1 6-1 Pronunciation of final -s/-esPronunciation of final -s/-es 6-2 Plural forms of nounsPlural forms of nouns 6-3 Subjects, verbs, and objectsSubjects,

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6-1 Pronunciation of final -s/-es6-2 Plural forms of nouns6-3 Subjects, verbs, and objects6-4 Objects of prepositions6-5 Prepositions of time6-6 Word order: place and time6-7 Subject – verb agreement6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns6-9 Using nouns as adjectives6-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects6-11 Possessive nouns6-12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives6-13 Reflexive pronouns6-14 Singular forms of other: another vs. the other6-15 Plural forms of other: other(s) vs. the other(s)6-16 Summary of forms of other

CONTENTS

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6-1 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S/-ES

cats = cat/z/

3


(a) eats = eat/s/ taps = tap/s/ bikes = bike/s/

/s/ as in “bus” voiceless sounds

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(a) eats = eat/s/ taps = tap/s/

bikes = bike/s/

/s/ as in “bus” voiceless sounds

examples: /t/, /p/, /k/

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(b) reads = read/z/ jars = jar/z/ tolls = toll/z/ paws = paw/z/

/z/ as in “buzz” voiced sounds

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(b) reads = read/z/ jars = jar/z/ tolls = toll/z/ paws = paw/z/

/z/ as in “buzz” voiced sounds

examples: /d/, /r/, /l/, /m/, /b/, all vowel sounds

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(c) wishes = wish/ z/ catches = catch/ z/ glasses = glass/ z/ sizes = size/ z/ wages = wage/ z/ judges = judge/ z/

/ z/ adds a syllable –s/–es pronounced / z/

әәә

әәә

әә

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(c) wishes = wish/ z/ catches = catches/ z/ glasses = glass/ z/ sizes = size/ z/ wages = wage/ z/ judges = judge/ z/

әә

әә

әә

/ z/ adds a syllable -s/-es pronounced / z/ after

–sh, –ch, –s, –z, –ge / –dge sounds

әә

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cupcakes = cupcake__

6-1 LET’S PRACTICE

a. /s/ b. /z/ c. / z/

e/s/

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watches = watch___


a. /s/ b. /z/ c. / z/

e/ z/

e

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cars = car__


a. /s/ b. /z/ c. / z/

e/z/

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6-2 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS

one potato

six potatoes

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SINGULAR PLURAL

one dream two dreamsone boat two boats

one shoe two shoes

(a)

most plural nounsadd –s

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SINGULAR PLURAL

one wish two wishesone latch two latches

one glass two glassesone mix two mixes

(b)

add –esendings: –sh, –ch, –ss, –x

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SINGULAR PLURAL

one story two storiesone party two parties

(c)

–y –i and add –esendings: consonant + –y

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SINGULAR PLURAL

one boy two boysone ray two rays

(d)

add –s

endings: vowel + –y

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SINGULAR PLURAL

one life two livesone elf two elves

(e)

–fe or –f –vesendings: –fe or –fExceptions:

beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs, cliffs

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PLURAL

one potato two potatoesone piano two pianos

one zero two zeroes/zeros

(f)

sometimes –oes sometimes –os

endings: –o

SINGULAR

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SINGULAR PLURAL

one child two childrenone goose two geese

one tooth two teeth

(g)

irregular plural forms

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SINGULAR PLURAL

one deer two deerone sheep two sheep

one species two species

(h)

plural form = singular form

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SINGULAR PLURAL

one bacterium two bacteriaone cactus two cactione crisis two crises

one phenomenon two phenomena

(i)

foreign plurals

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one goat two ______goats

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one ape many ____apes

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one stitch many ______stitches

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6-3 SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS

The boys are happy.

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Birdsnoun verb

noun verb

SUBJECT

(b) swim.

fly.(a)

Fish

A SUBJECT is a noun.

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Birdsnoun verb

noun verb

VERB

(b) swim.

fly.(a)

Fish

A sentence hasSUBJECT and VERB.

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(d) have


Birdsnoun verb noun

noun verb noun

OBJECT

have(c)

Fish

wings.

The OBJECT of a verb is a noun.

gills.

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SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

Jenna studies Italian.

? ? ?

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SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

Zebras have stripes.

? ? ?

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SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

Horses love apples.

? ? ?

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6-4 OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

He skied down the mountain.

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Prepositional Phrase =

PREPOSITION + OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION

6-4 OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

subject verb object prep. objectof prep.

Lenny wrote a book about dolphins. (a)

of prep.

