1-4 Agamuthu Waste Management and Recycling Performance ... · WASTE ARE SEGREGATED INTO 34 CATEGORIES AT THE ZERO-WASTE CENTRE IN KAMIKATSU. RECYCLING OBJECTIVES=INDICATORS • To

A G A M U T H U P .I N S T I T U T E O F B I O L O G I C A L S C I E N C E S ,

U N I V E R S I T Y O F M A L A Y A , 5 0 6 0 3 K U A L A L U M P U R , M A L A Y S I A

E M A I L : A G A M U T H U @ U M . E D U . M Y

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING PERFORMANCE

INDICATORS: PRIORITIES AND CHALLENGES

CONTENT

• Introduction • Objectives of recycling• Recycling performance indicators • General characteristics of recycling indicators • Environmental indicator• Economic indicator• Case studies• The challenges• Conclusions

INTRODUCTION

• Recycling has become an important aspect in waste management.

• Recycling is a part of life in many developed nations• Japan• Singapore• Denmark

• Necessary to enable sustainable development (waste and resource management)

• Recycling Indicators have become an important tool for evaluation of performance & to make decisions.

WASTE SEGREGATION BY LOCAL KAMIKATSU RESIDENTS

WASTE ARE SEGREGATED INTO 34 CATEGORIES AT THE ZERO-WASTE

CENTRE IN KAMIKATSU.

RECYCLING OBJECTIVES=INDICATORS

• To prevent waste of potentially useful materials, • To reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, • To reduce energy usage, • To reduce air pollution (from incineration) and

water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for waste disposal,

• To reduce greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production.

RECYCLING OF E-WASTE IS COMMONLY PRACTICE IN EUROPE

E-WASTE RECYCLING

• No such thing as value-free objective indicators.• An indicator is good if

• It supports the purpose of the analysis carried out and

• It gives the desired information for decision making

• Indicators could involve:• Environmental• Economical, or • Social issues.

RECYCLING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 1

DEPOSIT-REFUND SCHEME FOR DRINKING BOTTLES AND CANS REDUCE LITTERING AND

INCREASE RECYCLING IN EU AND UK

RECYCLING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 2

• Indicators covers various aspects, namely economic, political, and social conditions • necessary for recycling success

• public understanding’s effect on recycling performance • behavioural change

• -increase participation in recycling collection and reducing contamination

• households’ participation• attitudes of people in recycling programs

• public’s perception of a local authority recycling scheme • strategy planning for drop-off centres • waste stream diversion success via kerbside, buyback and

drop-off recycling programs. • also on the efficiency of recycling program (e.g. benefit to

cost ratio or net cost per ton)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RECYCLING INDICATORS

• It should reflect the industrial ecology ambition of closing material and energy loops,

• It should reflect the function and the performance of the system,• It should be based on the most important environmental and

economic impacts (eco-efficient) in the whole life-cycle of the recycle chain,

• It should reflect global environmental concern or business value,• It should be relevant, understandable, meaningful and useful for

decision-makers,• Should support system-oriented decision makers (local, national,

regional authorities, pro-active firms, “materials companies”), and

• Definitions, data and methods for measurement must be established and accepted globally as scientifically valid.

ZERO-WASTE STRATEGY PROMOTES RECYCLING IN SINGAPORE

SUMMARY OF ECO-EFFICIENCY INDICATORS FOR RECYCLING SYSTEM

ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

NET ENERGY CONSUMPTION

• An important parameter • large amount of energy often is involved in

processes • transport, • Sorting, and • recycling.

• A large amount of energy can be saved • when the recycled material from the defined system

substitute alternative use of virgin material (in other systems), • less energy demand for the extraction of virgin materials.

MATERIAL CONSUMPTION

• Usage of raw materials • Less dependency on virgin materials is a positive

indicator • Can be based on the end-of-life fraction of the raw

material to be converted into a new product. • The aim is to use as much as possible of the end-of-

life fraction, • Recorded as the % Recycled indicator.

CHIPS FROM PLASTIC BOTTLE-CAPS AT THE END OF THE RECYCLING PROCESS

OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

• Water consumption

• Ozone depleting substances (ODS)

• Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission

• Pollution generation- toxicity effects

ECONOMIC INDICTORS OF RECYCLING

CRITERIA FOR CONSIDERATION

• Quantity of product/ service sold• Net sales• Net cost in the system• Cost Criterion - Capital &

Operational/Maintenance expenses, • Social Criteria - Job creation, accessibility & public

acceptance• Government Support – Policy, Funding & Political

Will

STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATION

STRATEGY 1EDUCATION

BillboardAdvertisement

Carnival,exhibition,

briefing, workshopPrinted matters

Electronicmedia

Formaleducation(Schools, Uni)

STRATEGY 2INFRASTRUCTURE

Recycling bin Silverbox Recycling Lorry Recycling VanRecycling/

collectioncentre

STRATEGY 3ECONOMIC

Tax ReliefPay As You Throw

(PAYT)Penalty

Incentives onRecycledProducts

STRATEGY 4ENVIRONMENT

GreenEconomy

PublicProcurement

Green ProductLabelling

STRATEGY 5ENFORCEMENT/REGULATION (MANDATORY)

SourceSeparation

Use ofrecycled product

Product withminimumrecycled

content

Products with3Rsindication label

Wastemanagementoption (e.g.composting

STRATEGY 6PRIVATE SECTORPARTICIPATION(VOLUNTARY)

SourceSeparation

Use ofrecycled product

Product withMinimumrecycled

content

Products with3Rsindication label

Wastemanagementoption (e.g.composting

CASE STUDY 1

• INDICATORS IN SCOTLAND

• Cleanliness (based on 100)• Waste management (composted/ landfilled etc.)• Recycling date (% recycled)• Waste diversion rate

CASE STUDY 2: WASTE GENERATION IN UK

• Waste generation in UK has a declining trend from 2004 to 2008

• In 2004 total waste generated was 325.3 MT and in 2008 is 288.6MT

• The decrease is 11.3% in 2008 and 6.0% in 2006 as compared to 2004

• In 2008, from a total 288.6MT of waste, • 48% was deposited to landfill, • 45% recovered, • 5% underwent treatment and • 2% incinerated.

