1. 2 Beans beans the royal fruit the more you eat the more you toot.

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Beans beans the royal fruit the more you eat the more you toot

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Robert Boyle (1627-1691)"From a knowledge of His work, we shall know Him"One of the founders of the Royal Society in 1660, Robert

Boyle was sometimes called 'the son of the Earl of Cork and the father of chemistry.' Although he spent most of his life in Britain, Robert was born at Lismore Castle in Co. Waterford

Ireland, the youngest of fourteen children.Robert was born into a world in which the theories of

Aristotle and the beliefs of alchemy were paramount. He made many great contributions in both physics and

chemistry, and we particularly remember him when we learn Boyle's Law, which state that at constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure

applied to it.

(V x p = constant)

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Section 10.1The Properties of Gases

OBJECTIVES:

• Describe the properties of gas particles.

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Section 10.1The Properties of Gases

OBJECTIVES:

• Explain how the kinetic energy of gas particles relates to Kelvin temperature.

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Kinetic Theory Revisited1. Gases consist of hard, spherical

particles (usually molecules or atoms)

2. Small- so the individual volume is considered to be insignificant

3. Large empty space between them

4. Easily compressed and expanded

5. No attractive or repulsive forces

6. Move rapidly in constant motion

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Kinetic Theory Revisited Recall: that the average kinetic

energy of a collection of gas particles is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas.

Fig. 10.5, page 223

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Variables that describe a Gas The four variables and their

common units:

1. pressure (P) in kilopascals

2. volume (V) in Liters

3. temperature (T) in Kelvin

4. number of moles (n)

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Section 10.2Factors Affecting Gas Pressure

OBJECTIVES:

• Explain how the amount of gas and the volume of the container affect gas pressure.

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Section 10.2Factors Affecting Gas Pressure

OBJECTIVES:

• Infer (conclude or decide) the effect of temperature changes on the pressure exerted by a contained gas.

1. Amount of Gas When we inflate a balloon, we are

adding gas molecules. Increasing the number of gas

particles increases the number of collisions

• thus, the pressure increases If temp. is constant- doubling the

number of particles doubles pressure

Pressure and the number of molecules are directly related

More molecules means more collisions.

Fewer molecules means fewer collisions.

Gases naturally move from areas of high pressure to low pressure because there is empty space to move in too- spray can is example.

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Common use? Aerosol (spray) cans

• gas moves from higher pressure to lower pressure

• a propellant forces the product out

• whipped cream, hair spray, paint Fig. 10.12, page 229

2. Volume of Gas

In a smaller container, molecules have less room to move.

Hit the sides of the container more often.

As volume decreases, pressure increases. (think of a syringe)

3. Temperature of Gas Raising the temperature of a gas

increases the pressure, if the volume is held constant.

The molecules hit the walls harder, and more frequently!

The only way to increase the temperature at constant pressure is to increase the volume.

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Result? Figure 10.15, page 230 Think of tire pressure

• measured when “cold”

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Section 10.3The Gas Laws

OBJECTIVES:

• State: a) Boyle’s Law, b) Charles’s Law, c) Gay-Lussac’s Law, and d) the Combined Gas Law.

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Section 10.3The Gas Laws

OBJECTIVES:

• Apply the gas laws to problems involving: a) the temperature, b) the volume, and c) the pressure of a contained gas.

The Gas Laws These will describe HOW gases

behave. Can be predicted by the theory. Amount of change can be

calculated with mathematical equations.

1. Boyle’s Law At a constant temperature, gas

pressure and volume are inversely related.

• As one goes up the other goes down

Formula to use: P1 x V1= P2 x V2

A balloon is filled with 25 L of air at 1.0 atm pressure. If the pressure is changed to 1.5 atm what is the new volume?

Examples

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A balloon is filled with 73 L of air at 1.3 atm pressure. What pressure is needed to change the volume to 43 L?

2. Charles’s Law The volume of a gas is directly

proportional to the Kelvin temperature, if the pressure is held constant.

Formula to use: V1/T1 = V2/T2

Examples What is the temperature of a gas expanded

from 2.5 L at 25 ºC to 4.1L at constant pressure?

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What is the final volume of a gas that starts at 8.3 L and 17 ºC, and is heated to 96 ºC?

3. Gay-Lussac’s Law The temperature and the

pressure of a gas are directly related, at constant volume.

Formula to use: P1/T1 = P2/T2

Examples What is the pressure inside a 0.250 L can

of deodorant that starts at 25 ºC and 1.2 atm if the temperature is raised to 100 ºC?

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At what temperature will the can above have a pressure of 2.2 atm?

4. Combined Gas Law The Combined Gas Law deals with

the situation where only the number of molecules stays constant.

