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Near Field Communication (NFC)
Opportunities & Standards
Narada WarakagodaSenior Research Scientist
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NFC Technology
Near Field Communication(NFC) is a standards-basedshort-range wirelessconnectivity technology forelectronic devices
A set of standards
Range typically upto 10cm
Frequency 13.56 MHz
Data rates 106,212, 424 Kbit/s
No battery required
http://images.google.no/imgres?imgurl=http://www.barcode-solutions.com/images/RFID/RFID-Tag-1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://theponderingprimate.blogspot.com/2007_01_01_archive.html&h=159&w=160&sz=17&hl=no&start=14&tbnid=jXsPR7ViSRV9SM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=98&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnfc%2Btag%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dno%26sa%3DG8/6/2019 081028 Nfc Standards Payments Narada
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Mobile NFC
Attach an NFC module to the mobile
peer-to-peer mode : Use the mobile tointeract with another mobile
Phone to phone transactions
reader/writer mode :Use the mobile
to read/write external tags
Mobile as a POS terminal
card emulation mode :Use the mobileas a tag for external readers
Mobile as a payment card
http://images.google.no/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mobilegazette.com/handsets/nokia/nokia-6131nfc/nokia-6131nfc-1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mobilegazette.com/nokia-n800-n76-n93i-6161nfc.htm&h=330&w=330&sz=24&hl=no&start=8&tbnid=iB4PWFEkrFF5MM:&tbnh=119&tbnw=119&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnfc%2Bmobile%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dno%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.no/imgres?imgurl=http://mobilementalism.com/imageSnag/381-43ed306b9eb20.jpg&imgrefurl=http://mobilementalism.com/category/tech/rfid/&h=376&w=260&sz=13&hl=no&start=2&tbnid=kkBXqhmY8Isv-M:&tbnh=122&tbnw=84&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnfc%2Bmobile%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dno%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.no/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wirelesswatch.jp/image_library/visa_nfc.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wirelesswatch.jp/wp-mobile.php%3Fp%3D1574%26more%3D1&h=280&w=266&sz=24&hl=no&start=17&tbnid=c6NGl3jZKupkBM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=108&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnfc%2Bmobile%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dno%26sa%3DG8/6/2019 081028 Nfc Standards Payments Narada
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Mobile as a payment card, why?
Plastic card
Secure element + NFC link
NFC enabled mobile
Secure Element (SIM/UICC card)
Co-operating application processor anda (G)UI
OTA (Over The Air) channel
Payment
application
Bank
NFC
Application
Processor
OTA
GUI
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Mobile NFC payment actors
Basically a marriage between banks end MNOs
Several banks and MNOs exist in a given market
A facilitator will simplify the relationships
TSM (trusted service manager) role is proposed
Bank1
Other
Service
providers
MNO1Bank2 Bank3 MNO3MNO2
TSM
user
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Mobile NFC payments architecture
UICC
NFC Reader
infrastructure
TSM platform
Bank card
management
system
MNO OTA
server
Server SideClient Side
ApplicationProcessor
NFC Module
Mobile
Device
NFC
MMI
4
2
3
1
Bank payment
processing
system
OTA
5
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NFC Standards
ISO 14443 (Contactless Integrated circuit cards,proximity cards)
Standardises physical characteristics, radio interface, initialization/anti-collision & transmission protocols
Type A & B depending on radio interface
ISO/IEC 15693 (Contactless Integrated circuit cards, vicinitycards)
RFID item tracking ISO/IEC 18092 or ECMA 340 (Near Field Communication
interface and protocol, NFCIP-1)
Standarises RF field/signal interface, initialisation/anti-collision, transportprocols
Active and passive RF modes, peer-to-peer mode
Several data rates
ECMA 352 or ISO 21481 (NFCIP-2)
Specifies operating mode selection (ISO 14443, 15693 or NFCIP-1)
1
NFC Reader
NFC module
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NFC standards
NFC Interface and Protocol (NFCIP -2)ISO 21481
(Mode switching)
Contactless
Vicinity Cards
(RFID)ISO/IEC 15693
ContactlessProximity cardsISO/IEC 14443
Mifare Calypso
NFC Interface
and protocol
(NFCIP-1)ISO/IEC 18092
Felica
1
known
Implementations
Type A Type B
NFC Reader
NFC module
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High level NFC standards
NFC Forum
Builds on ISO/IEC standards
Peer-to-Peer Mode
ISO/IEC Standards
Card Emulation mode Read-Write mode
NDEF
RTD
Tag Types
?NDEF exchangeNFCforum
scope
1
LLCP
NFC Reader
NFC module
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UICC-NFC module Interface
ETSI TS 102 613: Single Wire Protocol (SWP)
A fresh standard ETSI (approved November 2007)
Implementations (mobile handset & UICC) are beginning toemerge
SWP specifies only hardware layer & an overlay softwarestandard is necessary
ETSI TS 102 622: UICC-Contactless Front-end interface,Host Controller Interface (HCI)
Provides a software (API) standard on top of SWP.
