1 1 Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal PriceWaterhouseCoopers London: September 3 rd 2010 The Challenges facing the UK as it moves towards a Low Carbon.

11

Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal

PriceWaterhouseCoopersLondon: September 3rd 2010

The Challenges facing the UK as it moves towards a Low Carbon Future.

Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvSchool of Environmental Sciences/ Norwich Business School:

University of East Anglia

2


• Introduction

• A Summary of Electricity Supply in the UK

•Renewable Energy Technologies and Initiatives in the UK

•UK Electricity Security Issues

• Low Carbon Energy Supply and use in Buildings:

A Case Study

3Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

T

em

pe

ratu

re R

ise

(oC

) actual

predicted

Is Global Warming man made?

Prediction: Anthropogenic only

Not a good match between 1920 and 1970

Predictions include:

• Greenhouse Gas emissions

• Sulphates and ozone

• Solar and volcanic activity

3

4


Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office

Prediction: Natural only

good match until 1940





1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Tem

per

atu

re R

ise

(oC

)

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Tem

per

atu

re R

ise

(oC

)

actual

predicted

4

5

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Te

mp

era

ture

Ris

e (o

C)

actualpredicted

Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office

Prediction: Natural and Anthropogenic

Generally a good match






5

6

Total winter precipitation

Total summer precipitation

Source: T

im O

sborne, CR

U

Change in UK precipitation 1961-2001

6

7


• Introduction





A Case Study

8

There is a looming Gas Shortage in the UK

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Bil

lio

n c

ub

ic m

etre

s

Actual UK production

Actual UK demand

Projected production

Projected demand

Import Gap

On 13th Jan 2010: UK Production was only 41%: 14% from storage and 44% imports

9Per capita Carbon Emissions

UK

How does the UK compare with other countries?

Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others?

What is the magnitude of the CO2 problem?

Norway

10

Carbon Dioxide Emissions including embedded carbon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

coal oil gas gasCCGT

Biomass PV tidal/wave

Hydro Wind Nuclear

gms-

CO

2 / k

Wh

Highest LowestCCS

some data from Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology: Postnote 268, remainder from NK Tovey research

Carbon Factors for different modes of electricity generation

Carbon Dioxide Emissions including embedded carbon

0102030405060708090

Biomass PV tidal/ wave Hydro Wind Nuclear

gms-C

O2

/ kW

h

Highest

Lowest

CCS

In UK, Coal ~ 900 gms/kWh, oil ~ 800+ gms/kWh CCGT ~ 400 gms/kWhNuclear ~ 10 gms/kWh: Overall ~ 520 – 530 gms/kWh

11

Carbon Emissions and Electricity

12

rElectricity Generation i n selected Countries

13

Electricity Generation Carbon Emission Factors

Coal ~ 1.0 kg / kWh Oil ~ 0.9 kg/kWhGas (CCGT) ~ 0.4 kg/kWh Nuclear 0.01 ~ 0.03 kg/kWh

November December January February

Current UK mix ~ 0.54 kg/kWh

1414

SHETL

2750 1565

Upper North

5787 11092

SPT

5708 4380

Midlands

7804 9374

North

11274 11258

Central

14332 25720South West

2927 1153

1988

France

1165

2513

5900

7834

7264

1774

5305

Estuary2792 6704

SHETL

4027 1759

Upper North

6005 11191

SPT

6205 4561

North

11709 9223

Central

16537 28267South West

3197 1999

1988

France

2268

3912

6818

6612

6100

1188

5186

Estuary3241 6751

1320

Netherlands

Midlands

8480 8992

2012 - 20132006 - 2007

15

Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Non-Renewable Methods

potential contribution to Supply in 2020

costs in 2020

Gas CCGT0 - 80% (curently

40%)Available now (but is

now running out)

~2p + but recent trends put figure

much higher

UK becomes net importer of

gas in 2004

Langeled and Balzand Pipe Lines completed

Price projected by Government for Gas generation in 2020

16

nuclear fission (long term)

0 - 20% (France 80%) - (currently 15% and falling)

new inherently safe designs - some practical development needed

2.5 - 3.5p

nuclear fusion unavailablenot available until 2040 at earliest

"Clean Coal"

Traditional Coal ~40%- coal could

supply 40 - 50% by 2020

Available now: Not viable without Carbon Capture & Sequestration

2.5 - 3.5p - but will EU - ETS carbon trading will affect

this

potential contribution to Supply in 2020

costs in 2020

Nuclear New Build assumes one new station is completed each year after 2018.

Gas CCGT0 - 80% (curently

40+%)Available now (but is

now running out)

~2p + but recent trends put figure

much higher

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

Inst

all

ed C

ap

aci

ty (

MW

)

New Build ?

