1-2 Industrial Process Design C

Chemical Engineering Design

Industrial Process

Design

© 2012 G.P. Towler / UOP. For educational use in conjunction with

Towler & Sinnott Chemical Engineering Design only. Do not copy


1. Design Work Process

Determine

Customer Needs

Set Design

Specifications

R&D if Needed

Evaluate Economics

& Select Design

Predict Fitness

For Service

Build Performance

Models

Generate Design

Concepts

Procurement

& ConstructionBegin Operation

Customer

Approval

Detailed Design &

Equipment Selection

Common to all design problems in all industries© 2012 G.P. Towler / UOP. For educational use in conjunction with



How do companies implement this

design process?




2. The Design Team

Project

Sponsor

ContractorsCivil

Engineers

Business

Input

R&D

Specialists

Technical

SpecialistsCost Engineer

Control

EngineerConsultants

Mechanical

Engineer(s)

Process

Engineer(s)

Project

Manager




Specialization and Outsourcing

Operating Companies

• Own plants

• Produce chemicals

• High sales revenue

• Margins & return on assets (ROA) vary by sector

Technology Vendors

• Own patents

• Sell catalysts, enzymes, equipment, licenses

• Sales volume low

• Margins, ROA usually high

Engineering & Construction Companies

• Experienced project managers

• Highly competitive & cost effective

• Medium sales volume, low margins




Company Performance by Sector

Notes:

• Data from www.CNN.money.com as of 7.2.07

• Oil industry is usually not so profitable as during 2005-2007

• Technology companies are usually smaller, and are often subsidiaries or privately held. Financial data are often not publicly available.

Company Symbol Market Cap Revenue Profit Margin ROA

($ billion) ($ billion) % %

ExxonMobil XOM 472.5 365.5 10.8 18.1

Valero Energy VLO 40.55 91.8 5.9 15.1

Dow DOW 42.7 49.1 7.6 7.6

DuPont DD 47.3 27.4 13.5 10.1

Pfizer PFE 179.5 48.4 40 16.9

Merck MRK 107.9 22.6 19.6 10.7

Shaw Group SGR 3.8 4.8 1.1 NA

Fluor FLR 9.8 14.1 1.9 5.1



http://www.cnn.money.com/


Long ago (<1980s) most projects were done “in

house”

Project

Sponsor

ContractorsCivil

Engineers

Business

Input

R&D

Specialists

Technical


Control

EngineerConsultants

Mechanical

Engineer(s)

Process

Engineer(s)

Project

Manager

E&C

CompanyTechnology

Vendor

Operating

Company




Nowadays(For most companies, most sectors)

Project

Sponsor

ContractorsCivil

Engineers

Business

Input

R&D

Specialists

Technical


Control

EngineerConsultants

Mechanical

Engineer(s)

Process

Engineer(s)

Project

Manager

E&C

Company

Technology

Vendor

Operating

Company




Implications

• Most major projects involve several companies working together

• “OpCo” might itself be a joint venture between several companies

• The companies might all be based in different regions of the world

• Teamwork, technology transfer and effective communications have high impact and value

• Good project management is more important than ever




3. The Project Plan

Project must be delivered:

• On-time

• On-budget

• OpCo usually writes

incentives into the E&C

contract to ensure that

this happens




Design Work Process

Determine

Customer Needs

Set Design

Specifications

R&D if Needed

Evaluate Economics

& Select Design

Predict Fitness

For Service

Build Performance

Models

Generate Design

Concepts

Procurement


Customer

Approval

Detailed Design &

Equipment Selection

This takes timeThis also needs time

These steps

have to

come first




The Project Plan

• Is developed & implemented by the project manager

• Sets deadlines for completion of activities & intermediate deliverables

• Allows scheduling of subordinate or dependent tasks

• Allows estimation of the required manpower resources at each stage of the project

• Determines the procurement schedule & gives an estimate of when cash outlays are expected




Example: 11-Week Plan for a Process Design Project




What’s In a Project Plan?

