RATIO ANALYSIS
Nov 08, 2014
RATIO ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE OF RATIO• TO UNDERSTAND THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES.• FACILITATES COMPARISON WITH
SIMILAR TYPE OF BUSINESS CONCERN.• FACILITATES TO ASSESS FINANCIAL
STRENGTH OF A BORROWER.• HELPS IN ASSESSING REPAYING
CAPACITY OF A BORROWER.• FOR ASSESSMENT OF LIQUIDITY &
SOLVENCY OF A BUSINESS CONCERN.
OBJECTIVE OF RATIO• TO KNOW THE TREND OF BUSINESS
GROWTH.• ASSIST CONCERN TO FORECAST
BUSINESS AND FOR PLANNING.• HELP CREDITOR TO TAKE A CREDIT
DECISION.• HELPS INVESTORS TO TAKE A
DECISION FOR MAKING INVESTMENT.
HOW DO WE EXPRESS RATIOS?
• AS A PERCENTAGEEG. NET PROFIT IS 25% OF SALES.• AS FRACTION / DECIMALSEG. NET PROFIT IS 1/4 OF SALES• AS A PROPORTIONEG. THE RATIO OF NET PROFIT TO SALE
IS 1 :4• AS A NUMBER OF TIMESEG. SALES ARE 4 TIMES OF NET PROFIT
TYPES OF RATIOS
•SOLVENCY RATIO•LIQUIDITY RATIO•LEVERAGE RATIO•PROFITABILITY RATIO•ACTIVITY RATIO
SOLVENCY RATIO
• A UNIT IS SAID TO BE SOLVENT IF ITS TANGIBLE ASSETS ARE MORE THAN IT OUTSIDE LIABILITIES.
• SOLVENCY CAN BE MEASURED BY FINDING OUT TANGIBLE NET WORTH (TNW) ----
TNW = NET WORTH - INTANGIBLE ASSETS • A UNIT IS SOLVENT IF ITS TNW IS
POSSITIVE . WHERE THE TNW IS NEGATIVE IT IS NOT SOLVENT.
SOLVENCY RATIO• TNW CAN ALSO BE FOUND OUT BY
DEDUCTING TOTAL OUT SIDE LIABILITIES (TOL) FROM TOTAL TANGIBLE ASSETS ( TTA)
TNW = TTA - TOL• ANOTHER METHOD OF MEASURING SOLVENCY
RATIO TOTAL TANGIBLE ASSETSSOLVENCY RATIO =
-------------------------------------------- TOTAL OUTSIDE LIABILITIES• WHERE THIS RATIO IS MORE THAN ONE , THE
UNIT IS SOLVENT.
LIQUIDITY RATIO• ABILITY T0 MEET CURRENT OBLIGATION
IS KNOWN AS LIQUIDITY.• A CONCERN IS SAID TO HAVE LIQUIDITY
IF IT IS IN A POSITION TO MEET ITS CURRENT LIABILITY OUT OF ITS CURRENT ASSETS..
• LIQUIDITY IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS SHORT TERM SOLVENCY WHICH MEANS THE UNIT IS IN A POSITION TO MEET ITS SHORT TERM LIABILITIES ( CURRENT LIABILITIES ) OUT OF ITS SHORT TERM ASSETS ( CURRENT ASSETS )
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF CURRENT ASSETS OF A
BUSINESS CONCERN?• CURRENT ASSETS OF A FIRM ARE THE
ASSETS REQUIRED TO RUN THE DAY TO DAY OPERATIONS OF THE FIRM
• IT IS ALSO CALLED THE WORKING FUND OR WORKING CAPITAL IN A WIDER SENSE
• CURRENT LIABILITIES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE MET THROUGH REALIZATION OF CURRENT ASSETS
• TO ASCERTAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CURRENT ASSETS AND CURRENT LIABILITIES.
CURRENT RATIO CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT RATIO = -------------------------- CURRENT LIABILITIES• THE IDEAL CURRENT RATIO IS 2:1 • ACCEPTABLE CURRENT RATIO IS 1.33 : 1,
1.17 : 1 AS AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL.• A HIGHER CURRENT RATIO MAY INDICATE A
VERY COMFORTABLE POSITION FOR SHORT TERM LENDERS BUT IT AFFECTS PROFITABILITY ADVERSELY.
• I F THE CURRENT RATIO IS LESS THAN ONE, THE UNIT MAY BE SICK OR TENDING TOWARDS SICKNESS.
QUICK RATIO ( ACID TEST RATIO )
• INDICATES THE EXTENT TO WHICH LIQUID RESOURCES ARE AVAILABLE TO QUICKLY ( IMMEDIATELY ) MEET CURRENT OBLIGATION.
• IT IS A MEASURE OF INSTANT LIQUIDITY POSITION OF THE CONCERN
QUICK ASSETS • QUICK RATIO =--------------------------- OUTSIDE LIABILITIES
QUICK RATIO(ACID TEST RATIO)
• QUICK ASSETS = C.A. - INVENTORY• OUT SIDE LIABILITIES = CURRENT
LIABILITIES - BANK BORROWING• THE IDEAL QUICK RATIO IS ; 1: 1• QUICK RATIO SHOULD BE STUDIED WITH
CURRENT RATIO AND NOT IN ISOLATION.• A HIGHER CURRENT RATIO BUT LOW
QUICK RATIO MAY INDICATE LARGE STOCK OF INVENTORY.