ProjectedActual

Carbon sequestration either by burying it or use methanolisation as a new transport fuel will not be available

at scale required until mid 2020s

Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Non-Renewable Methods

17


• Introduction





A Case Study

18

On Shore Wind ~25% available now for commercial exploitation

~ 2p

Resource Potential contribution to electricity supply in2020 and drivers/barriers

Cost in2020

Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 – Onshore Wind

• 10 first generation turbines at Blood Hill have a total capacity of 2250 kW

• The single neighbouring turbine at Somerton – 1500 kW but generates much more electricity than the 10 combined.

• Swaffham 1 provides ON AVERAGE sufficient power for 900 homes.

• Latest generation are 3000 kW each

19

On Shore Wind ~25% available now for commercialexploitation

~ 2p

Resource Potential contribution to electricity supply in 2020 and drivers/barriers

Cost in 2020

Scroby Sands had a Load factor of 25.8% but nevertheless produced sufficient electricity on

average for 60% needs of houses in Norwich. At Peak time sufficient for all houses in Norwich and

Ipswich

Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 – Offshore Wind

20

Wind Development in UK

21

Electricity generated from Wind:

Total UK demand ~ 380 TWh

Assumes Load Factor of 24.65% on shoreAnd 28.76% offshore as measured : 2009 - 2010

UK Wind generating Capacity

Development of Wind Energy in UK

22


~ 2p

Hydro 5% technically mature, but limitedpotential

2.5 - 3p


Cost in2020

Micro Hydro Scheme operating on Siphon Principle installed at Itteringham Mill,

Norfolk.

Rated capacity 5.5 kW

Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Hydro

23

Photovoltaic 10%? available, but much research needed to bring down costs significantly

20+ p


~ 2p


2.5 - 3p


Cost in2020

Solar PhotoVoltaic ElectrictyResource Potential contribution to electricity supply in

2020 and drivers/barriersCost in

2020


2.5 - 3p


Cost in2020


~ 2p


2.5 - 3p


Cost in2020


~ 2p


2.5 - 3p


Cost in2020

24


~ 2p


2.5 - 3p


Cost in2020


10+ p

Energy Crops/ Biomass/Biogas

25+% ????????

available, but research needed in some areas

2.5 - 4

Biofuels/Biomass

But Land Area required is very large - the area of Norfolk and Suffolk would be needed to generate just over 5% of UK electricity needs.

Transport Fuels:

• Biodiesel?

• Bioethanol?

• Compressed gas from methane from waste.

Energy Crops 50% ????????

available, but research needed in some areas

2.5 - 4


~ 2p


2.5 - 3p


Cost in2020


10+ p

25

Wave/Tidal Stream

100% + ultimately

techology limited - major development unlikely before 2020 ~ 3–4%

4 - 8p

Wave Energy Options for Electricity Generation

There are numerous designs, but expertise in wave power is spread very thinly

Pelamis

26

Wave/Tidal Stream

100% + ultimately


4 - 8p

Wave Energy Options for Electricity Generation

Oyster

Oyster under test at Bilia Croo

27

Wave/Tidal Stream

100% + ultimately


4 - 8p

Tidal Stream Options for Electricity Generation

28

Tidal Power – Barrage de la Rance, St Malo

Vortices created during generation at La Rance

The Sluice Gates

One of 24 turbines

Tidal Barrages 10 - 20% technology available but unlikelywithout Government intervention

notcosted

29

Cardiff

Newport

Bristol

Weston

Minehead

Beachley Barrage

Shoots Barrage

Cardiff – Weston Barrage

Cardiff - Hinkley Barrage

Minehead – Aberthaw Barrage

Tidal Power – Some Proposed Schemes for the Severn

30

Churchill Barrier each could provide Output 78 GWh per annum - Sufficient for 13500 houses in Orkney but there are only 4000 in Orkney.

