1 1 Model studies of some Model studies of some atmospheric aerosols and atmospheric aerosols and comparisons with comparisons with measurements measurements K. G e o r g i K. G e o r g i e v e v I P P – B A S, I P P – B A S, S o f i a, B u S o f i a, B u l g a r i a l g a r i a
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1 1 Model studies of some atmospheric aerosols and comparisons with measurements K. G e o r g i e v I P P – B A S, S o f i a, B u l g a r i a.
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Model studies of some atmospheric Model studies of some atmospheric aerosols and comparisons with aerosols and comparisons with
measurementsmeasurements
K. G e o r g i e vK. G e o r g i e vI P P – B A S,I P P – B A S,
S o f i a, B u l g a r i aS o f i a, B u l g a r i a
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IntroductionIntroduction
DG Joint Research Centre of European Commission
Institute for Environment and Sustainability
(IES – JRC, Ispra, Italy)
M. Krool, F. Dentener, E. Vignati
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AerosolsAerosols
big and increasing importance for the assessment of air quality and climate forcing;
play a crucial role for global temperature modifications;
research of aerosols in the surface layer is mainly motivated of their impact on human health and possible ecological effects.
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AerosolsAerosols
Aerosols are defined as relatively stable suspensions of solid or liquid particles in a gas.
The aerosols can be classified as primary (those that are emitted in particulate form directly from sources) and secondary (particles produced in the atmosphere).
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AerosolsAerosols
The formation of the secondary aerosols can be done mainly by :
reaction of gases to form low–vapor–pressure products;
reaction of gases on the surfaces of existing particles to form condensed phase products;
chemical reactions within the aerosol itself (for example, SO2, oxidation to sulfate)
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TM5 ModelTM5 Model
TM5TM5 – 3D global chemistry Transport ModelAllows two-way nested zooming which leads to possibility to run the model on relatively very fine space grid (11) (longitude x latitude) over selected regions (Europe is most often used but North America, Africa, Asia and South America can be treated separately or in combinations)The coarsest space resolution is (64) and between these two is a grid (32)
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Zooming EuropeZooming Europe
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Zooming AfricaZooming Africa
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Zooming AsiaZooming Asia
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Zooming North AmericaZooming North America
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Vertical resolutionVertical resolution
Dashed lines – the 60 hybrid sigma-pressure (terrain following) levels of the operational ECMWF model;
Solid lines – the subset employed by the 25 layer European zoom model;
five layers – boundary layer
ten layers – free troposphere
ten layers – stratosphere
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The modelThe model
The TM5 model is designed for
Global studies of atmospheric chemistrysuch as
intercontinental and interhemispheric exchange;
effects of grid refinement on the budgets of chemically active compounds.
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The modelThe model
The TM5 model is an offline model, using
preprocessed meteorological fields from
ECMWF.
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The modelThe modelSplittingSplitting
The basic model operations (advection,
convection, sources, chemistry) are solved
by symmetrical operator splitting
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The modelThe modelSplittingSplitting
Symmetrical splitting can not always be presented in an zooming algorithmNote: X and Y – horizontal advection
Z – vertical advection V – vertical diffusion and
convection C – chemistry (incl. emissions
and depositions)
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The modelThe modelSplittingSplitting
Let
– the parents write the boundary conditions to their children
– the parents are updated with the information by their children
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The model – splittingThe model – splittingThree-region European-focused TM5 versionThree-region European-focused TM5 version
t ………………………………………………………………..t + ΔT/2
Region 1 XYZ……………………………………………………………...VC
Region 2 ……..XYZ…………………..VC CVZYX…………………
Region 3 ……………...XYZVC CVZYX……………….CVZYX XYZVC
t + ΔT/2 …………………………………………………………….. t + ΔT
Region 1 CVZYX…………………………………………………………………..
Region 2 ………… CVZYX…………………… XYZ……………………VC
Region 3 ……………………… CVZYX XYZVC............. XYZVC CVZYX……
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The modelThe modelChemistryChemistry
Gas phase chemistry is calculated using the
CBM-IV chemical mechanism solved by
means of the EBI method.
Photochemistry and aerosols are coupled in
the IPCC version of the TM5 model.
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The modelThe modelAerosolAerosol ChemistryChemistry
Aerosols are assumed internally mixed and in an
accumulation mode size distribution for the
calculations of both scavenging and depositions.
They can contain sulphate, ammonium and nitrate
and are described using bulk approach.
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The modelThe modelAerosolAerosol ChemistryChemistry
The water attached to the particles is determined
from the ambient relatively humidity. Sulphate is
reduced to its aerosol phase. It is obtained by the
oxidation of sulphur dioxide in the gas phase by
OH radical. In the aqueous phase this oxidation is