LEVERAGE RATIO LONG TERM DEBT• DEBT EQUITY RATIO = --------------------------- TANGIBLE NET WORTH• MEASURES THE BORROWINGS OF A FIRM
COMPARED TO ITS EQUITY /NET WORTH• ALSO MEASURED AS TOTAL OUTSIDE
LIABILITY TO EQUITY ( TOL/TNW)• ACCEPTABLE ; 2 :1 (NORMAL) : 4:1 ( SSI)• HIGHER THE RATIO MORE THE BORROWED
FUNDS.
PROFITABILITY RATIOS• A STRONG AND HEALTHY UNIT MUST
ACHIEVE PROFIT AT EACH STAGE OF ITS OPERATION.
1. IT SHOULD MANUFACTURE GOODS AT LEAST COST AND SHOULD GENERATE SUFFICIENT GROSS PROFIT.
2. IT SHOULD KEEP OPERATING EXPENSES UNDER CONTROL AND SHOULD LEAVE SUFFICIENT OPERATING PROFIT.
3. IT MUST EARN ENOUGH FOR ITS SHARE HOLDERS/OWNERS BY GENERATING MORE NET PROFIT AFTER TAX.
PROFITABILITY RATIOS• A STRONG AND HEALTHY UNIT MUST
ACHIEVE PROFIT AT EACH STAGE OF ITS OPERATION.
1. IT SHOULD MANUFACTURE GOODS AT LEAST COST AND SHOULD GENERATE SUFFICIENT GROSS PROFIT.
2. IT SHOULD KEEP OPERATING EXPENSES UNDER CONTROL AND SHOULD LEAVE SUFFICIENT OPERATING PROFIT.
3. IT MUST EARN ENOUGH FOR ITS SHARE HOLDERS/OWNERS BY GENERATING MORE NET PROFIT AFTER TAX.
PROFITABILITY RATIOS GROSS PROFIT GROSS PROFIT RATIO = --------------------- X
100 NET SALES• IT IS A INDICATOR OF THE PRODUCTION
EFFICIENCY.• A LOW RATIO MAY INDICATE HIGH
MANUFACTURING EXPENCES, LOW PRICE OR INABILITY TO PUSHUP SALES.
• A HIGHER GROSS PROFIT RATIO INDICATES EFFICIENCY IN PRODUCTI0N, HIGHER SALES VOLUME , LOW MANUFACTURING EXPENCES,OR ABILITY TO INCREASE THE SELLING PRICE.
PROFITABILITY RATIOS OPERATING PROFITOPERATING PROFIT RATIO = ---------------X100 NET SALES• THIS RATIO INDICATES THE NET MARGIN
ON SALES AFTER TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ALL EXPENSES , EXCEPT FINANCIAL EXPENSES ( INTEREST) & TAXES.
• A HIGHER MARGIN INDICATES THAT THE COMPANY HAS A HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF PROFIT ON SALES TO MEET THE PAYMENT OF INTEREST, DIVIDENT & OTHER CORPORATE NEEDS..
PROFITABILITY RATIOS
NET PROFITNET PROFIT RATIO = ---------------------------X
100 NET SALES• IT MEASURES OVERALL PROFITABILITY.• NET PROFIT RATIO MAY GO UP DUE TO
NON BUSINESS INCOME.
PROFITABILITY RATIOS NET PROFIT AFTER TAXRETURN ON NET WORTH = ------------------X
100 TANGIBLE NET WORTH
PROFIT BEFORE INTEREST & TAXRETURN ON NETINVESTMENT = ------------X
100 TOTAL TANGIBLE ASSETS• THIS IS THE MOST WIDELY USED RATIO TO
MEASURE THE PROFITABILITY
ACTIVITY RATIO• ACTIVITY RATIO ARE CALCULATED TO FIND OUT
THE EFFICIENCY OF OPERATION• INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO.• IT IS CALCULATED BY DIVIDING COST OF SALES
BY AVERAGE INVENTORY. COST OF SALES ( COST OF GOODS SOLD)INVENTORY TURN OVER RATIO =---------------------- AVERAGE INVENTORY• A HIGHER TURN OVER COMPARED TO PAST YEAR
MEANS BETTER MANAGEMENT OF INVENTORY /WORKING CAPITAL.
• A LOW TURN OVER MAY DUE TO EXCESS STOCKING OR SLOW / NON -MOVING INVENTORY.
ACTIVITY RATIO
• DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO• INDICATE THE EFFICIENCY OF DEBT
COLLECTION PROCESS / MECHANISM OF THE UNIT
• IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS DEBTORS VELOCITY
• IT INDICATES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ORGANISATION IN GRANTING CREDIT AND THE COLLECTION OF DEBT.
ACTIVITY RATIO
SALES (GROSS SALES)• DEBTOR T. RATIO AVERAGE DEBTORSAVERAGE DEBTOR = OPENING
DEBTORS + CLOSING DEBTORS / 2DEBTOR COLLECTION PERIOD= 365 / DTR =-------- NO. OF DAYS
THANK YOU
UNION BANK OF INDIA UNION BANK OF INDIA