1. 2 Archipelago: a string or chain of islands 3 Bay: a small body of water partially surrounded by land.

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Archipelago: a string or chain of islands

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Bay: a small body of water partially surrounded by land

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Butte: a visible hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top (Similar to but smaller than a plateau, mesa and table)

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Canal: a man-made waterway for boats or for draining or irrigating land

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Canyon: a deep valley or crevice in the earth’s surface, with very steep sides and usually with a river running through it

Also known as gorges; ravines are similar, but not as deep

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Cape: a point of land that extends into the sea or into a lake

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Delta: a triangular, fertile area of land around the mouth of a large river

The Nile Delta– northern Egypt

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Fjord: a narrow, winding ocean inlet with steep cliff-like sides (carved out by a glacier)

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Glacier: a huge sheet of snow or ice moving slowly down a slope (mountain) or valley

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What’s the difference between a GLACIER and an

ICEBERG?A glacier is a river of ice, mostly on land. It is fed by snowfields in the mountains and flows down a valley, like a very slow moving river, until it meets with the sea or a lake.

An iceberg is a large piece of ice floating in water. It may have broken off a glacier.

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Geyser: a spring from which boiling water and steam gushes into the air in intervals

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Gulf: a large portion of the ocean, partially surrounded by land

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Island: a body of land completely surrounded by water

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Isthmus: a narrow strip of land connecting two larger pieces of land

The Isthmus of Panama

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Jungle: land densely covered with trees, vines, etc. (typically found in the tropics)

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Lagoon: a body of shallow sea or salt water that is separated from a larger sea by some barrier (sand, rock, reef, etc.)

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Lake: a large inland body of standing water (usually freshwater)

Lake Michigan Lake Winnipesaukee

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Mesa: a tall, flat-topped mountain with steep, vertical sides (usually found in dry places)

Buttes are small mesas

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Ocean: a large body of salt water

Pacific

Atlantic

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Peninsula: a long piece of land surrounded by water on three sides

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Plain: a large, flat, and mostly treeless area of land

The Great Plains

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River: a natural stream of water larger than a brook or creek (typically flowing into an ocean or lake)

Mississippi River

Merrimack River

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Sound: a wide channel linking two larger bodies of water or separating an island from the mainland

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Swamp: wet, spongy land often partly covered with water

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Tundra: a vast, treeless arctic plain

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Volcano: an opening in the Earth’s surface that forms when lava, gases, and rocks erupt, or burst out, from deep inside the Earth

Mt. Saint Helens

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Map: two-dimensional model of the Earth or the portion of it’s surface, cartography is mapmaking

Simplification: when a cartographer gets rid of unnecessary details and focuses on the information needing to be displayed on the map

Distortion: error resulting from the “flattening” process – all maps you’ve memorized are wrong!

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Four Main Map Properties:1.Shape

• Geometric shapes of the objects on the map

2.Size (area)

• Relative amount of space taken up on the map by the landforms or objects on the map

3.Distance

• Represented distance between objects on the map

4.Direction

• Degree of accuracy representing the cardinal directions

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Cardinal Directions: north / south / east / west

Intermediate Directions: northwest / northeast / southwest / southeast

Relative Directions: right / left / up / down / etc

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Map Projections: attempts to portray the surface of the Earth or a portion of the Earth on a flat surface. Some distortions of conformality, distance, direction, scale, and area always result from this process

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Equal-area (or equivalent) projections: maps that maintain area but distort other properties

Conformal (or orthomorphic) projections:maps that maintain shape but distort other properties (it is impossible to have a projection that is both conformal and equal area)

Azimuthal projections: maps that maintain direction but distort other properties

Equidistant projections: maps that maintain distance but distort other properties

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Mercator: •Shows the shapes of the continents and landforms accurately

•Dramatically distorts the size (area) of the continents

•Created in 1569 by Gerardus Mercator

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Mercator:

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Web Mercator: variation of the Mercator projection, standard online map for web mapping applications and sites, created in 2005 by Google

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Robinson: •Shows the world according to slight distortion of all four properties (shape, size, distance, direction)

•Created 1963 by Arthur H Robinson

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Robinson:

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Peter: •Shows relative sizes of the Earth’s continents accurately (equal area)

•Distorts the shape of continents

•Created in 1855 by James Gall and Arno Peters

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Peter: