1-anatomy_and_physiology

Outlines -Introduction

-Anatomy and physiology of:

Cardiovascular system.

Respiratory system.

The skeletal system.

The nervous system.

FIRST AID: Is the immediate care or treatment that

is given to an injured or ill person before professional medical aid can be obtained.

Anatomy and physiology

Cardiovascular systemHeart:-I Anatomy:

- Fist sized organ situated in the center of the chest, between

the sternum and the spine and above the diaphragm.

Surrounded by the lungs except in a small area in front.

(bare area) and the area against the spine.

- Has a hollow tough muscular wall surrounded by the

pericardium.

- It is divided into right and left sides, each has an

atrium & a ventricle.

II - Vascular systemArteries:

Thick walled, carrying blood from the heart under high pressure.

Capillaries:

Thin walled network of one cell layer.

Veins:

Thin walled vessels carrying blood under low pressure back to the heart.

Two coronary arteries originate from the aorta encircling the heart to supply the myocardium.

Physiology of the heartRight ventricle Left ventricle

↓ ↓

Pulmonary artery Aortic artery

↓ ↓

Lungs all the body

↓ ↓

Lt atrium Rt atrium

Functions of cardiovascular system

1 – purify the blood through the pulmonary capillary

system.

2 – provide oxygenated blood to all tissues through the

systemic capillary system.

THE HEART beats 60-90 beats per minute during rest .

Respiratory systemcomponents:4

1 – Airways:

A) Upper airway: nose & mouth, pharynx, larynx.

B) Lower airway: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.

2 – Neuromuscular system:

A) Respiratory center in the brain.

B) Nerves.

C) Muscles of respiration.( Diaphragm , intercostal muscles)

D) Chest cage

Cont…3 – Alveoli:

Millions of minute air sacs made of very delicate thin membrane of one cell layer. Capillaries are on outer side (exchange of gases).

4 – Pulmonary vessels:

Heart (Rt ventricle)→pulmonary arteries –dark blood→ fine capillary network – pick up O2 & expel CO2 in alveoli→ pulmonary veins → heart (Lt ventricle).

Physiology of respiration- Inspiration is an active process.

- Expiration is a passive process.

- Function is to pick up oxygen and expel CO2.

Cont.

↑CO2 in arterial blood →Brain

→respiratory center→ signals

→respiratory nerves → respiratory

muscles → ↑respiratory rate and depth

till normal CO2 →normal respiration.

Skeletal systemMajor functions:

I – Support, body form.

II – Protection of vital organs.

III – Movement (muscles, bones, joints).

IV – Blood cell production in bone marrow.

V – Storage of essential minerals.

Major divisionsI – Axial skeleton:

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum.

II – Appendicular skeleton:

Upper extremities,

lower extremities,

the shoulder girdle,

pelvic girdle.

Classification of bonesI – Long bones:Arm: humerus, ulna, radius.Lower limb: femur, tibia, fibula.II – Short bones:Bones in the hands and feet.III – Flat bones:Sternum, shoulder blades, and ribs.IV – Irregular bones:Vertebrae of spinal column

The nervous systemAnatomical division:

I – Central nervous system:

Includes brain and spinal cord.

II – Peripheral nervous system:

Includes peripheral sensory nerves, peripheral motor nerves, combination of sensory motor nerves.

SpinalCord

Brain

Nerves

Brain 1 – Cerebral cortex

Consists of grey and white matter.

Controls higher functions: sensory reception, voluntary

motor activity, reasoning, emotions, memory.

2 – Cerebellum:

Concerned with maintenance of posture and equilibrium as well as coordination of skilled

movements.

Cerebellum

3 – Brain stem:

Subdivided to midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.

Contains important centers maintaining vital functions.

Functional divisions of nervous systemAutonomic nervous system (involuntary):–I

A – Parasympathetic:

Causes dilatation of blood vessels, increases tone and contractility of smooth muscles, and induces secretions.

B – Sympathetic:

Controls many automatic functions: constriction of blood vessels, and increases heart rate.

Voluntary:–II

Under direct control of the brain.

Sympathetic

“ Fight or flight” response

Release adrenaline and noradrenalin

Increases heart rate and blood pressure

Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles

Inhibits digestive functions

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain

Spinalcord

SYMPATHETIC

Dilates pupil

Stimulates salivation

Relaxes bronchi

Accelerates heartbeat

Inhibits activity

Stimulates glucose

Secretion of adrenaline,no adrenaline

Relaxes bladder

Stimulates ejaculationin male

Sympatheticganglia

Salivaryglands

Lungs

Heart

Stomach

Pancreas

Liver

Adrenalgland

Kidney

Parasympathetic

“ Rest and digest ” system

Calms body to conserve and maintain energy

Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain

PARASYMPATHETIC

Spinalcord

Stimulates salivation

Constricts bronchi

Slows heartbeat

Stimulates activity

Contracts bladder

Stimulates erectionof sex organs

Stimulates gallbladder

Gallbladder

Contracts pupil

Cranial nervesI – Olfactory: smell

II – Optic: vision

III – Oculomotor: eye lid, pupil, eyeball.

IV – Trochlear: turn the eye down and laterally.

V – Trigeminal: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular.

VI – Abducens: turns the eye laterally.

VII – Facial: muscles of expression.

VIII – Vestibulocochlear: hearing and equilibrium.

IX – Glosso-pharyngeal: taste

X – Vagus: parasympathetic for viscera.

XI – Spinal accessory: trapezious and sternomastoid muscles.

XII – Hypoglossal: motor fibers to the tongue.