List of tasks





Durations, start

and end dates





Predecessor

tasks





Resource

allocations





Gantt

chart




Example: 11-Week Plan for a Process Design Project




Tools for Project Planning

• Specialized software for larger projects

– MS Project

– SureTrak

– Primavera Project Planner

– Enterprise PM

– Cobra

• Small project plans & Gantt charts can be drawn in spreadsheets or using cheap software (<$100)

– AceProject (free on-line)

– TurboProject

– Project Vision

– Quick Gantt




4. The Design Basis

We need to know:

• What are we designing? How much of it do we want?

• Where will it be built? What are the boundary conditions?

Determine

Customer Needs

Set Design

Specifications

R&D if Needed

Evaluate Economics

& Select Design

Predict Fitness

For Service

Build Performance

ModelsGenerate Design

Concepts

Procurement


Customer

Approval

Detailed Design &

Equipment Selection




Process Design Basis• Documentation of design

assumptions and boundary

conditions is very important

• For new process plants, most

companies use some sort of

design basis form or questionnaire

to serve as a record of the design

basis

• This record is also essential in

handing off information between

the operating company, technology

suppliers and contractors

• There’s a template online at:

booksite. Elsevier.com/Towler

http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780080966595/

Sheet

REV DATE BY APVD REV DATE BY APVD

Correspondance Contacts

Address

Telephone / Fax

E-mail

English Metric

3

AC Air cooler G Grinder, mill R Reactor

B Boiler H Heater (fired or electric) SP Sample point

C Compressor, blower, fan J Ejector, jet, turboexpander T Storage tank

CT Cooling tower M Mixer V Vessel (including columns)

D Dryer ME Miscellaneous equipment

First digit - process section E Exchanger P Pump

Second & third digits - equipment count F Filter, classifier PRV Pressure relief valve

4

Product Name

Product Grade

MSDS Form Number

Production Rate

Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units

Product Purity (wt%)

Product shipment mode

Additional Specifications

5

Feedstock name

Feedstock grade

MSDS form number

Feedstock availability

Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units

Feedstock price ($/lb)

(Default: open market price)

Known feedstock impurities ppmw ppmw ppmw ppmw

Additional specifications

DESIGN BASIS

Form XXXXX-YY-ZZ

6

Maximum wind loading (mph)

Other site design requirements

Low ambient temperature (F)

High ambient temperature (F)

Site elevation (ft)

Hight ambient relative humidity (%)

NameNameNameName

Primary Raw Materials

(Attach additional sheets if needed)

2

1

Owners Name

Process Unit Name

Plant Location

Site Information

Equipment Numbering System

Primary Products

General Information

Measurement System

Equipment will be identified by alphabetic

prefix as defined here, followed by three-

digit serial number unless otherwise

indicated

1Company Name

Project Name

Project Number

Address





What’s in the Design Basis?

Project information and revision tabs

• To allow retrieval of documentation

• To ensure that revisions are properly documented and make sure that the engineers aren’t working from the wrong version

• To document review and approval of the design basis

Sheet



Address

Telephone / Fax

E-mail

English Metric

3








4

Product Name

Product Grade

MSDS Form Number

Production Rate

Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units




5

Feedstock name

Feedstock grade

MSDS form number


Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units





DESIGN BASIS

Form XXXXX-YY-ZZ

6





Site elevation (ft)


NameNameNameName



2

1

Owners Name

Process Unit Name

Plant Location

Site Information


Primary Products

General Information

Measurement System




indicated

1Company Name

Project Name

Project Number

Address

Sheet


1

Project Name

Project Number





Contact information

• Company name

• Process unit name

• Who to contact & where to reach them

Sheet



Address

Telephone / Fax

E-mail

English Metric

3








4

Product Name

Product Grade

MSDS Form Number

Production Rate

Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units




5

Feedstock name

Feedstock grade

MSDS form number


Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units





DESIGN BASIS

Form XXXXX-YY-ZZ

6





Site elevation (ft)


