission frequency (GHz)d = The depth of foliage ‘’’along’’’ the path (m)


H-MIMO PROPAGATION – HIGH BAND

High shadowing and low diffraction – so only LOS or Near LOS propagation will work – ball parks

Foliage loss is manageable with “look down” rather than “look through” deployments

Small cells keeps atmospheric and rain loss manageable

Handset antennas can be switched to avoid hand / head shadowing


H-MIMO: ANTENNA AND RF HARDWARE

Long history in military radar applications

Wi-Fi 802.15c and .11ad already building multi element arrays

Broadcom, IBM, Cybeam, … have built low-cost integrated array modules

Low band large aperture arrays need multi-use models – bill boards, architectural structures

Low cost high band RF array technology is possible

16 element Active Array802.15c


H-MIMO: BASEBAND AND NETWORK COMPLEXITY

With Multi-User(MU)-MIMO, a 50 user baseband complexity is lower than Single User 4x4 MIMO

Other layer 2 and 3 technologies are no different from current systems – data rates are just scaled up

But strong shadowing will require rapid multi-cell coordination


Use Case: Elevated base station antenna array, small cell, for high density outdoor pedestrian subscribers

H-MIMO: SMALL APERTURE – HIGH BAND

Scale up frequency by Kf No. of BTS antennas up by Kf

2

No of handset antennas 1 (or more)

Technology – MU-MIMO Capacity scales by Kf

2

Range unaffected(ignoring absorption loss)


Use Case: Large array base stations for nomadic and vehicular subscribers

H-MIMO: LOW BAND – LARGE APERTURE

Aperture = Ka times wider and taller No. of BS antennas up by Ka

2

No. of handset antennas 1 (or more)

Technology – MU-MIMO Capacity scales by Ka

2

Range “doublings” = log (Ka2)


LOW BAND – LARGE APERTURE (MOBILE STATION)

Use Case: Vehicular subscribers in macro cell environment

No of vehicular antennas = N

Technology – Up Link and Down Link beam forming Range “doublings” = log (N)

Technology – MU-MIMO / COMP Capacity scale up by x10 ?


H-MIMO REGULATORY ISSUES

New spectrum allocation in high bands for “mobile” use

Spectrum licensing models in high bands – exclusive, shared, unlicensed

RF bio-safety in high and low bands

High gain beam forming increases EIRP

Multi-User MIMO – multiple beams

Near field

Base station zoning in low bands (for physically large arrays)


x500 capacity

Cell Type Add Cells Add Spectrum Add SpectrumEfficiency

Outdoor

Low bandHigh Mobility + 50 % +30%

+100%Vehicular Backhaul

High bandLow Mobility + 50% 150% +10,000%

H-MIMO

MOBILE BROADBAND POTENTIAL CAPACITY GROWTH 2017 – 2022


SUMMARY

Mobile broadband capacity will severely lag demand if we rely only on current approaches

Huge capacity gains can come from H-MIMO

Needs significant spectrum, regulatory and technology initiatives

26

Thank You

1 Broadcom Proprietary and Confidential. © 2012 Broadcom Corporation. All rights reserved. SCALING MOBILE BROADBAND CAPACITY – A FRESH LOOK IEEE-USA PRESENTATION.

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