The snow fell on the trees. (b) subject verb object prep. object

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They are


hats.wearing

35


They are


hatswearing on their heads.

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The game


went into overtime.

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6-5 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

She has a piano lesson at 4:30 on Tuesdays.

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IN(a) I hope to see you in the future.

(b) I like a cup of tea in the morning.

in + the past, the present, the future

in + the morning, the afternoon, the evening

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IN(c) We start school in September.

(d) My son was born in 1975.

(e) We are in the twenty-first century.

(f) The leaves are beautiful in the fall.

in +

a montha yeara centurya season

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ON(g) They got married on February 14.

(h) Her violin lesson is on Monday.

(i) We eat out on Sunday afternoons.

on + a date on + a weekday on + a weekday morning(s), afternoon(s), evening(s)

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AT(j) We usually have lunch at noon.

(k) She has an appointment at 3:15.

(l) I’m using the computer at the moment.

at + noon, night, midnight at + “clock time” at + present, the moment, the present time

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inonat

I like to read __ the evening.in

A friend gave me a book for

my birthday __ “May 3”. on

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inonat

I hope to get a good job __ the future.in

I have an interview __ June 8 __ 3:00.on at

I will graduate __ 2012.in

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6-6 WORD ORDER: PLACE AND TIME

Laurette moved to Seattle in 2008.

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S V

Alba went to Rome in October. (a)

PLACE TIME

place time

Alba went in October to Rome.

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We visited a friend in Caracas in 2006.


S V

(b)

P T

S-V-O-P-T = Subject – Verb – Object – Place – Time

O

S-V-O-P-T = a basic English sentence structure.

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S V

In October, Alba went to Rome. (c)

PLACETIME

time expression sentence,

Last week, she went to the park. (d)

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went


Create a sentence.

2006. She Alaska July 7,

She 2006.went Alaska July 7,to on

onto

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Last spring


Create a sentence.

toMoscow we moved Last spring

we moved to Moscow.

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to dance lessons on Fridays.They go


Create another sentence.

to dance lessons they go Fridays

they go to dance lessons.On Fridays,

OR

on

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6-7 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

The history of the pyramids is very

interesting.

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SINGULAR SINGULAR

(a) The earth spins.

(b) Dogs bark.

singular subject singular verb

plural subject plural verb

PLURAL PLURAL

verb + -s

noun + -s

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SINGULAR SINGULAR

(c) Our teacher comes from Madrid.

(d) Our teacher and her son come from Madrid.

subject + and + subject plural verb

PLURAL PLURAL

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(e) The giant pandas in the zoo eat bamboo.

(f) That money in my back pocket is for the rent.

phrases between subject & verb don’t

change subject / verb agreement

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(g) There is a star in the sky.

(h) There are many stars in the sky.

There + be + subject something in a place

v s

v s

verb agrees with noun that follows be

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(i) Every star is shining.

(j) Everybody/Everyone loves ice cream.

Every a singular word

Subjects with every a singular verb

Every stars

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(k) People in Honduras speak Spanish.

People a plural noun

takes a plural verb

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The morning air feels refreshing.

subject ? verb

correct ?

yesno yes____

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____


Everybody like dancing.

subject ? verb

correct ?

yesno no

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The students in this class work hard.

subject ? verb

correct ?

yesno yes____

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6-8 USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS

The young man is a talented musician.

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(a) Marcela has a blue car.

words that describe nouns adjectives

ADJ NOUN

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(b) The small child is sitting in a large chair.

(c) The colorful sunset makes a lovely picture.

(d) The baby elephants stay near the adult elephants.

adjectives “modify” nouns

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(e) Elephants are interesting animals.

adjectives no plural form

Elephants are interestings animals.

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(f) Marcela has a blue car. Marcela has a car blue.

(g) Orchids are expensive.

(h) Her hair is red.

adjectives + nouns

main verb + adjectivesbe


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The playful lions are enjoying the cool weather.

Find the Adjective(s)

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The long movie bored my impatient friend.

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Cows are farm animals, but lions are wild animals.


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6-9 USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES

I use a computer mouse.

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(a) Kids love water slides.

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(b) The night market has fruits and vegetables.

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(b) The night market has fruits and vegetables.

(c) waters slides

(d) a nights market

noun used as adjective singular

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He is writing a report about his research.Nouns?

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He is writing a report about his research.

It is a ________ report.

Nouns

research

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We use computers in the lab.Nouns?

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We use computers in the lab.

It is a _________ lab.

Nouns

computer

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He is a clown in the circus.

Nouns ?

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He is a clown in the circus.

He is a ______ clown.