NameNameNameName



2

1

Owners Name

Process Unit Name

Plant Location

Site Information


Primary Products

General Information

Measurement System




indicated

1Company Name

Project Name

Project Number

Address


Address

Telephone / Fax

E-mail

1

Owners Name

Process Unit Name

Plant Location

General Information





Conventions followed

• Units of measurement– Customer specific and may also depend on location

– Design engineers have to be able to work with both metric and English units

• Equipment labeling convention

• Sometimes other conventions and codes, e.g. design codes

Sheet



Address

Telephone / Fax

E-mail

English Metric

3








4

Product Name

Product Grade

MSDS Form Number

Production Rate

Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units




5

Feedstock name

Feedstock grade

MSDS form number


Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units





DESIGN BASIS

Form XXXXX-YY-ZZ

6





Site elevation (ft)


NameNameNameName



2

1

Owners Name

Process Unit Name

Plant Location

Site Information


Primary Products

General Information

Measurement System




indicated

1Company Name

Project Name

Project Number

Address

English Metric

3








2


Measurement System




indicated





Product information for primary products

• Product grades desired

• Safety data sheet reference number

• Production rate, purity, shipment details

Sheet



Address

Telephone / Fax

E-mail

English Metric

3








4

Product Name

Product Grade

MSDS Form Number

Production Rate

Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units




5

Feedstock name

Feedstock grade

MSDS form number


Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units





DESIGN BASIS

Form XXXXX-YY-ZZ

6





Site elevation (ft)


NameNameNameName



2

1

Owners Name

Process Unit Name

Plant Location

Site Information


Primary Products

General Information

Measurement System




indicated

1Company Name

Project Name

Project Number

Address

Product Name

Product Grade

MSDS Form Number

Production Rate

Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units








Information for primary raw materials

• Feedstock grades

• Safety information

• Availability and pricing

• Feed impurities and their concentrations

Sheet



Address

Telephone / Fax

E-mail

English Metric

3








4

Product Name

Product Grade

MSDS Form Number

Production Rate

Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units




5

Feedstock name

Feedstock grade

MSDS form number


Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units





DESIGN BASIS

Form XXXXX-YY-ZZ

6





Site elevation (ft)


NameNameNameName



2

1

Owners Name

Process Unit Name

Plant Location

Site Information


Primary Products

General Information

Measurement System




indicated

1Company Name

Project Name

Project Number

Address

Feedstock name

Feedstock grade

MSDS form number


Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units



Known feedstock impurities ppmw


Name





Site information

• Ambient conditions needed for design of insulation, air coolers, etc.

• Special conditions such as wind loads, hurricane and earthquake conditions that are needed for mechanical and civil engineering design

Sheet



Address

Telephone / Fax

E-mail

English Metric

3








4

Product Name

Product Grade

MSDS Form Number

Production Rate

Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units




5

Feedstock name

Feedstock grade

MSDS form number


Tons per year

Tons per day

Other units





DESIGN BASIS

Form XXXXX-YY-ZZ

6





Site elevation (ft)


NameNameNameName



2

1

Owners Name

Process Unit Name

Plant Location

Site Information


Primary Products

General Information

Measurement System




indicated

1Company Name

Project Name

Project Number

Address





Site elevation (ft)






Sheet 2 of the Design Basis has utility information

• Fuel gases

• Fuel oils

• Steam levels

• Coolants

• Process water

• Electricity

• Process Air

Conditions, availability, price, etc.

Sheet


7

Gas source or operation mode

Supply header temperature (F)

Supply header pressure (psia)

Net calorific value (BTU/lb)

Marginal availability (lb/h)

Marginal fuel cost ($/MMBTU)

Sulfur content (wppm)

Nitrogen content (wppm)

Chlorine content (wppm)

Gas composition (vol%)

H2O

O2

N2

CO

CO2

H2S

H2

CH4

C2H4

C2H6

C3H6

C3H8

C4H8

iC4H10

nC4H10

C5H10

C5+

Fuel source or operation mode

Supply header temperature (F)

Supply headder pressure (psia)

Net calorific value (BTU/lb)


Marginal fuel cost ($/MMBTU)

Fuel viscosity at F

Fuel viscosity at F

Flash point (F)

Pour point (F)

Sulfur content (wppm)

Nitrogen content (wppm)

Ash content (wt %)

Steam header classification

Operating pressure (psia)

Operating temperature (F)

Mechanical design pressure (psia)

Mechanical design temperature (F)