This standard is very fresh (approved September 2008)
Implementations (mobile handset & UICC) are yet to emerge
2
NFC module
UICC
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Application processor UICC interfaceHardware/low level standards
3GPP TS 11.11 SIM-ME interface/ETSI TS 102.221UICC-Terminal Interface
ISO 7816 based communication
Serial, low speed (9600 bps)
Physical (hardware) & Logical (API)
Implementation Widespread
ETSI TS 102 600 Smart Cards: UICC-Terminalinterface, Characterustics of the USB interface
Fresh specification
Also known as high speec interface
Speeds upto 12 Mbps
Implementations yet to emerge
3
UICC
Appl. processor
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Application processor UICC interfaceSoftware/high level standards
3GPP TS 11.14 SIM application toolkit /ETSI TS122.038 USIM application toolkit/ETSI TS 102.223(Card Application Toolkit)
Enables UICC to take initiative (proactive)
Implementations widespread, but full implementation on theterminal side is rare
Boring text based MMI
JSR 177 Security and Trust services API for J2ME
Initiative from application processor (Midlets)
Implementations reasonably widespread
OMA SmartCard Web Server (SCWS)
Initiative from a browser on the phone
Implementation is not widespread
Rich graphical MMI is possible
3
UICC
Appl. processor
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Application Processor- NFC Moduleinterface
No widely agreed hardware standard (I2C, USB etc.) Probably not so important for service providers since the
terminal manufacturer integrates NFC module in the mobile
NFC Forums work on NCI (NFC Controller Interface)
standardisation of APIs for this interface
Ongoing work!
JSR 257 Contactless communication API for J2ME
specifies high level APIs for this interface
Nokia has already implemented it on 6131_NFC
4
NFC module
Appl. processor
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OTA Standards/Technologies
GlobalPlatform
Initiative from the financial industry
Security domain creation and manipulation on the UICC
Secure channel protocols (SCP)
Commands for Secure application download/install/delete/locketc.
3GPP TS 03.48/ ETSI TS 102.225/226
Remote APDU structure for UICC based applications (push datadirectly to the UICC from a remote server)
Aligned with Global Platform commands
Midlet proxy method Use a midlet in the mobile to proxy communication between the
server and the UICC.
5
UICC
OTA server
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Conclusion
Mobile NFC opens up new opportunities in payment and
banking
Standards are extremely important because this is anarea where many different actors (MNOs, banks, terminalproducers, UICC producers .) are involved.
Most of the crucial standards are in place, butimplementation of standards are not sufficientlywidespread.
It may take another year or two before mobile NFC willtake off!
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Thank you!
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user MNOService Provider/
Credit Card issuer/Acquirer
Application Provider/Trusted Services Manager
Merchant
End usermobile tariffsfor mobile networktransportandNFC enabled phonesand (U)SIM cards
(postpaid subscriptionor prepaid)*
e.g. NFC transactionfees or other rentalfees for provisioning ofSIM card space and
NFC security keys
* Out of scope of GSMAproject
e.g. fees for applicationprovisioning,personalisation,downloading,service life cyclemanagement
e.g. pays the merchantfor purchased goods viathe NFC credit card
application
Credit card clearing forthe sold goods*
e.g. pays the monthlycredit card bill*
Example NFC Value Chain - PaymentRevenue Streams
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NFC module- Reader interface ISO 14443 (Contactless Integrated circuit cards,proximity cards)
Stanadises physical characteristics, radio interface, initialization/anti-collision & transmission protocols
Type A (Mifare) & B (Calypso) depending on radio interface
ISO/IEC 15693 (Contactless Integrated circuit cards, vicinitycards)
RFID item tracking ISO/IEC 18092 or ECMA 340 (Near Field Communication
interface and protocol, NFCIP-1)
Standarises RF field/signal interface, initialisation/anti-collision, transportprocols
Active and passive RF modes
Several data rates
ECMA 352 or ISO 21481 (NFCIP-2)
Specifies operating mode selection (ISO 14443, 15693 or NFCIP-1)
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NFC module- Reader interface
Several problems Popular proprietary implementations (Mifare, Felica) does not
fully comply with standards.
Multi-technology mode detection (eg. Mifare vs. Felica)capability may be required
Contactless standards have been developed for plastic cards, notfor mobile phones. (load effects are different)
Power off mode may not work
Existing reader infrastructure has implicit application selection& therefore multi applications on a mobile may be a problem
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NFC Client side issues
Lack/cost of NFC mobile phones
Compatibility with existing contactless infrastructure
Cost of high memory, multi-application UICC cards
UICC-NFC module communication
Powerful UICC-Handset communication
Powerful UICC-server communication (BIP protocol notwidespread implementations, SMS based communicationis common)
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NFC Forum standards
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF)
The basic format (bit level) in which data are stored in NFC tags(or devices).
Record Type Definition (RTD) specification
High level definition of different types of NDEF records (i.e.information and action)
Text, URI, Smart Poster
Tag type technical specification
Tags are categorized into four main groups.
NDEF Record_1 NDEF_Record_2 NDEF_Record_3
NDEF message
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Peer-to-peer mode
Bi-directional data exchange type of applications
Example: Secure Bluetooth pairing configuration
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Reader/Writer mode
Usually Service discovery typeof applications
E.g: A poster with an NFC tag
When touched by NFC phone a webpage is opened
But there are interesting paymentapplications as well
E.g: Mobile as a POS terminal
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Card emulation mode
This is arguably the most interesting mode
Several different applications including payments
Use Case Description
Mobile Payment mobile as payment card
Mobile Ticketing Public Transport & Events
Physical Access Physical entry card replacement
Logical Access Access to VPNs, RSA token replacement
Loyalty Application Loyalty card replacement
Health Care Application Personal health records/e-health card
Digital Rights Management Local digital rights storage
Automotive interactive information services, remotecar diagnosis services, emergency calls,personal settings
http://images.google.no/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wirelesswatch.jp/image_library/visa_nfc.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wirelesswatch.jp/wp-mobile.php%3Fp%3D1574%26more%3D1&h=280&w=266&sz=24&hl=no&start=17&tbnid=c6NGl3jZKupkBM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=108&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnfc%2Bmobile%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dno%26sa%3DG