Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas metanógenas en al mitigación Arqueas metanógenas en al mitigación del cambio climático en la del cambio climático en la agricultura agricultura Flávia Talarico Saia Flávia Talarico Saia Chemistry Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil Email: [email protected]Email: [email protected]1
Arqueas metanógenas en la mitigación del cambio climático en la agricultura
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Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la
agricultura al cambio climático
Arqueas metanógenas en al mitigación del Arqueas metanógenas en al mitigación del cambio climático en la agriculturacambio climático en la agricultura
Flávia Talarico SaiaFlávia Talarico SaiaChemistry Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho –
• It is important for carbon cycle since methanogenesis prevents a build-up of organic matter, allowing the other microorganisms to support the oxidation of substrates
HydrogenotrophicH2, formate
AcetoclasticAcetate
Methilotrophic Methanol
Methilotrophic Methanol
Methanobrevibacter Methanosaeta Methanosarcina
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WHERE ARE METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA ?Methanogens are ubiquitous in anoxic
environments
Hydroeletric Rice fieldswetlands
Landfill
Anaerobic digestersLivestock - cattle Termites
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Agriculture - source of methane
Yusulf et al. (2012) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Major sources of methane emissions: • Agriculture :Agriculture : In 2010 accounted for 53% of global methane emission• Energy: oil and natural gas systems• Waste: solid waste and wastewater treatment
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Yusulf et al. (2012) Renewable and Sustenaible Energy Reviews
• Manure: stored or treated in liquid system- Top emmiting counties: U.S., Germany, India, China, France, Russia, Turkey and Brazil.
Agriculture sectors
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Agriculture - CH4 emissions in Brazil
ManureManagement
7%
Wastewater Treatment
7%
Landfills 10%
Agriculture accounting for 45% of
CH4 emission10
Agriculture sectorsgreencleanguide.com
glogster.com
novotempo.com
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Largest beef exporter in the world
Vinasse – liquid waste from ethanol SugarcaneSugarcane EthanolEthanol VinasseVinasse
Vinasse has been used as fertilizer to sugarcane fields•Emission of methane during storage of vinasse• Emission of N2O from soil
Rego e Hernández (2006); Oliveira (2011); Carmo et al., 2012
Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane ethanol in the world and immense volume of vinasse is generated – 10L vinasse/L ethanolIn 2006/2007, 190 billions of liters of vinasse were produced
Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane ethanol in the world and immense volume of vinasse is generated – 10L vinasse/L ethanolIn 2006/2007, 190 billions of liters of vinasse were produced
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Brazilian authorities announced that the country will target a reduction in its GHG between 36.1 and 38.9% from projected 2020 levels.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC (2007)
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Mitigation Strategies: Enteric Fermentation
•Large number of MA are in the ruminal liquid: 107 to 109 cells/mL (Kamra, 2005).
• CH4 is not only GHG but it is also a waste of fed energy for the animal
Hydrogenotrophic methanogens: Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales, Methanosarcinales have been found
Enteric Fermentation – mitigation strategies (MS) to methane emission
MS target the methanogens of the rumen directly or indirectly
• Diet Composition: use of easy degradable carbohydrate – reduce pH in the rumen – decreases MA. However, accumulation of organic acids can occur, leading to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and disruption of the rumen microbiota (Plaizier et al., 2008).
• Lipids: Fatty acids and oils (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Hook et al., 2010).
- inhibition of protozoa which supply methanogens with hydrogen - Increase the production of propionic acid - it is not used for methanogens - Binding to the cell membrane of methanogens and interrupting membrane transport
• Defaunation: decrease the number of protozoa by the use of copper, sulphate, acids, (Hook et al., 2010)
• Vaccines: target methanogens directly (Wedlock et al., 2010) Hook et al. (2010)
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Enteric Fermentation – mitigation strategies (MS) to methane emission
Researches have shown:
• MS are limited by the diet feed, the management conditions, physiological condition, use of the animal, and government laws.
• Long-term experiments in vivo need to be done to implement MS
• Economic viability of the producer needs to be addressed
Researches have shown:
• MS are limited by the diet feed, the management conditions, physiological condition, use of the animal, and government laws.
• Long-term experiments in vivo need to be done to implement MS
• Economic viability of the producer needs to be addressed
• Other strategies: selection of high quality grasses, increase grain level and increasing feed conversion efficiency to produce meat and milk
15Hook et al. (2010); Yusuf et al., 2012
Brazil: Brazil: diversty of methahogens related with diet – hay proportions (Neves et al., 2010) improvement of meat production related with sugarcane feeding in dry season (Primavesi et al., 2003)
Rice fields
Phillipot et al. (2009), Dubey (2005)
CH4 is produced by anaerobic degradation of organic matter that occurs in soil and also in roots
CH4 oxidation by methanotrophic
bacteria
MS = net methane emission16
www1.ethz.ch
Anaerobic CH4 oxidation
Methanolinea
Sakai et al., 2012
Methanobacterium kanagiense
Kitamura et al., 2011
• Acetoclastic but mainly hydrogenotrofic methanogens• Acetoclastic but mainly hydrogenotrofic methanogens
• Methanosarcinaceae and Methanobacteriales are predominant in anaerobic reactors treating different kinds of manure
• Due to high levels of ammonium, pointig out the importance of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis (Netmman et al., 2010)
MethanomicrobiumMethanosarcina
Methanobrevibacter
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Microorganisms – biodigestors treating vinasse
• Acetoclastic and hydrogenothrophic methanogens Methanomicrobium sp
Methanosarcina Methanosaeta
bacmap.wishartlab.comAraújo et al. (2003)microbewiki
• Termophilic process – vinasse is produced at high temperatures (80-900C)Souza et al. (1992); Viana (2006); Ribas (2006) • Termophilic process – vinasse is produced at high temperatures (80-900C)Souza et al. (1992); Viana (2006); Ribas (2006)
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- sludge stable among harvests - It is necessary to decrease temperature - process is faster than mesophilic
Hydrogen and methane production
Use of two -stage bioreactors to produce hydrogen and methane
Acidogenic reactor
Acidogenic reactor
H2 and acids production
Methanogenicreactor
Methanogenicreactor
Consumption of acids and production of methane
Vinasse
Peixoto et al. (2012)23
Conclusions
Studies have shown that there are mitigation strategies, however a better understanding of the microorganisms, the factors affecting symbiotic relation with other microbial population and their environment, also long term expriments are needed to implement MS
Studies have shown that there are mitigation strategies, however a better understanding of the microorganisms, the factors affecting symbiotic relation with other microbial population and their environment, also long term expriments are needed to implement MS
Emissions of methane from agriculture activities are a worlwide problem, mainly regarding enteric fermentation, rice field and manure managment
In Brazil: contribution of vinasse used as fertilizer
Emissions of methane from agriculture activities are a worlwide problem, mainly regarding enteric fermentation, rice field and manure managment
In Brazil: contribution of vinasse used as fertilizer