Marginal cost ($/Mlb)

Coolant classification

Operating pressure (psia)

Supply temperature (F)

Maximum return temperature (F)


Marginal cost ($)

Marginal cost units

Water feed stream

Supply pressure (psia)

Supply temperature (F)


Marginal cost ($/1000 gal)

Total dissolved solids (wt%)

Hardness as CaCO3 (ppmw)

Chloride as Cl (ppmw)

Metallurgy

Power range (kW)

Voltage (V)

Phase

Frequency (Hz)

Marginal availability (kW)

Marginal cost ($/kWh)

Air stream

Header pressure (psia)

Header temperature (F)

Moisture (ppmw)


Marginal cost ($/Mscf)

Fuel Gas

Fuel Oil

Steam

Coolants

Process Water Feeds

Electric power

Plant air streams

DESIGN BASIS

Form XXXXX-YY-ZZ

Condensate

LP

Plant Nitrogen

Boiler Feed Water

Chilled Water

MP

Instrument Air

Process Water

Once-Through Water

Plant Air

Raw Water

Nat Gas

#2 Heating Oil

VHP

Cooling Tower Water

HP

Utility Information

Project Name

Project Number 2Company NameAddress




Learning activities

Enter the site: booksite.Elsevier.com / Towler ,

download the design basis template; complete the

general information of the study case.


Sinnott & Towler Chemical Engineering Design only. Do not copy


5. Design Practices: Codes & Standards

• Methods and rules for designing processes and equipment are given in design codes of practice

• Codes are set by national or international industry panels (e.g., ISO, ASME, API, ISA)

• Codes are reviewed and reissued frequently

• Codes specify practices for design, construction, testing and operation of equipment and processes, that are expected to lead to a safe design, based on the experience of the code committee

• Design in accordance with code is usually required by the company or by law

• Standard sizes for piping & equipment, compositions, etc. are given in standards

• Tubing dimensions, valve sizes, exchanger layouts, screw threads, wire gauges, screens, …

• The two terms tend to be used interchangeably

• Always consult the current (latest) edition of the code. Always make sure that the codes and standards used comply with local legal requirements.

• Examples will be given throughout the course




Learning Activities

• Read the chapter and answer the quiz.

Pipe Drafting and Design 2nd Edition

Roy A. Parisher, Robert A. Rhea

Chapter 8

Codes and Specifications




5. Design Practices: Design Factors

(Design Margins)

• Equipment is usually sized for greater than the

design throughput

– Allows for uncertainty in the design method and data

– Leaves some room for expanding output

– Ensures the plant can run at design capacity

• Companies usually have a policy on design

margins

– Typically size equipment for 110% of design basis

– Be careful to add design margin only once!




6. Design Documentation

Design information must be clearly documented to enable:

• Fair comparison between competing design alternatives

• Transfer of information to E&C company for detailed design

• Development of plant manuals

Determine

Customer Needs

Set Design

Specifications

R&D if Needed

Evaluate Economics

& Select Design

Predict Fitness

For Service

Build Performance

ModelsGenerate Design

Concepts

Procurement


Customer

Approval

Detailed Design &

Equipment Selection




Design Documentation

The design documentation for a process usually includes a minimum of:

1. The design basis

2. A written description of the process

3. A process flow diagram

4. At least one mass & energy balance

5. Product specifications and properties

6. A list of major plant equipment

7. Equipment specification sheets

8. A piping and instrumentation diagram

9. A cost estimate

10.HS&E information (e.g., HAZAN, HAZOP, MSDS forms)

Additional information such as techno-economic analysis, market information, analysis of competing technologies or alternative design options may also be included if within the scope of the project




Design Documentation1. The design basis


3. Process flow diagram4. At least one mass & energy balance





9. A cost estimate

10.HS&E information

XYZ Co.

• The PFD or flowsheet

identifies all the

equipment items and

process streams

• Usually broken into

several separate sheets,

defining plant sections

• By convention, feeds

enter at left, products exit

right

• Usually also indicates

stream temperature &

pressure






3. Process flow diagram

4. At least one mass & energy balance5. Product specifications and properties




9. A cost estimate

10.HS&E information

XYZ Co.

