1. A Growing Food Supply Switched from Ox to Horse Could plow 3x’s as much land in a day Better harnesses invented 3-field system Two fields planted,

Chapter 14

Section 2Changes in Medieval Society

1. A Growing Food Supply Switched from Ox to

Horse Could plow 3x’s as

much land in a day Better harnesses

invented 3-field system

Two fields planted, one fallow

1. Guilds Merchants of the same

business Controlled number of

goods being traded and kept prices up

Set standards for quality of work, wages, working conditions

Craft guild (open to page 388)

Young people trained in a skilled job

Apprentice, Journeyman, Master

3. Commercial Revolution Trade and business

expanded, cities grow Fairs and Trade

Cloth most common item Trade routes opened up

Businesses and Banks Bills of credit eliminated

need to carry a lot of cash Merchants needed to

borrow money. This was seen as a sin

(usury) in the eyes of the Church

Society Changes See paged 390

Urban Life Flourishes Trade and towns

Grow Together Drawbacks

Streets narrow, filled with animals and their waste

No sewers, no baths, no fresh air, light, clean water

Houses fire hazards

Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order Merchants and craftspeople

did not fit medieval social order

At first, Feudal lords had authority

Burghers took over

The Revival of Learning

During the Crusades, European contact with Muslims and Byzantines expanded which brought an interest in learning

The Revival of Learning Cont.d’

The Muslim Connection Christian scholars visited Muslim libraries in

Spain Crusaders brought back Muslim technology

Scholars and the University People made the medieval university

Used vernacular language Be familiar with the popular literature

The Revival of Learning Cont.d’

Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy

Thomas Aquinas Argued basic religious truths could be proved by

logical argument Followers became known as schoolmen or

scholastics

Section 3 England and France Develop

Early Invasions Danish, Vikings

Alfred the Great, turned them back, but then…

Danish king Canute conquered England, but then…

King Edward the Confessor takes the throne Died with no heir, struggle for

the throne occurred The Norman Conquest

William, Duke of Normandy, (William the Conqueror) invaded England Battle of Hastings

changed course of English History

England’s Evolving government Two goals:

1. Help French lands

2. Have powers over nobles and Church

Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine Henry became vassal to

the French king. But was King of England at the same time.

Juries and Common Law Judges sent out to parts

of England Common law established

Magna Carta Richard the Lion-hearted

succeeded Henry II John then took over

What happened? Magna Carta developed

What were some of these rights?

The Model Parliament (served as a model for later kings Edward I Two burgesses and knights

Parliament established: legislative group Made up of two

groups House of

Commons (two burgesses and knights)

House of Lords (nobles and bishops)

Capetian Dynasty Rules France After the breakup of

Charlemagne's empire, French counts and dukes ruled their lands independently under the feudal system 47 Feudal territories Louis the Sluggard, last

member of the Carolingian family, died Hugh Capet succeeded

him

France Becomes a Separate Kingdom Hugh Capet and

ancestors weak rulers, however, controlling Paris allowed them to unite France

Phillip II Expands His Power Philip II, Philip Augustus, won of the strongest Capetian rulers He saw his father lose

land to King Henry II from England

Became king at age 15; willing to do anything to achieve goals.

Did not have success against Henry II, or his son (Richard the Lion Hearted)

Did have success from King John. Seized Normandy.

Philip II’ Heirs Louis IX

Philip’s grandson France central

government became stronger under him

Pious an saintly Made saint by

Catholic Church 1302, Philip IV fought

with the pope because priests didn’t pay taxes to the king

Estates-General Typically only lords and

bishops called to discuss policies.

Philip called the commoners Church leaders were the

First estate Lords, Second Estate Commoners became the

Third Estate Meeting Philip called was he

Estates-General E.G. helped increase royal

power 1st and 2nd would not grow 3rd would play a key role in

overthrowing the French monarchy during the French Revolution

Section 4

The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague

A Church Divided

Pope and church were in trouble

Pope and King Collide

Pope Boniface VIII vs.

King Philip IV of France King used his power with the bishops Pope sent a letter saying kings

must obey popes King held pope prisoner Pope was rescued Pope never again has power

over monarchs

Avignon and the Great Schism

Philip IV got a French archbishop as a new pope, Clement V

Clement V moved papacy from Rome, Italy to Avignon, France.

Popes live there for 69 years Reformers tried to move the

papacy back to Rome Italian pope chosen, Urban VI.

Bishops regretted their decision Chose a second pope, Clement VII

Avignon and the Great Schism Continued…

Now there were two Popes Each said the other was

not pope and excommunicated them

French pope lived in Avignon, Italian pope lived in Rome

Church began to split; became known as Great Schism (division)

Council of Constance tried to end the Great Schism Chose another pope Now 3 popes

Holy Roman Emperor told the council to resign all three popes

New pope chosen, Martin V Result

Ended the Great Schism Papacy weakened

Scholars Challenge Church Authority Englishman: John

Wycliffe Said Jesus Christ, not

the pope was the true head of the Church

Bible, not the pope was the final authority for Christian life

Scholars Continued…

Jan Hus, said authority of Bible higher than the pope Excommunicated in

1412. 1414 Hus seized by

Church leaders, burned at the stake in 1415.

The Bubonic Plague Strikes

Another name: Black Death

1300’s 1/3 of the population Tore communities apart

Origins and Impact of the Plague

Began in Asia Arrived by ship Swept through

Italy Took four years Killed almost 25 million

Europeans

The Plague Itself

Carried by black rats People didn’t bathe, most

had fleas or lice Garbage and sewage thrown

into the streets Fleas leapt from person to

person Symptoms

Painful swellings (called buboes) in the lymph nodes, especially in the armpits and groin

Purplish, blackish spots, high fever, shills, delirium, death

Approximately 75 million died world-wide

Effects of the Plague

Social and Economic changes (see page 401)

The Hundred Years’ War

War marked the end of medieval Europe’s society

What was the war about? French Throne

England's Edward III claimed the right to French throne

Lasted from 1337-1453 Ultimately, the French

drove out the English Warfare changed

The Longbow Changes Warfare

Battle of Crecy (read) “machine gun” of the

Middle Ages As tall, or taller

than the man Fatal when shot within

100 yards 12-15 per minute Could hit 200 yards

away

Joan of Arc

Treaty between France and England After French king

Charles VI died, Henry V, from England, would take over.

Joan of Arc Teenage French peasant girl,

began to hear voices of saints Told her to drive out the English Crown should go to Charles VII.

Led French army into victory at a battle near Orleans Persuaded Charles to go to Reims. He was crowned king.

England’s allies, captured her and gave her to the English

English gave her to church authorities

Charles VII did nothing to help her Condemned as a witch and

heretic, she was burned at the stake.

The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War

Nationalism French monarch

power increased War of the Roses,

period of English turmoil

End of Hundred Years War end of Middle Ages