1 AIDCO International Water Seminar, Nairobi 2010 Rural Water Supply in Chad 20 October 2010 Michael Rourke, DUE Tchad.

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AIDCO International Water AIDCO International Water Seminar, Nairobi 2010Seminar, Nairobi 2010

Rural Water Supply in ChadRural Water Supply in Chad

20 October 201020 October 2010

Michael Rourke, DUE TchadMichael Rourke, DUE Tchad

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Long track record……Long track record……Water in the NIP:Water in the NIP:

EDF 8; 28 MEDF 8; 28 M€€EDF 9; 50 (+2.5) MEDF 9; 50 (+2.5) M€€ ongoing - NIP 273 M ongoing - NIP 273 M€€EDF 10, 80 (+10) MEDF 10, 80 (+10) M€€ future - NIP 311 M future - NIP 311 M€€

Classic project approach since the EDF 6, also used by other Classic project approach since the EDF 6, also used by other donors donors

but besides the NIP there is also….but besides the NIP there is also….

Regional Solar Programme EDF 8-9 - very successful since Regional Solar Programme EDF 8-9 - very successful since 1990s1990s(+ 1 x Water Facility, 1 x Budget Lines and some involvement in (+ 1 x Water Facility, 1 x Budget Lines and some involvement in projects from other sections, CBLT)projects from other sections, CBLT)

Main other players: AfD, ADB, (KfW), UNICEF, NGOs but we are Main other players: AfD, ADB, (KfW), UNICEF, NGOs but we are (by far) the most significant(by far) the most significant

!Government a minor funder only!!Government a minor funder only!

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Evolution of access to Evolution of access to improved water sourceimproved water source(infrastructure approach)(infrastructure approach)

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Chad – RegionsChad – Regions

Niger

Libya

Nigeria

Cameroun

CAR

Sudan

Chad = 1 284 000 km2

(approx 2x France)

Population 11,2 M in 2009

1000 km

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Satellite view (with isohyets Satellite view (with isohyets mm)mm)

100

800

500

1200

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Step 1: Assessing Step 1: Assessing requirementsrequirements

1.1. Firm strategic basis SNRP2 Firm strategic basis SNRP2 (2008) and Water Master Plan(2008) and Water Master Plan

2.2. Ministry figures of rate of access Ministry figures of rate of access to improved supplies by regionto improved supplies by region

3.3. Political and other considerations Political and other considerations 4.4. Coordination with other donorsCoordination with other donors5.5. Prepare CFPrepare CF

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Step 2: Surveys, detailed Step 2: Surveys, detailed requirementsrequirements

1.1. Recruit consultants to be delegated Recruit consultants to be delegated responsibilities by the Water Ministryresponsibilities by the Water Ministry

2.2. Consultants dispatch teams to Consultants dispatch teams to undertake studies and surveys in the undertake studies and surveys in the regions, village by village to establish regions, village by village to establish needs and eligibilityneeds and eligibility

3.3. Populations from 300 to 1200 to Populations from 300 to 1200 to benefit from hand pumps) 9th EDFbenefit from hand pumps) 9th EDF

4.4. Populations 1200 + to benefit (9th Populations 1200 + to benefit (9th Reg, 10th EDF) from electric pumps Reg, 10th EDF) from electric pumps + water towers+ water towers

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Step 3: Involve populations: Step 3: Involve populations: i) Hand pumps i) Hand pumps

1.1. Pay 150.000 FCFA towards costs of Pay 150.000 FCFA towards costs of construction of borehole and pump (230 construction of borehole and pump (230 €€))

2.2. Elections to establish committee to manage Elections to establish committee to manage the pump(s) Association of Water Usersthe pump(s) Association of Water Users

3.3. AWU sign agreement with the Ministry and AWU sign agreement with the Ministry and open bank accountopen bank account

4.4. Collect payments and arrange for repairs Collect payments and arrange for repairs when necessary (100-250FCFA 0,15 to 0,38 when necessary (100-250FCFA 0,15 to 0,38 € per family per month€ per family per month))