• Mass & energy balances

are usually given for each

design case .

• Usually mass flow, mole

flow, wt% and mole% are

given for every

component in every

stream

• Often summarized as a

table at the bottom of the

PFD

kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol%

Hydrogen

Helium

Lithium

Beryllium

Boron

Nitrogen

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Fluorine

Neon

Total

128 kPa 129 kPa 130 kPa 131 kPa

25C 25C 25C 25C

9 10 11 12

124 kPa 125 kPa 126 kPa 127 kPa

25C 25C 25C 25C

5 6 7 83

25C

122 kPa

4

25C

123 kPa120 kPa

2

25C

121 kPa

25C

1







4. At least one mass & energy balance5. Product specifications and properties




9. A cost estimate

10.HS&E information

kg/h kmol/h wt% mol%

Hydrogen

Methane

Ethane

Ethylene

Propane

Propylene

Butanes

n-butylene

i-butylene

Water

Carbon dioxide

Total

120 kPa

25C

1

XYZ Co.

kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol% kg/h kmol/h wt% mol%

Hydrogen

Helium

Lithium

Beryllium

Boron

Nitrogen

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Fluorine

Neon

Total

128 kPa 129 kPa 130 kPa 131 kPa

25C 25C 25C 25C

9 10 11 12

124 kPa 125 kPa 126 kPa 127 kPa

25C 25C 25C 25C

5 6 7 83

25C

122 kPa

4

25C

123 kPa120 kPa

2

25C

121 kPa

25C

1





1. The design basis








9. A cost estimate

10. HS&E information

• Defines equipment names

• Often used to summarize

equipment costs and serve as

a starting point for the capital

cost estimate

Plant Section Label Equipment Name Metallurgy

No. of

Items

Capacity

Measure Capacity Units

Capacity

Measure Capacity Units

Area m2

Steam rate kg/h

Diameter m No. of trays

Flow m3/s Power kW

Flow m3/h

Evap duty kg/h

Gas flow kg/h

Area m2

Duty MW

Drive power kW

Power kW

Flow litre/min Power kW

Volume m3

Volume m3

Type

Equipment Cost per

Item (k$)

Air cooler

Boiler

Column

Compressor

Cooling tower

Dryer

Ejector

Exchanger

Heater (fired)

Air cooler

Air cooler

Air cooler

Air cooler

Air cooler

Mixer

Motor

Pump

Tank

Vessel





1. The design basis








9. A cost estimate

10. HS&E information

• Give detailed design information (stream properties, dimensions) for each

major piece of equipment

• Occasionally include mechanical drawings if the equipment is not standard

• Sometimes substituted with vendor specification sheets for sourced items

Project Name

Project Number Sheet 1 of 1REV DATE BY APVD REV DATE BY APVD

Owner's Name

Plant Location Units English Metric

Case Description

Equipment label

Plant section

Process service

Design code Exchanger type

Shells per unit Series Parallel

Surface per unit ft2 Surface per shell ft2

Stream No.

Fluid

Total fluid flow lb/h

Total vapor flow lb/h

Total liquid flow lb/h

Total steam flow lb/h

Fluid vaporized / condensed lb/h

Density lb/cu ft

Dynamic viscosity lbm/ft.s

Specific heat capacity Btu/lb.F

Thermal conductivity Btu.ft/h.ft2.F

Latent heat Btu/lb

Normal temperature ºF

Max temperature ºF

Min temperature ºF

Pressure psia

Pressure drop allowed psi

Pressure drop calculated psi

Flow velocity ft/s

Number of passes

Film transfer coefficient Btu/h.ft2.F

Fouling coefficient Btu/h.ft2.F

Heat duty Btu/h

FT factor

Effective mean temperature difference ºF

Minimum surface required ft2

Material

Count in Square Triangular Welded

Length ft in in

Design pressure at max temp psia psia psia

Number of tubes blanked

Material

Length ft in in


Baffle material in

Tubesheet material in

Bonnet material Bonnet type

Shell side inlet in N.B. in N.B.