Nouns

circus

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6-10 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS

Gina is running fast.

She is late for work.

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SUBJECT PRONOUNS:

OBJECT PRONOUNS:

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

I we you he, she, it they

me us you him, her, it them

(a) Emma is a professor. She has a PhD.

(b) Bill is a kind person. I like him very much.

Emma sheBill him

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SUBJECT PRONOUNS:

OBJECT PRONOUNS:

PERSONAL PRONOUNS



(c) Marcela has a new blue car. It is nice.

new blue car it

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SUBJECT PRONOUNS:

OBJECT PRONOUNS:

PERSONAL PRONOUNS



(d) Ahmid and I are teachers.

(e) Mary met Ahmid and me at our school.

(f) Mary often has lunch with Ahmid and me.

S

pronoun part of subject subject pronounpronoun part of object object pronoun

O

O of PREP

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(d) Ahmid and I are teachers.

(e) Mary also works with Ahmid and me.

(f) Mary often has lunch with Ahmid and me.

pronoun part of subject subject pronounpronoun part of object object pronoun

Ahmid and me are teachers.

Mary works with Ahmid and I.

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SINGULAR PRONOUNS:

PLURAL PRONOUNS:

I me you he, she, it him, her

we us you they them

(g) Emma works hard. She is a good teacher.

(h) The exams are long. They can be difficult.

(i) My husband and I like to travel. We often fly.

singular pronouns singular nounsplural pronoun plural nouns

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Ime

Do you want to go for a walk with Spot and ___ ?me

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Ime

Waldo and ___ usually walk him at night.I

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theythem

I bought some peaches at the store.

I will serve ____ for dessert tonight.them

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6-11 POSSESSIVE NOUNS

I try to remember my classmates’

names.

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SINGULAR: (a) Do you know the teacher s name?

‘

PLURAL: (b) Do you know the teachers names?

PLURAL: (c) Do you know the children s names?

‘‘

SINGULAR

(d) the teacher the teacher’s name her cat her cat’s name a woman that woman’s name

(e) Miles Miles’/Miles’s name

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SINGULAR

(d) the teacher the teacher’s name her cat her cat’s name a woman that woman’s name

(e) Miles Miles’/Miles’ name

SINGULAR POSSESSIVE NOUN: noun + apostrophe + -s

two possibilities

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SINGULAR: (a) Do you know the teacher s name?

‘

PLURAL: (b) Do you know the teachers names?

PLURAL: (c) Do you know the children s names?

‘‘

PLURAL

(f) the workers the workers’ names my friends my friends’ names

(g) men men’s names children the children’s names

92


PLURAL

(f) the workers the workers’ names my friends my friends’ names

(g) men men’s names children the children’s names

PLURAL POSSESSIVE NOUN: noun + -s + apostrophe

IRREGULAR PLURAL POSSESSIVE NOUN: noun + apostrophe + -s

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COMPARE

(h) Camilla’s here.

(i) Camilla’s son is here.

Camilla’s = Camilla + is

Camilla’s = a possessive

94


The __________ drawing is almost complete.engineer’s

1. engineer’s2. engineers’

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The __________ drawingis for a new symphony hall.

engineers’

Sometimes people workin teams.

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The __________ drawingsare almost complete.

engineers’

A project may require multiple drawings.


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6-12 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

That suitcase is mine.

It is my suitcase.

98


The suitcase belongs to me.

(a) It’s mine.(b) It is my suitcase.

same meaning

possessive pronounpossessive adjective

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used alone used only with a noun


(c) I have mine. I have my suitcase.(d) You have yours. You have your suitcase.(e) She has hers. She has her suitcase.(f) He has his. He has his suitcase.(g) We have ours. We have our suitcases.(h) You have yours. You have your suitcase.(i) They have theirs. They have their suitcases.(j) -------- I have a suitcase. Its handle is broken.

POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVEPRONOUNS ADJECTIVES

100


COMPARE its vs. it’s:

its = a possessive adjective

it’s = contraction of it + is

(k) I read a great book. Its title is Moby Dick.

(l) It’s wonderful to read a good book.

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(m) The travelers have their suitcases.

(n) The suitcases are over there.

(o) They’re very heavy.

COMPARE their vs. there vs. they’re

possessive adjective

an expression of place

they + are

sound the

same

102


it’sits

The elephant is spraying sand on ___ back

with ___ trunk. ___ fun to watch!It’s

its

its

103


People should cover _____

mouths when they sneeze.

their

her there their

104


1. their2. there3. they’re

This team is working on a report. _____ boss

wants it by tomorrow. ______ working as fast

as possible. They can finish on time if _____

aren’t any new problems.