5.5. Liaise with the authorities and be focal Liaise with the authorities and be focal point to disseminate information eg point to disseminate information eg regarding sanitation practicesregarding sanitation practices

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Typical hand pump (a)Typical hand pump (a)

1010

Typical hand pump (b)Typical hand pump (b)

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Step 3: Involve populations: Step 3: Involve populations: ii) Electric pumps ii) Electric pumps

1.1. Initial contribution of 750 to 1500 Initial contribution of 750 to 1500 € (to the € (to the maintenance pot)maintenance pot)

2.2. Management committee formedManagement committee formed3.3. Sell water by volume (0,75 to 1,15 Sell water by volume (0,75 to 1,15 €€/m/m33), therefore ), therefore

need monitors at all distribution points (costs about need monitors at all distribution points (costs about 20 % of revenue)20 % of revenue)

4.4. Guards Guards requiredrequired, and fenced enclosure to prevent , and fenced enclosure to prevent theft of solar panels or generator (and or materials) theft of solar panels or generator (and or materials) maximum cost 40 maximum cost 40 €€/ month/ month

5.5. Regular payments to the Technical Support Group Regular payments to the Technical Support Group (about 10 percent of water sales)(about 10 percent of water sales)

6.6. May sign with   « economic operator » to simplify May sign with   « economic operator » to simplify managementmanagement

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Typical solar Typical solar installationinstallation

1313

Step 4: Follow up, Step 4: Follow up, reinforcement of reinforcement of activitiesactivities1.1. Survey and technical teams visit Survey and technical teams visit

periodically, checking also on the periodically, checking also on the status of bank accounts. status of bank accounts.

2.2. Discussions may consider how the Discussions may consider how the money collected can be «re-money collected can be «re-invested » which can create a invested » which can create a virtuous circle…,  virtuous circle…,  

3.3. Can sometimes intervene before Can sometimes intervene before improper use of funds occursimproper use of funds occurs

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Functional organigram Functional organigram (governance structure for (governance structure for project approach)project approach)

A TC N

Gouvernement de la République du Tchad

D C EMin Eau

Direction Hydraulique

Population cible

Magasinspieces

Fournisseurspieces

CGPE A R

Délég. Rég. Hydr.

M O Dcomposantes B et C

MEPC

0N

Action

Comptable

0RGANIGRAMME FONCTIONNEL DU PROGRAMME 9eFED

Ministèresconcernés par AEP,

décentralisation, secteur privé,

associations, taxes et douanes, marchés

publics, etc

AT 9FED - août 2006

CCAG

C T D

A U E

DP

Activitéscomposante

D

Diversacteurs

institutionnelsComposante

A

Entreprises travaux

Animation

Agents Min Santé

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Lessons learned:Lessons learned: (i) governance (i) governance

1.1. Involvement of beneficiary population is essential (financial Involvement of beneficiary population is essential (financial and otherwise)and otherwise)

2.2. Paying for water (preferably by volume) is essentialPaying for water (preferably by volume) is essential3.3. Minimal government role (not much choice) The government Minimal government role (not much choice) The government

can however effectively coordinate the donors and must be can however effectively coordinate the donors and must be forced to do soforced to do so

4.4. NGOs (argh!!!), must be forced to liaise with the ministry to NGOs (argh!!!), must be forced to liaise with the ministry to ensure acivites are durable, to furnish data to update the ensure acivites are durable, to furnish data to update the statisticsstatistics

5.5. Where competition from different water sources exist, try to Where competition from different water sources exist, try to have one committee managing a perimeter (avoid adjacent have one committee managing a perimeter (avoid adjacent competing committees where possible) – decree is duecompeting committees where possible) – decree is due

6.6. Women quite active within the committees, often treasurer, Women quite active within the committees, often treasurer, important role to play stopping kids damaging infrastructure important role to play stopping kids damaging infrastructure and spreading word on hygiene etc (still not decision makers and spreading word on hygiene etc (still not decision makers though)though)