WASTE STATISTICS IN UK

EVOLUTION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT TOWARDS RECYCLING IN UK

• Venn diagram shows position of different countries in waste management

• The first goal is to reach the left corner with 100% waste recycled• The evolution is from landfilling to incineration and finally to recycling

CASE STUDY IN LONDON

• Total MSW generation in 2008-2009 = 4 million metric tons • 23% incinerated and • 25% was recycled.

• Landfilling decreased from 72% to 49% • Increased in recycling from 8% to 25% from

2000 to 2009 • Waste management practice is giving priority

to waste prevention .

Defra – Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

CASE STUDY 3: WASTE TREATMENT IN EU - 2006

Eurostat, Energy Transport and Environment Indicators 2008

High levels of recovery

Significant levels of energy recovery

Incineration as the primary disposal route

Primary reliance on landfilling

IMPROVED RECYCLING RATE IN EU IS RESULTING FROM:

• EU Landfill Directive• Landfill taxes• Landfill diversion targets• Recycling targets (55% by 2008)• Extended Producer Responsibility• EU Packaging Directive• End of Waste Criteria

TRENDS IN THE EU

EPR IMPACT ON WASTE REDUCTION OF PACKAGING WASTE 1997-2007

EPR AS A FUNDAMENTAL DRIVER FOR RECYCLABILITY IN EUROPE CAN

BE USED AS INDICATOR• Improved environmental performance of

products subject to EPR law (46 to 60%) • Decline in hazardous material reduction (48 to

26%)• Increased rate of recycling and recyclability (6

to 14%)• Experience with EPR around the world shows

that EPR can be very effective in enhancing separate collection and recycling

EPR TREND IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

• EPR growth rate – increases over the years in developing countries from 45% in 2003 to about 68% in 2009

• This shows that the recycling rate targets are met, with new higher targets being set as part of the EPR program planning process

• In August 2009 , a new and higher 70 percent target was set by the governments and was required to be met by the end of 2011

‘RETURN-DEPOSIT’ MACHINES ENCOURAGE RECYCLING OF

RECYCLABLE ITEMS###

CHALLENGES OF RECYCLING PROGRAM IN DEVELOPING NATIONS

• Most MSW are• highly commingled. • high moisture content soiled the recyclables namely paper

and plastic reduced its quality significantly.

• Waste sorting at transfer station is not feasible• high cost and impractical.

• The contributing factors:• the lack of source separation. • low public participation• recycling is an inconvenient practice

WASTE GENERATION TRENDS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES IN THE ASIA

PACIFIC REGION

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

2000 2006 2008

Year

Tonnes p

er capita p

er year

India

Malaysia

Indonesia

China

Japan

Korea

Nepal

Singapore

WASTE COMPOSITION GENERATED BY SELECTED COUNTRIES IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION

0 20 40 60 80 100

Japan

India

Indonesia

Bangladesh

Cambodia

Malaysia

Nepal

Vietnam

Cook Island

Fiji

Solomon

Samoa

Percentages (%)

OrganicPaperGlassMetalPlastic

HETEROGENOUS WASTES GENERATION

ISSUES OF RECYCLING IN DEVELOPING NATIONS

• Absence of stringent policy and regulation.• A livelihood for the urban poor community in India,

Bangladesh and Indonesia.• Plastic recycling in India and Bangladesh reaches

approximately 47% and 51%, respectively.• The trend will change with the improvement in the

standard of living Recycling not worth practicingRecycling rate will reduceObserved in many rapidly developing countries like

Malaysia and Thailand

PLASTIC COLLECTED

FOR RECYCLING

IN CHINA

ALUMINIUM CANS READY FOR SHIPPING (INDIA)

RECYCLING ACTIVITIES IN INDIA

RECYCLING OF COMPUTER PARTS IN BANGLADESH

RECYCLING ISSUES IN PACIFIC ISLANDS

• The implementation of recycling program into the existing waste management system have been a real struggle• lack of public participation,• low awareness and • indifferent attitude of the community

• traditional waste management system discourages effective recycling practice • improper waste storage • Inefficient waste collection equipment, and • lack of appropriate waste recycling facilities

• Only selective components which depend of the demand and market price are efficiently recycled

CONCLUSIONS

• Recycling Indicators are very important tools in achieving sustainable development

• It is necessary to monitor the efficiency & effectiveness of recycling implementation via appropriate recycling performance indicators.

• Various challenges still exist in many parts of the developing world which inhibit successful recycling programs.

• Identifying appropriate indicators would enhance results’ accuracy and yield higher recycling success. Decision making will become relevant.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• Dr Fauziah, Ms Siva Shangari, and Dr Santha, University of Malaya

• Rachael Williams, • International Solid Waste

Association (ISWA)

THANK YOU