Formula: (P1 x V1)/T1= (P2 x V2)/T2

This lets us figure out one thing when two of the others change.

Example A 15 L cylinder of gas at 4.8 atm

pressure and 25 ºC is heated to 75 ºC and compressed to 17 atm. What is the new volume?

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If 6.2 L of gas at 723 mm Hg and 21 ºC is compressed to 2.2 L at 4117 mm Hg, what is the final temperature of the gas?

The combined gas law contains all the other gas laws!

If the temperature remains constant...

P1 V1

T1

x=

P2 V2

T2

x

Boyle’s Law

The combined gas law contains all the other gas laws!

If the pressure remains constant...

P1 V1

T1

x=

P2 V2

T2

x

Charles’s Law

The combined gas law contains all the other gas laws!

If the volume remains constant...

P1 V1

T1

x=

P2 V2

T2

x

Gay-Lussac’s Law

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Section 10.4Ideal Gas

OBJECTIVES:

• Calculate the amount of gas at any specific conditions of: a) pressure, b) volume, and c) temperature.

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Section 10.4Ideal Gases

OBJECTIVES:

• Distinguish between ideal and real gases.

Ideal Gases We are going to assume the gases

behave “ideally”- obeys the Gas Laws under all temp. and pres.

An ideal gas does not really exist, but it makes the math easier and is a close approximation.

Particles have no volume. No attractive forces.

Ideal Gases There are no gases for which

this is true; however, Real gases behave this way at

high temperature and low pressure.

5. The Ideal Gas Law #1 Equation: P x V = n x R x T Pressure times Volume equals the

number of moles times the Ideal Gas Constant (R) times the temperature in Kelvin.

This time R does not depend on anything, it is really constant

R = 8.31 (L x kPa) / (mol x K) or 0.0821 (L x atm) / (mol x K)

We now have a new way to count moles (amount of matter), by measuring T, P, and V. We aren’t restricted to STP conditions

P x V

R x T

The Ideal Gas Law

n =

Examples How many moles of air are there

in a 2.0 L bottle at 19 ºC and 747 mm Hg?

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What is the pressure exerted by 1.8 g of H2 gas in a 4.3 L balloon at 27 ºC?

Samples 6, 7 on pages 235 and 236

6. Ideal Gas Law #2 P x V = m x R x T

M Allows LOTS of calculations! m = mass, in grams M = molar mass, in g/mol

Molar mass = m R T P V

Density Density is mass divided by volume

m

V

so,

m M P

V R T

D =

D = =

Ideal Gases don’t exist Molecules do take up space There are attractive forces otherwise there would be no

liquids formed

Real Gases behave like Ideal Gases...

When the molecules are far apart

The molecules do not take up as big a percentage of the space

We can ignore their volume.

This is at low pressure

Real Gases behave like Ideal gases when...

When molecules are moving fast

• = high temperature Collisions are harder and faster. Molecules are not next to each

other very long. Attractive forces can’t play a

role.

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Section 10.5Gas Molecules:

Mixtures and Movements

OBJECTIVES:

• State a) Avogadro’s hypothesis, b) Dalton’s law, and c) Graham’s law.

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Section 10.5Gas Molecules:

Mixtures and Movements

OBJECTIVES:

• Calculate: a) moles, b) masses, and c) volumes of gases at STP.

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Section 10.5Gas Molecules:

Mixtures and Movements

OBJECTIVES:

• Calculate a) partial pressures, and b) rates of effusion.

Avogadro’s Hypothesis Avogadro’s Hypothesis: Equal

volumes of gases at the same temp. and pressure contain equal numbers of particles.

• Saying that two rooms of the same size could be filled with the same number of objects, whether they were marbles or baseballs.

7. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

The total pressure inside a container is equal to the partial pressure due to each gas.

The partial pressure is the contribution by that gas.

PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3

We can find out the pressure in the fourth container.

By adding up the pressure in the first 3.2 atm

+ 1 atm

+ 3 atm

= 6 atm

Examples What is the total pressure in a balloon filled

with air if the pressure of the oxygen is 170 mm Hg and the pressure of nitrogen is 620 mm Hg?

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In a second balloon the total pressure is 1.3 atm. What is the pressure of oxygen if the pressure of nitrogen is 720 mm Hg?

Diffusion

Effusion: Gas escaping through a tiny hole in a container.

Depends on the speed of the molecule.

Molecules moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

Example: perfume molecules spreading across the room.

8. Graham’s Law

The rate of effusion and diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of the molecules.

Kinetic energy = 1/2 mv2

m is the mass v is the velocity.

RateA MassB

RateB MassA

=

Heavier molecules move slower at the same temp. (by Square root)

Heavier molecules effuse and diffuse slower

Helium effuses and diffuses faster than air - escapes from balloon.

Graham’s Law