7.7. Sanitation to be increasingly incorporated (Community Led Sanitation to be increasingly incorporated (Community Led Total Sanitation approach promoted particularly by UNICEF)Total Sanitation approach promoted particularly by UNICEF)

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Lessons learned:Lessons learned: (ii) other considerations (ii) other considerations

1.1. Initial reluctance to convert from another « free » water source is Initial reluctance to convert from another « free » water source is often overcome when people see the health benefitsoften overcome when people see the health benefits

2.2. For electric pumps, quite large sums can be collected, the For electric pumps, quite large sums can be collected, the committees can easily build themselves structures to protect the committees can easily build themselves structures to protect the equipment, buildings for a social or medical purpose in close equipment, buildings for a social or medical purpose in close proximity. Avoid large surplusses – decree is due. One AEP near proximity. Avoid large surplusses – decree is due. One AEP near NDjamena is already considering extending its network to other NDjamena is already considering extending its network to other neighbourhoodsneighbourhoods

3.3. Solar versus diesel generated pumps? The former tend to be Solar versus diesel generated pumps? The former tend to be more limiting …… possible conflict with political objectivesmore limiting …… possible conflict with political objectives

4.4. Stick to a limited number of pump suppliers, and insist on their Stick to a limited number of pump suppliers, and insist on their establishing a network for spare parts for a minimum period after establishing a network for spare parts for a minimum period after the end of the programme (say 2 years) (Thirty years ago there the end of the programme (say 2 years) (Thirty years ago there were over twenty different pump suppliers)were over twenty different pump suppliers)

5.5. Finding water not usually a problem except in bedrockFinding water not usually a problem except in bedrock6.6. Economic actors are createdEconomic actors are created

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DecentralisationDecentralisation

1.1. Ministry of decentralisation overseeing the process Ministry of decentralisation overseeing the process across government….popular but…….across government….popular but…….

2.2. Decentralisation generally across government has Decentralisation generally across government has not taken place yet …..not taken place yet …..

3.3. …… …… need local and regional elections first (to define need local and regional elections first (to define regional counsellors, mayoral prefecture and district regional counsellors, mayoral prefecture and district level representatives) level representatives)

4.4. Elections at various levels from Feb 2011 (were Elections at various levels from Feb 2011 (were supposed to start in November 2010)supposed to start in November 2010)

5.5. But in anticipation of decentralisation water ministry But in anticipation of decentralisation water ministry has started deconcentration with decree in 2008 has started deconcentration with decree in 2008 setting up 8 regional representations (funding setting up 8 regional representations (funding required)required)

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Public Water ServicePublic Water Service

Protocole detransfert decompétence

ContratContrôle et conseil

Appui et conseil CCAG

Responsable du service de l'eau

(CTD/AUE)

Transfert d'info

Délégation de gestion

Contrôle,appui et conseil

Exploitation(opérateur

privé)

Régulation de l'Etat (DH)Fédération des AUE

Contrats defourniture d'eau

BF / BP

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Challenges for ChadChallenges for Chad

1.1. Data ManagementData Management2.2. Brain DrainBrain Drain3.3. SanitationSanitation4.4. Long term success; estimates of rates of breakdown from Long term success; estimates of rates of breakdown from

previous campaigns vary significantlyprevious campaigns vary significantly5.5. Water quality; the determination of… decrees are in preparation Water quality; the determination of… decrees are in preparation

and laboratory facilities are improving, Chadian Water standards and laboratory facilities are improving, Chadian Water standards existexist

6.6. Aquifer protection policy: For now Chad has experienced very Aquifer protection policy: For now Chad has experienced very little industrial development but ….………that could soon changelittle industrial development but ….………that could soon change

7.7. People versus livestockPeople versus livestock8.8. Unfettered urban development, Chad is still predominantly rural Unfettered urban development, Chad is still predominantly rural

but could we be headed for another Kosovo?but could we be headed for another Kosovo?9.9. FundingFunding10.10. Regionalisation of the SDEARegionalisation of the SDEA

2020

Chad’s 10th EDF will directly Chad’s 10th EDF will directly benefit more than 1 Million benefit more than 1 Million peoplepeople