Controversy in bringing cables southSave 40000 tonnes of CO2

Tidal Barrage Options for Electricity Generation

Tidal Barrages 10 - 20% technology available but unlikelywithout Government intervention

notcosted

31

31

Transmission Network in the UK

Transmission throughout England, Wales and Scotland became unified on April 1st 2005

400 kV

275 kV

132 kV

Historically transmission networks have been different in England and Wales compared to Scotland

Scotland

England and Wales

Англия и Уэльс

Beauly Denny Line is a constraint – upgrade has raised over 18000 objections

3232

2020 Offshore DC Network

Torness

Dounreay

East Claydon

Lewis

Grain

Germany

Netherlands

Norway

Offshore Marine Node

Onshore Node

300 MW

700 MW

1000 MW

Peterhead

ShetlandOrkney

DockingOffshore

Walpole

Sundon

Killingholme

33

1

A > £20 per kW

3

2

4

B £15 to £20 per kW

8

5

6

7

C £10 to £15 per kW

10

11

12

D £5 to £10 per kW

9

13

14E £0 to £5 per kW

15

1718

19

F - £5 to £0 per kW

20 16 G - £10 to -£5 per kW

Generator Connection Charges under BETTA Плата за подключение к

генератору энергоснабжения по BETTA

Charges from 1st April 2010

34

Northern Scotland

Southern Scotland

Northern

Yorkshire

Eastern

London

East Midlands

South EastSouth Western Southern

North West

N Wales & Mersey

Midlands

South Wales

Scotland

Шотландия

England & Wales

Англия

и Уэльс

Transmission Network Use of System (TNUoS) Demand Charges (2010 – 2011)

Zone TRIAD Demand (£/kW)

Energy Consumed (p/kWh)

N. Scotland 5.865932 0.790954

S. Scotland 11.218687 1.547861

Northern 14.523126 1.993796

North West 18.426326 2.552189

Yorkshire 18.344745 2.520788

N Wales & Mersey

18.891869 2.625780

East Midlands 20.934125 2.886193

Midlands 22.692635 3.184194

Eastern 21.835099 3.026211

South Wales 22.524989 3.028765

South East 24.633810 3.377343

London 26.756942 3.602492

Southern 25.494450 3.537180

South Western 26.057832 3.553243

3535

Renewable Obligation Certificates

The Regulator

OFGEM

SUPPLIERS

Trader and Brokers

Renewable Generator

Notifies Regulator how much generated.

Sells ROCs to Trader

Sells Electricity with or without ROCs

Notifies OFGEM of compliance -i.e. ROCs or pays FINE

Supplier Buys ROCs from Trader

ROC’s issuedFINES recycled in holders of ROCs in proportion to number held

Because of recycling, ROCs have value greater than their nominal face value

3636

Renewables Obligation

% ObligationBuy Out Price

(£ / MWh)

2002-2003 3 30

2003-2004 4.3 30.51

2004-2005 4.9 31.39

2005-2006 5.5 32.33

2006-2007 6.7 33.24

2007-2008 7.9 34.30

2008-2009 9.1 35.76

2009-2010 9.7 37.19

2010-2011 10.4 36.99

2011-2012 11.4

2012-2013 12.4

2013-2014 13.4

2014-2015 14.4

2015-2016 15.4

The percentage obligation was initially set as far as 2010 – 2011, but later extended to 2015 – 2016.

The scheme has now been extended to 2037, but with a

Buy Out Price is increased annually by OFGEM and is approximately equal to RPI.

Total market has a value of around £300M+

3737

• £15 - 18 per MWh Recycled fines -

Potential Value of Renewable Generation

• ~£1.50 per MWh Embedded benefits - less losses• £4.85 per MWh Climatic Change Levy Exemption

• £36.99 per MWh Face value of ROC (2010 – 2011)

• £39.96 per MWh Wholesale Electricity Price

(average daily price 01/08/2010 – 24/08/2010)

Less BETTA Imbalance charges ~ £2 - £5 per MWh

Value of Renewable Generation ~£95- £100 per MWh

Current Net Value of Renewable Generation ~£95 per MWh

3838

Renewables Obligation

Proportion generated by different technologies. Some were very small amounts – see table

biomass 7.8%

advanced biomass 0.10%Co-firing with fossil fuel

11.1%

hydro < 20MW 14.2%

hydro < 20kW 0.014%

micro hydro 0.4%

landfill 28.3%

sewage 2.2%

waste 0.014%

offshore wind 6.0%

onshore wind 30.0%

small wind 0.0031%

photovoltaics > 50kW 0.0013%

photovoltaics < 50kW 0.0019%

wave 0.0001%

Proportion generated by each technology 2007 - 2008

Link to ROC_Register

https://www.renewablesandchp.ofgem.gov.uk/

39

Data based on 334 Wind Farms

PV Data based on 71 installations

Performance of Renewable Energy Technologies in UK

Tidal 10.42% based on one device

Wave 0.71% based on one device

40

Energy Source ScaleGeneration Tariff Duration

(p/kWh) (years)

