1 Bio102 Laboratory 10 Gross & Histological Anatomy of the Respiratory System Pulmonary tests using the Spirolab II
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Bio102Laboratory 10
Gross & Histological Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Pulmonary tests using the Spirolab II
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Objectives for today’s lab• 1. Master calculations for respiratory volumes/capacities
• 2. Recognize the gross anatomical structures listed below a) on human torso models or isolated models examined in lab
b) in photographs of human models
c) in the cat or in photographs of the cat
• 3. Identify microscopically, in photomicrographsa) the type of epithelium lining the respiratory tract
b) mucus glands/goblet cells
c) respiratory cilia
• 4. Assess your pulmonary function (FVC and FEV1) using the Spirolab II electronic spirometer.
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Review of Respiratory Volumes/Capacities
Figure from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LungVolume.jpg
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Tabular Method of Calculating Volumes/CapacitiesApproximate Standard Lung Volumes and Capacities
(See your Laboratory Guide, “Alveolar Ventilation” from Levitzky)
IC = TV + IRV FRC = ERV + RV VC = TV + IRV + ERV TLC = VC + RV
TLC = 6.0 L
IC = 3.0 L
IRV = 2.5 L
VC = 4.5 LTV = 0.5 L
FRC = 3.0 L
ERV = 1.5L
RV = 1.5 L
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Nasal cavity
Vestibule of nasal cavity
External nares
Palatine bone
Uvula (Soft palate)
Larynx
Laryngopharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Internal nares
Opening of pharyngotympanic tube
Sphenoidal sinus
Frontal sinus
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
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Mucous in Respiratory Tract
Irritation of any sort greatly increases mucus production
The Mucus Escalator
Respiratory mucosa lines the conducting passageways and is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying air.
Cilia move mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity (>10 µm) to the pharynx, and lower respiratory tract (1-5 µm) to pharynx
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Larynx
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
PosteriorProtective
Sound
Covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium that project into glottis
Vocal folds (cords)
Vestibular foldsInelastic
Elastic
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Epiglottis
Lesser horn of hyoid
Thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilage
Cricothyroid muscle
Thyrohyoid muscle
Arytenoid cartilage
Body of hyoid bone
Greater horn of hyoid bone
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Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Rima glottidis
Vocal fold
Cricoid cartilage
Cricotracheal ligamentTrachealis muscle
Tracheal cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid muscle
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Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
Corniculate cartilage
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Greater horn of hyoid bone
Vestibular fold
Vocal fold
Cricoid cartilage
EpiglottisLesser horn of hyoid bone
Body of hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Tracheal cartilage
Thyrohyoid membrane
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Trachea & Primary Bronchi
Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
C-rings of cartilage: 16-20 incomplete rings completed posteriorly by trachealis muscle keep trachea open (patent)
(T5)
(T6)Anterior
Posterior
Note that the trachea is
anterior to the esophagus
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The Lungs
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
3 lobes 2 lobes
Note that the number of secondary bronchi = number of lung lobes
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Hyoid bone
Larynx
Cricotracheal ligament
Lobar bronchus
Higher-order bronchus
Main bronchus
Segmental bronchus
Trachea
Thyrohyoid membrane
Epiglottis of larynx
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Respiratory diaphragm
Inferior lobe of left lung
Middle lobe of right lung
Superior lobe of right lung
Trachea
Main bronchus
Lobar bronchus
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Larynx
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Vocal cords (true and false)
Hyoid bone
Opening to esophagus
Glottis
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
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Epiglottis
True vocal cords
Thyroid cartilage (cut)
Thyroid gland
Trachea
Cricoid cartilage (cut)
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Cricoid cartilage
Left anterior lobe of lung
Left middle lobe of lung
Left posterior lobe of lung
Respiratory diaphragm
Right posterior lobe of lung
Right middle lobe of lung
Right anterior lobe of lung
Trachea
Thyroid cartilage
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Tests of Pulmonary Function
Figure from: McConnell, The Nature of Disease, 2nd ed., LWW, 2014
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Pulmonary Tests: Restrictive vs. Obstructive Disease
Figure from: McConnell, The Nature of Disease, 2nd ed., LWW, 2014
Obstructive Disease: Greatly decreased FEV1/FVC
Restrictive Disease: Approximately normal FEV1/FFV(However both volume and flow rate are reduced)
In BOTH diseases: O2 and CO2 exchange are limited
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Pulmonary Disorders – Restrictive Diseases
• Stiffness of the lungs– Limits volume of lung expansion– Limits rate of expansion and
contraction
• Characterized by – Chronic inflammation– Fibrosis– Stiffening of alveolar interstitium
• Most cases show idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Figure from: McConnell, The Nature of Disease, 2nd ed., LWW, 2014
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Pulmonary Disorders – Obstructive Disorders
• Obstructive lung disease– General barrier to smooth airflow– Usually at the level of the smaller bronchial tree– **Problem is getting air out (exhalation), not in
– Lung volume is NOT affected (thus, ↓ FEV1/FVC)
– Common signs and symptoms• Dyspnea and wheezing
– Common obstructive disorders:• Asthma
• COPD (Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis)
• Bronchiectasis
• Cystic fibrosis
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For Next Lab
• Human and Cat digestive system anatomy– Gross anatomy: torso models, isolated digestive
organ models, and cats
– Microscopic anatomy: microscope slides