Their

They’re

there

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6-13 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

They can see themselves

in the water.

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subject & object are same person

myself (a) I can see myself in the water.yourself (b) You saw yourself.herself (c) She saw herself.himself (d) He saw himself.itself (e) It saw itself.ourselves (f) We saw ourselves.yourselves (g) You saw yourselves.themselves (h) They saw themselves.

107


by + reflexive pronoun = alone

(i) Angela is lonely when she eats out by herself.

(j) Sometimes I enjoy eating by myself.

108


enjoy (and other verbs) reflexive pronoun

(k) Angela usually enjoys herself.

pinch yourself be proud of yourself

kill yourself

help yourselfblame yourself

teach yourself

109


myselfyourselfherselfitself

ourselves

We all enjoy seeing old

pictures of _________.ourselves

110


myselfyourselfherself

ourselvesthemselves

When people talk on cell

phones, it can look as if

they are talking

to __________.themselves

111


myselfyourselfherselfitself

ourselves

If cities had eyes, this one

could see ______ in the water.itself

112

6-14 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER

May I have another piece of pizza?

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another – “one more of a group”

another = an + other


ANOTHER

(a) I already ate one cookie, but I want another one.

114

the other – “last one in a

specific group”


THE OTHER

(b) I’ll eat one cookie. I’ll give you the other one.

115


(c) He ate one cookie. another cookie.another one.another.

Then he ate

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Then he ate

(d) He ate one cookie. the other cookie.the other one.the other.

Then he ate

Simone, the animation for part (c) works, but we need to get rid of the animation and cookies for part (d)

Simone, the animation for part (c) works, but we need to get rid of the animation and cookies for part (d)

117

another, the other can beadjectives noun


THE OTHER


Then he ate

(d) He ate one cookie. the other cookie.the other one.the other.

Then he ate

or alone as pronouns

118


My TV broke, so I bought _______ one.

anotherthe other

another

119


Here are two animals.

One is a guinea pig; _______ is a mouse.

anotherthe other

the other

120


Here are three animals.

One is a guinea pig.

________ is an elephant.

________ is a dog.

anotherthe other

The other

Another

121

6-15 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER(S)

There are other paintings in Mary’s

studio.

122


There are many paintings in Mary’s studio. Mary isworking on one of them.

(a) There are other paintings on the wall.

(b) There are other ones on the chair.

(adjective) + (noun)

(adjective) + (ones)

several more out of a groupother + plural noun or ones

OTHER(S)

123


(c) There are others on the wall.(pronoun)

others = other paintings

OTHER(S)

124


There are five paintings on the floor. Ann is going to buy one of them.

(d) Lin is going to buy the other paintings.

(e) Lin is going to buy the other ones.

(adjective) + (noun)

last ones in a group

THE OTHER(S)

the other + (noun or ones)

(adjective) + (ones)

125


There are five paintings on the floor. Ann is going to buy one of them.

(f) Lin is going to buy the others.

THE OTHER(S)

(pronoun)

the others = other paintings

126


One of these fruits is a lemon,

and _______ is a pear.the other

otherothers

the otherthe others

127


One of these fruits is an orange;

________ are both apples.the others

otherothers

the otherthe others

128

I ate one kebab, but I’m still hungry.

I want to eat ________ one.


another

anotherotherothers

the otherthe others

129

6-16 SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER

Another cookie, please.

130


SINGULARADJECTIVE

I think I’ll have another cookie.

SINGULAR PRONOUN

I’ll have another

too, please.

131


PLURALADJECTIVE

The chocolate ones are good, but I like the other cookies better.

SINGULAR PRONOUN

Some of the cookies are chocolate; others

are vanilla creme.

132


Ben will eat one cookie and leave the other cookie for Rachel.

SINGULARADJECTIVE

Ben will eat one and leave the other for Rachel.

SINGULARPRONOUN

133

Jill will eat one and leave the others for Ahmed.


Jill will eat one cookie and leave the other cookies for Ahmed.

PLURALADJECTIVE

PLURALPRONOUN

other + -s only as a plural pronoun

134


One of our friends wants to go to the movies.

_________ wants to go dancing.

_________ want to stay home and play video games.

Another

The others

other the otherothers the othersanother

135


Two of the triplets are girls.

_________ is a boy.The other


136


One thing to do for good

health is to eat healthy food.

_______ one is to have hobbies.

_______ things include exercising

and sleeping well. A very important

one is not to smoke.

Another

Other


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