Anaerobic digestion ≤500kW 11.5 20Anaerobic digestion >500kW 9 20Hydro ≤15 kW 19.9 20Hydro >15 - 100kW 17.8 20Hydro >100kW - 2MW 11 20Hydro >2kW - 5MW 4.5 20Micro-CHP <2 kW 10 10Solar PV ≤4 kW new 36.1 25Solar PV ≤4 kW retrofit 41.3 25Solar PV >4-10kW 36.1 25Solar PV >10 - 100kW 31.4 25Solar PV >100kW - 5MW 29.3 25Solar PV Standalone 29.3 25Wind ≤1.5kW 34.5 20Wind >1.5 - 15kW 26.7 20Wind >15 - 100kW 24.1 20Wind >100 - 500kW 18.8 20Wind >500kW - 1.5MW 9.4 20Wind >1.5MW - 5MW 4.5 20Existing generators transferred from RO 9 to 2027

Feed in Tariffs – Support for small scale Renewable Electricity Generation

41



• Renewable Energy Initiatives

• UK Electricity Security Issues


A Case Study

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

bil

lio

ns

of

kWh

nuclear new nuclear coal

new coal oil renewablesgas medium renewables high renewables

Our looming over-dependence on gas for electricity generation

We need an integrated energy supply which is diverse and secure.

We need to take Energy out of Party Politics.!

4343

Our Choices: They are difficult

Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and biomass. Photovoltaics, tidal, wave are not options for next 20 years.

If our answer is NODo we want to see a renewal of nuclear power • Are we happy with this and the other attendant risks?

If our answer to coal is NO

Do we want to leave things are they are and see continued exploitation of gas for both heating and electricity generation? >>>>>>

If our answer is NO

Do we want to return to using coal? • then carbon dioxide emissions will rise significantly•unless we can develop carbon sequestration and apply it to ALL our power stations NOW - Apart from small schemes it is not available at resent.

4444

Our Choices: They are difficult

If our answer is YES

By 2020 • we will be dependent on around 70% of our heating and electricity

from GAS

• imported from Norway and countries like Russia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Algeria

Are we happy with this prospect? >>>>>>If not:We need even more substantial cuts in energy use.

Or are we prepared to sacrifice our future to effects of Global Warming by using coal?

-the North Norfolk Coal Field?

Aylsham Colliery, North Walsham Pit?

Do we wish to reconsider our stance on renewables?

Inaction or delays in decision making will lead us down the GAS option route and all the attendant Security issues that raises.

45


• Introduction





A Case Study

4646

Original buildings

Teaching wall

Library

Student residences

4747

Nelson Court

Constable Terrace

48

48

Low Energy Educational Buildings

Elizabeth Fry Building

ZICER

Nursing and Midwifery

School

Medical School48

Medical School Phase 2

Thomas Paine Study Centre

49

The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994

Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time.

Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these.

Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Elizabeth Fry Low Average

kWh/

m2/

yr

gas

electricity

Conservation: management improvements –

Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.

thermal comfort +28%User Satisfaction

noise +26%

lighting +25%

air quality +36%

A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Ene

rgy

Con

sum

ptio

n kW

h/m

2 /ann

um Heating/Cooling Hot Water Electricity

51

The ZICER Building - Description

• Four storeys high and a basement• Total floor area of 2860 sq.m• Two construction types

Main part of the building

• High in thermal mass • Air tight• High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity

Structural Engineers: Whitby Bird

52

The ground floor open plan office

The first floor open plan office

The first floor cellular offices

Operation of Main Building Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space

Regenerative heat exchangerIncoming

air into the AHU

53

Air enters the internal occupied space空气进入内部使用空间

Operation of Main Building

Air passes through hollow cores in the

ceiling slabs空气通过空心的板层

Filter过滤器

Heater加热器

54

Operation of Main Building

Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement.

Space for future chilling

将来制冷的空间 Out of the building出建筑物

Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气

The return air passes through the heat

exchanger空气回流进入热交换器 55

56

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs

Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures

Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room

Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat.

热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中板层储存来自于电器以及人体发出的热量

Winter Day

Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment

Warm air

Warm air

57

Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room

Slabs also radiate heat back into room

热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中

板层也把热散发到房间内

Winter Night

In late afternoon

heating is turned off.

Cold air

Cold air



58

Draws out the heat accumulated during the day

Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day

把白天聚积的热量带走。

冷却板层使其成为来日的冷存储器

Summer night

night ventilation/ free cooling

Cool air

Cool air



59

Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space

concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning

空气在进入建筑使用空间前被预先冷却混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量以减少 / 停止对空调的使用

Summer day

Warm air

Warm air



0

200

400

600

800

1000

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Mean |External Temperature (oC)

En

ergy

Con

sum

pti

on (

kW

h/d

ay)

Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy

O

Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements

800

350

Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

61

• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6.7 kW in 3 arrays

ZICER Building

Photo shows only part of top

Floor

61

62

Arrangement of Cells on Facade

Individual cells are connected horizontally

As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive

If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.

