1 Поколения компьютеров П ервое П околение Второе П околение Т ретье П околение Ч етвёртое П околение Технологи я Электронны елампы Транзисторы И нтегральны е схемы (несколько транзисторов) М икрочипы M icrochips (миллионы транзисторо в) Разм ер Ц елое здание П ол- комнаты Н есколько столов Крош ечный
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1 Поколения компьютеров. 2 IBM PC - 1981 IBM-Intel-Microsoft совместная работа Первый широко-продаваемый ПК 8088 Микрочип
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Some milestones in the development of the modern digital
computer.
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Milestones in Computer Architecture (2)
Some milestones in the development of the modern digital
computer.
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Computer Generations• Zeroth Generation
Mechanical Computers (1642 – 1945)
• First GenerationVacuum Tubes (1945 – 1955)
• Second GenerationTransistors (1955 – 1965)
• Third GenerationIntegrated Circuits (1965 – 1980)
• Fourth GenerationVery Large Scale Integration (1980 – ?)
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Von Neumann Machine
The original Von Neumann machine.
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Intel Computer Family (1)
The Intel CPU family. Clock speeds are measured in MHz (megahertz)
where 1 MHZ is 1 million cycles/sec.
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Early Competitors
• Commodore• TRS-80• Osborne
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IBM PC• IBM enters small
computer market 1981• Uses open architecture• Purchases operating
system from Microsoft
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Early Computer History• Pascalene 1624
– The first accurate mechanical calculator
– Created by Blaise Pascal– Used to add, subtract,
multiply, and divide
• Jacquard Loom 1820– Created by Joseph Jacquard– A machine that automated the
weaving of complex patterns– Used holes punched in cards to
automate the process
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Early Computer History
• Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890– Created by Herman Hollerith– Used punch cards to tabulate
census data– Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine
Company, which later became IBM
• Analytical Engine 1834– Created by Charles Babbage
• The father of computing– The first automatic calculator– Includes components similar to those found
in today's computers
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Early Computer History
• Z1 1936– Created by Konrad Zuse– The Z1 is a mechanical
calculator– It included a control unit
and memory functions• Atanasoff-Berry
Computer 1939– Created by John
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
– The first electrically powered digital computer
– Used vacuum tubes to store data
– The first computer to use the binary system Atansoff-Berry ComputerAtansoff-Berry Computer
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Early Computer History
• Harvard Mark I 1944– Created by Howard Aiken and
Grace Hopper– A computer used by the US Navy
for ballistics calculations– Hopper’s contribution to
computing was• Invention of the compiler• Coined the term “computer bug”
• Turing Machine 1939– Created by Alan Turing– A hypothetical model that
defined a mechanical procedure or algorithm
– Concept of an infinite tape that could read, write, and erase was precursor to today’s RAM
11stst use of “computer bug” use of “computer bug”
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Early Computer History
• ENIAC 1944– Created by John W.
Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
– The first successful high-speed electronic digital computer
• UNIVAC 1951– The first commercially
successful electronic digital computer
– Used magnetic tape
ENIAC
UNIVAC
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Early Computer History• Transistors 1945
– Invented at Bell Laboratories– Replaces vacuum tubes
• Integrated circuits 1958– Invented by Jack Kilby of
Texas Instruments– A small chip containing
thousands of transistors– Enabled computers to
become smaller and lighter
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Early Computer History
• Microprocessor chip 1971– Created by Intel Corporation– A small chip containing millions of transistors– It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)
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Computer Generations
• First-generation computers (1946–1958)– UNIVAC– Use vacuum tubes to store data
• Second-generation computers (1959–1964)– Use transistors to store data
• Third-generation computers (1965–1970)– Use integrated circuits
• Fourth-generation computers (1971–Today)– Use a microprocessor chip
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Computer History
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Computer History, cont.
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Computer History, cont.
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Miniaturizing the Computer
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The Microprocessor
• Intel (“Integrated Electronics) c. 1969– Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, Andrew Grove leave
Fairchild Semiconductor– Busicom’sdesire for high-performance calculator
chips (12)
• Ted Hoff’s idea to instead design a single-chip, general purpose logic device– Intel 4004 microprocessor– The rest is …
• 1623 Wilhelm Schickard, Calculating Clock reconstructed in 1960
• 1625 slide rule invented• 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the
Pascaline, the first “digital calulator”
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Napier’s Bones
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Schickard’s Calculator
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Slide Rule
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The Pascaline
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Early Caluclators
• 1822 Charles Babbage Mechanical computing machine. Too complicated to build until 1853
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Babbage’s “Difference Engine”
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Vacuum Tube
• 1906• Lee Forest invented the
“Electronic Valve”• This made digital electronic
computers possible
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Early Vacuum Tube
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First Generation computers
• 1939 - 1959• Use vacuum tubes and wire
circuits• 1939 ABC computer completed,
clock speed of 60 Hz, uses punch cards for secondary memory
• 1946 ENIAC 18,000 valves, used 25 KW of power, 100,000 calculations/second
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ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer
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ENIAC
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ENIAC
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Transistors
• 1947• Bell laboratories invent the
transistor• Smaller, cheaper, more reliable,
less heat
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First Transistor
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Second Generation Computers
• 1959 - 1964 • Based on transistors and printed
circuits• Much smaller and less power
consumption
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Integrated Circuit
• 1958• Invented by Jack Kilby at Texas
Instruments• Integrates the functions of many
transistors into one physical component
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First Integrated Circuit
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Third Generation Computers
• 1964 - 1972• Based on integrated circuits,
smaller than 2nd Generation
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Microprocessors
• 1971• Intel released first microprocessor,
the 4004• Equivalent to 2,300 transistors, 4
bit data path, ran at 108 KHz• Microprocessors are complex
integrated circuits, capable of many different functions
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Intel 4004 Processor
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Intel 8088 circuitry
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Fourth Generation Computers
• 1972 - • Based on microprocessors• Utilize LSI (Large Scale
Integration), and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
• Smaller, faster, and more complex than 3rd Generation
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Fifth Generation Computers
• ????• Will be much smaller and faster
than 4th Generation• Greatly increased data storage
capability• Will most likely have light, easily
transportable display capabilities• May be built into clothing
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Fifth Generation Computers
• Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.