1 Behaviorism. 2 Flow of Presentation Brief History (Learning Theories) Famous People Behaviorism Theories –Classical Conditioning –Operant Conditioning.

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Behaviorism

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Flow of Presentation

• Brief History (Learning Theories)

• Famous People

• Behaviorism Theories– Classical Conditioning– Operant Conditioning – Connectionism– Social Learning Theory

• Assumptions and Implications

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Evolution of Learning Theories

Early 1900s

1920s to 1940s

1960s +

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William James

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Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.--John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930

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Classical conditioning

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Classical conditioning

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Classical conditioning

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Classical conditioning

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Operant Conditioning

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Thorndike’s Connectionism

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Thorndike’s Connectionism

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Thorndike’s Connectionism

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Social learning Theory (Bandura)

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling.

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Conditions for effective Modelling

•Attention

•Retention

•Reproduction

•Motivation

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Social Learning Theory (Vygotsky)

social interaction precedes development; consciousness and cognition are the end product of socialization and social behavior.

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Vygotsky’s Major Themes

• Social interaction

• The More Knowledgeable Other

• The Zone of Proximal Development

The scaffolds provided are activities and tasks that:

• Motivate or enlist the child’s interest related to the task

• Simplify the task to make it more manageable and achievable for a child

The scaffolds provided are activities and tasks that:

• Provide some direction in order to help the child focus on achieving the goal

The scaffolds provided are activities and tasks that:

• Clearly indicate differences between the child’s work and the standard or desired solution

The scaffolds provided are activities and tasks that:

• Reduce

The scaffolds provided are activities and tasks that:

frustration and risk

• Model and clearly define the expectations of the activity to be performed (Bransford, Brown, and Cocking, 2000).

The scaffolds provided are activities and tasks that:

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Now, on some scrap paper, write Now, on some scrap paper, write the headline from memory.the headline from memory.

Be sure to write it exactly as it Be sure to write it exactly as it appeared in the headline (as you appeared in the headline (as you

remember it).remember it).

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GOMS Model

•Goals

•Operators

•Methods

•Selection Rules

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Behaviorism Assumptions

AssumptionEducational Implications

Focus on observable events

Behaviorism Assumptions

AssumptionEducational Implications

Focus on observable events

Identify specific stimuli (including your own behaviors) that may be

influencing the behaviors that students exhibit

Behaviorism Assumptions

AssumptionEducational Implications

Focus on observable events

Identify specific stimuli (including your own behaviors) that may be

influencing the behaviors that students exhibit

Learning involves a change in behavior

Behaviorism Assumptions

AssumptionEducational Implications

Focus on observable events

Identify specific stimuli (including your own behaviors) that may be

influencing the behaviors that students exhibit

Learning involves a change in behavior

Do not assume that learning has occurred unless students exhibit a change in classroom performance

Behaviorism Assumptions

AssumptionEducational Implications

Focus on observable events

Identify specific stimuli (including your own behaviors) that may be

influencing the behaviors that students exhibit

Learning involves a change in behavior

Do not assume that learning has occurred unless students exhibit a change in classroom performance

Contiguity of events

Behaviorism Assumptions

AssumptionEducational Implications

Focus on observable events

Identify specific stimuli (including your own behaviors) that may be

influencing the behaviors that students exhibit

Learning involves a change in behavior

Do not assume that learning has occurred unless students exhibit a change in classroom performance

Contiguity of events

If you want students to associate two events (stimuli and response)

with each other, make sure the events occur close together in time

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Consequences of Behavior

Stimulus Added

StimulusSubtracted

Behavior Increases

Positive Reinforcement

Behavior Decreases

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Consequences of Behavior

Stimulus Added

StimulusSubtracted

Behavior Increases

Negative Reinforcement

Behavior Decreases

Example: Negative Reinforcement

• Driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition for most of us. You leave home earlier than usual one morning, and don't run into heavy traffic. You leave home earlier again the next morning and again you avoid heavy traffic. Your behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic.

Example: Negative Reinforcement

• Driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition for most of us. You leave home earlier than usual one morning, and don't run into heavy traffic. You leave home earlier again the next morning and again you avoid heavy traffic. Your behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic.

Stimulus Subtracted

Example: Negative Reinforcement

• Driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition for most of us. You leave home earlier than usual one morning, and don't run into heavy traffic. You leave home earlier again the next morning and again you avoid heavy traffic. Your behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic.

Behavior Increased

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Consequences of Behavior

Stimulus Added

StimulusSubtracted

Behavior Increases

Behavior Decreases

Presentation Punishment

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Consequences of Behavior

Stimulus Added

StimulusSubtracted

Behavior Increases

Behavior Decreases

Removal Punishment

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Consequences of Behavior

Stimulus Added

StimulusSubtracted

Behavior Increases

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Behavior Decreases

Presentation Punishment

Removal Punishment

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Thank you very much!!!