Tube side inlet in N.B. in N.B.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

DATA PER UNIT

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS PER SHELL

NOTES

Equipment name

Address

Company Name

Form XXXXX-YY-ZZ

SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

TEMA

SHELL SIDE

IN OUT IN OUT

TUBE SIDE

Tubes

Shell

Pitch

O.D.

Test pressure

Wall thickness

Max external pressure

I.D.

Branches

Shell side outlet

Tube side outlet

Test pressure

Baffle type

Wall thickness

Baffle pitch

Min internal pressure

Tubesheet thickness




What’s in a Spec Sheet?• Project info & rev tab

• Equipment service and

summary information

• Stream data needed

for design

• Calculated design

information for the

equipment

• Dimensions and

construction details

• Notes

Project Name

Project Number Sheet 1 of 1REV DATE BY APVD REV DATE BY APVD

Owner's Name

Plant Location Units English Metric

Case Description

Equipment label

Plant section

Process service

Design code Exchanger type

Shells per unit Series Parallel

Surface per unit ft2 Surface per shell ft2

Stream No.

Fluid

Total fluid flow lb/h

Total vapor flow lb/h

Total liquid flow lb/h

Total steam flow lb/h

Fluid vaporized / condensed lb/h

Density lb/cu ft

Dynamic viscosity lbm/ft.s

Specific heat capacity Btu/lb.F

Thermal conductivity Btu.ft/h.ft2.F

Latent heat Btu/lb

Normal temperature ºF

Max temperature ºF

Min temperature ºF

Pressure psia

Pressure drop allowed psi

Pressure drop calculated psi

Flow velocity ft/s

Number of passes

Film transfer coefficient Btu/h.ft2.F

Fouling coefficient Btu/h.ft2.F

Heat duty Btu/h

FT factor

Effective mean temperature difference ºF

Minimum surface required ft2

Material

Count in Square Triangular Welded

Length ft in in


Number of tubes blanked

Material

Length ft in in


Baffle material in

Tubesheet material in

Bonnet material Bonnet type

Shell side inlet in N.B. in N.B.

Tube side inlet in N.B. in N.B.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

DATA PER UNIT

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS PER SHELL

NOTES

Equipment name

Address

Company Name

Form XXXXX-YY-ZZ

SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

TEMA

SHELL SIDE

IN OUT IN OUT

TUBE SIDE

Tubes

Shell

Pitch

O.D.

Test pressure

Wall thickness

Max external pressure

I.D.

Branches

Shell side outlet

Tube side outlet

Test pressure

Baffle type

Wall thickness

Baffle pitch

Min internal pressure

Tubesheet thickness




Standard Templates

• Typical templates for spec sheets and calc

sheets are available at:

booksite.Elsevier.com/Towler

• These can be customized for your design

projects




Learning Activities

• Download the specification sheets for the major

equipment in the study case.

• http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780080966595/












8. A piping and instrumentation diagram9. A cost estimate

10.HS&E information

• The P&ID is more detailed

than the PFD and almost

always runs to several

sheets

• It shows all the plant

instruments, control

systems, control logic and

shutdown systems

• It also shows pipe sizes

and metallurgy (but not

pipe layout)

• The P&ID is critical for

performing design safety

reviewsXYZ Co.












9. A cost estimate10.HS&E information

• Variable costs of production

– Raw materials

– Utilities

– Consumables

– Packaging & shipping

• Fixed costs of production

– Wages

– Taxes

– Maintenance

– Overheads

• Capital costs

– Working capital

– Installed capital cost

– Royalty costs

– Annual capital charge





1. The design basis








9. A cost estimate

10.HS&E information

• Information on materials safety is

required for hazard analysis,

detailed design

• Material Safety Data Sheets

(MSDSs) must be provided to

employees and customers by law

in the U.S.A. (OSHA Hazard

Communication Standard 29 CFR

Part 1910.1200)

• Information also needs to be

collected to begin applying for

emissions permits

• The type of information needed

and level of detail varies locally




Conclusion: What Makes a Process

Design in Industry

1. Design work process

2. Design team

3. Project plan

4. Design basis

5. Standard design procedures & practices

6. Design documentation




Questions ?



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