Cells active

Cells inactive even though not covered by shadow

63

Use of PV generated energy

Sometimes electricity is exportedInverters are only 91% efficient

Most use is for computers

DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficientNeed an integrated approach

Peak output is 34 kW

64

EngineGenerator

36% Electricity

50% Heat

GAS

Engine heat Exchanger

Exhaust Heat

Exchanger

11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses

86%

efficient

Localised generation makes use of waste heat.

Reduces conversion losses significantly

Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP

61% Flue Losses

36%

efficient

UEA’s Combined Heat and Power

3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

6666

Conversion efficiency improvements

1997/98 electricity gas oil Total

MWh 19895 35148 33

Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277

Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699

Electricity Heat

1999/2000

Total site

CHP generation

export import boilers CHP oil total

MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission

factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277

CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422

Before installation

After installation

This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

67

Conversion efficiency improvements

Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA

Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer

68

Conversion Efficiency Improvements

Condenser

Evaporator

Throttle Valve

Heat rejected

Heat extracted for cooling

Normal Chilling

Compressor

High Temperature

High Pressure

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

69

Condenser

Evaporator

Throttle Valve

Heat rejected

Heat extracted for cooling

High TemperatureHigh Pressure

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

Heat from external source

Absorber

Desorber

Heat Exchanger

W ~ 0

Adsorption Chilling

Conversion Efficiency Improvements

70 70

A 1 MW Adsorption chiller

• Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP

• Provides most of chilling requirements in summer

• Reduces electricity demand in summer

• Increases electricity generated locally

• Saves 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power

• Addresses increasing demand for energy as University expands

• Will provide an extra 1.4MW of electrical energy and 2MWth heat• Will have under 7 year payback• Will use sustainable local wood fuel mostly from waste from saw

mills• Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by ~ 25% despite increasing student numbers by 250%

71

7272

Photo-Voltaics

Advanced Biomass CHP using GasificationEfficient CHP Absorption Chilling

The Future: late 2010

73

73

1990 2006 Change since 1990

2010 Change since 1990

Students 5570 14047 +152% 16000 +187%

Floor Area (m2) 138000 207000 +50% 220000 +159%

CO2 (tonnes) 19420 21652 +11% 14000 -28%

CO2 kg/m2 140.7 104.6 -25.7% 63.6 -54.8%

CO2 kg/student 3490 1541 -55.8% 875 -74.9%

Efficient CHP Absorption Chilling

Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future

74

Target Day

Results of the “Big Switch-Off”

With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?

75

How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like?

UK emissions is equivalent to 5 hot air balloons per person per year.

In the developing world, the average is under 1 balloon per person

On average each person causes emission of CO2 from energy used.

UK ~9 tonnes of CO2 each year.

France ~6.5 tonnes

Germany ~ 10 tonnes

USA ~ 20 tonnes

"Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little."

Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)

76

Raising Awareness• A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing

machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2.

• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon.

• Standby on electrical appliances 60+ kWh a year - 3000 balloons at a cost of over £6 per year

• Filling up with petrol (~£50 for a full tank – 40 litres) --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon)

How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour in Northern Japan or UK?

2.6 km

At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai

School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya

77

A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future for business

4. Renewable Energy

5. Offsetting

Green Tariffs

3. Technical Measures

1. Awareness

0

200

400

600

800

1000

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Mean |External Temperature (oC)

En

ergy

Con

sum

pti

on (

kW

h/d

ay)

Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy

O

2. Management

78

1.33 billion people

0.94 billion people

Raw materials

1.03 billion people

Products: 478 M

tonnes

CO 2 increase in

3 years

Aid

& E

du

cation

The Unbalanced Triangular Trade

Each person in Developed Countries has been responsible for an extra 463 kg of CO2 emissions in goods imported from China in just 3 years

Water issues are equally important.

Each tonne of steel imported from a developing country consumes ~ 40 - 50 tonnes of water

79

Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

“If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading.”

And Finally

• There are many exciting options for a sustainable low carbon energy system

• The UK need to address both the short term and long term objectives

• The UK is facing an energy security issue in the next decade

• There needs to be a much more integrated approach to energy supply

• Long term decision making is needed – longer than the life time of a Parliament

• We need to take Energy out of short term Party Politics

Conclusions

1 1 Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal PriceWaterhouseCoopers London: September 3 rd 2010 The Challenges facing the UK as it moves towards a Low Carbon.

Documents

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carbon emissions uk

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