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Class 12

EWRT 1A

+AGENDA

Essay Review

Conclusions

Appositives

How and When to cite

Plagiarism

Quoting and Summarizing

Integrating Quotations

Writing the draft

Tips for writing your essay

+Essay Review

An attempt to gain readers’ interest could take as little as two or

three sentences or as many as four or five paragraphs.

The thesis statement and definition are usually quite brief—

sometimes only a few sentences.

A topic illustration may occupy one or several paragraphs, and

there can be few or many topics, depending on how the

information has been divided up.

A conclusion might summarize the information presented, give

advice about how to use or apply the information, or speculate

about the future of the concept.

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Conclusions

+Should I end with speculation, as Ngo

does?

Members of developed societies in general practice

none of these forms of cannibalism, with the

occasional exception of survival cannibalism when the

only alternative is starvation. It is possible, however,

that our distant-past ancestors were cannibals who

through the eons turned away from the practice. We

are, after all, descended from the same ancestors as

the Miyanmin, the Alligator, and the Leopard people,

and survival cannibalism shows that people are

capable of eating human flesh when they have no

other choice.

+Should I frame the essay by relating the ending to the beginning,

as Toufexis does?

O.K., let’s cut out all this nonsense about romantic love. Let’s bring some

scientific precision to the party. Let’s put love under a microscope. When

rigorous people with Ph.D.s after their names do that, what they see is not

some silly, senseless thing. No, their probe reveals that love rests firmly on

the foundations of evolution, biology and chemistry. What seems on the

surface to be irrational, intoxicated behavior is in fact part of nature’s master

strategy—a vital force that has helped humans survive, thrive and multiply

through thousands of years. Says Michael Mills, a psychology professor at

Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles: “Love is our ancestors

whispering in our ears.”

O.K., that’s the scientific point of view. Satisfied? Probably not. To most

people—with or without Ph.D.s—love will always be more than the sum of its

natural parts. It’s a commingling of body and soul, reality and imagination,

poetry and phenylethylamine. In our deepest hearts, most of us harbor the

hope that love will never fully yield up its secrets, that it will always elude our

grasp.

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Spend five minutes crafting a conclusion. It won’t be

perfect, but you will have a good start on what you want

to do!

+

Sentence StrategyAppositives

+A Sentence Strategy: Appositives

SMG 177-79

As you draft an essay explaining a concept, you have a lot of

information to present, such as definitions of terms and

credentials of experts. Appositives provide an efficient, clear

way to integrate these kinds of information into your

sentences. An appositive is a noun or pronoun that, along with

modifiers, gives more information about another noun or

pronoun. Here is an example from Ngo’s concept essay (the

appositive is in italics and the noun it refers to is underlined):

Cannibalism, the act of human beings eating human

flesh(Sagan 2), has a long history and continues to hold

interest and create controversy. (Ngo paragraph 5)

+By placing the definition in an appositive phrase right after

the word it defines, this sentence locates the definition

exactly where readers need it. Writers explaining concepts

rely on appositives because they serve many different

purposes needed in concept essays, as the following

examples demonstrate. (Again, the appositive is in italics

and the noun it refers to is underlined.)

Defining a New Term

Some researchers believe hyperthymics may be at

increased risk of depression or hypomania, a mild variant

of mania (Friedman, Paragraph 5).

Cannibalism can be broken down into two main

categories: exocannibalism, the eating of outsiders of

foreigners, and endocannibalism, the eating of members

of one’s own social group (Shipman 70). (Ngo paragraph,

6)

+

Each person carries in his or her mind a unique

subliminal guide to the ideal partner, a “love

map.” (Toufexis, paragraph 17)

Introducing a New Term

“Love is a natural high,” observes Anthony Walsh, author

of The Science of Love: Understanding Love and Its

Effects on Mind and Body. (Toufexis, paragraph 10)

Giving Credentials of Experts

Identifying People and Things

When I was in high school I read the Robert Browning

Poem ‘My Last Duchess.’ In it, the narrator said he killed

is wife, the duchess, because . . .(Friedman, Paragraph

2).

Giving Examples or Specifics

Some 2,400 years ago, Hippocrates proposed that a

mixture of four basic humors—blood, phlegm, yellow

bile, and black bile—determined human

temperament…(Friedman, paragraph 6)

+Try it!

Try writing several appositive

phrases.

Defining a term

Introducing a new term

Giving the credentials of experts

Identifying people and things

Giving examples or specifics

Use the examples as models.

+

How and When to Cite

Sources

Avoiding Plagiarism

+MLA format: on our website Under “MLA Guidelines”

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to

write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.

MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the

English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a

system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in

their essays and Works Cited pages.

Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by

demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly,

the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism,

which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material

by other writers.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/

Avoiding Plagiarism: Writers — students and professionals alike —occasionally fail to acknowledge sources properly. The word plagiarism, which derives from the Latin word for “kidnapping, ”refers to the unacknowledged use of another’s words, ideas, or information. Students sometimes mistakenly assume that plagiarizing occurs only when another writer’s exact words are used without acknowledgment. In fact, plagiarism also applies to such diverse forms of expression as musical compositions and visual images as well as ideas and statistics. Therefore, keep in mind that you must indicate the source of any borrowed information or ideas you use in your essay, whether you have paraphrased, summarized, or quoted directly from the source or have reproduced it or referred to it in some other way. Remember especially the need to document electronic sources fully and accurately. Information, ideas, and images from electronic sources require acknowledgment in even more detail than those from print sources (and are often easier to detect as plagiarism if they are not acknowledged). Some people plagiarize simply because they do not know the conventions for using and acknowledging sources. Others plagiarize because they keep sloppy notes and thus fail to distinguish between their own and their sources’ ideas. If you keep careful notes, you will not make this serious mistake. Another reason some people plagiarize is that they feel intimidated by the writing task or the deadline. If you experience this anxiety about your work, speak to me. Do not run the risk of failing the course or being expelled from school because of plagiarism. If you are confused about what is and what is not plagiarism, be sure to ask me.

Quoting and Summarizing:

Writers use sources by quoting directly and by summarizing.

Deciding Whether to Quote or Summarize

As a general rule, quote only in these situations:

(1) when the wording of the source is particularly memorable or vivid or

expresses a point so well that you cannot improve it.

(2) when the words of reliable and respected authorities would lend

support to your position.

(3) when you wish to cite an author whose opinions challenge or vary

greatly from those of other experts.

(4) when you are going to discuss the source’s choice of words.

• Summarize any long passages whose main points you wish to

record as support for a point you are making.

+Short Quotations

To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines of

prose or three lines of verse) in your text, enclose the quotation

within double quotation marks. Provide the author and specific

page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the

text, and include a complete reference on the Works Cited

page. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and

semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation.

Question marks and exclamation points should appear within

the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but

after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.

Example: In-text citations

Example: In-text Citations: online (credible)

sources

+ Integrating QuotationsDepending on its length, a quotation may be incorporated into your text by being enclosed in quotation marks or set off from your text in a block without quotation marks. In either case, be sure to integrate the quotation into the language of your essay.

In-Text Quotations: Incorporate brief quotations (no more than four typed lines of prose or three lines of poetry) into your text. You may place the quotation virtually anywhere in your sentence:

At the Beginning:

“To live a life is not to cross a field,” Sutherland writes at the beginning of her narrative (11).

In the Middle

Woolf begins and ends by speaking of the need of the woman writer to have “money and a room of her own” (4)--an idea that certainly spoke to Plath’s condition.

At the End

In The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir describes such an experience as one in which the girl “becomes an object, and she sees herself as object” (378).

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Long Quotations

For quotations that extend to more than four lines of

verse or prose, place quotations in a free-standing block of text

and omit quotation marks:

Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire

quote indented one inch (10 spaces) from the

left margin; maintain double-spacing. Only indent

the first line of the quotation by an additional

quarter inch if you are citing multiple paragraphs.

Your parenthetical citation should come after the

closing punctuation mark. (Smith 142)

When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should

maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.)

+Citing Summarized Material

In Randall Kennedy’s article “Racial Passing” in

the Ohio State Law Journal, he discusses such a

case in the journey of Ellen Craft, a black woman

who passed not only as white but as a white man

in order to smuggle her husband north to avoid

slavery (1).

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xAc4yZ8VSA

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1” all around

Go to “Layout” and adjust

margins or use custom

settings

Times New Roman 12

Indent body paragraphs ½

inch from the margin

Double Click in Header Area

Type your last name

Justify right

Go to “insert” and click on

“page number”

Margins and Formatting Header: Last Name 1

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Your Name

Dr. Kim Palmore

EWRT 1A

15 April 2015

Original Title (not the title of the novel we read)

No italics, bold, underline, or quotation marks

Centered on the page

No extra spaces (just double spaced after your heading and before the body of your text)

Heading: Double Spaced Title

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+Tips for writing your essay

Begin with a long anecdote to draw the reader into your essay.

Write a thesis that includes all of the categories you will

discuss.

Use examples and definitions to make your point.

Use appositives to describe nouns and eliminate wordiness.

Introduce and cite your in-text quotations.

Enter your sources on your Works Cited list.

+Homework

Read: HG through chapter 24

Post #15: Post a list of five appositive phrases you have

included in your essay.

Post #16: Best two body paragraphs of your essay

Study: Vocab (1-24)

Bring: Three copies of your complete draft