07

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IV B.Tech. I Semester Regular Examinations, November, 2012

FINITE ELEMENT METHODS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

(Civil Engineering)

Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80

Answer any FIVE Questions

All Questions carry equal marks

*******

1. a) Describe the basic steps involved in the Finite Element Method of analysis.

b) Define the stiffness matrix for axial members using Raleigh Ritz method.

2. If a displacement field is described by

u = (-x2

+ 2y2

+ 6xyz +2z2

+4yz) 10-4

v = (3x + 6y - y2

+ 6yz + 3z) 10-4

w = (x2

+2y2

+ z2

-2z + 2xyz) 10-4

Determine the strain field at the point x = 1 and y =0.

3. For the stepped bar shown in figure, determine the nodal displacements, element stress

and Support reactions. Take P=300 kN, Q=500 kN, E=2x1011

N/m2. A1=250mm

2,

A2 =500mm2, A3=1000 mm

2.

4. a) What are the convergence conditions that should satisfy the assumed displacement

function?

b) Derive the shape functions to four node bilinear element.

5. Determine the strain displacement matrix for a right angled triangle with nodal

coordinates 1 (0, 0), 2 (a, b) and 3 (0, b). Assume displacement field as u=a1+ a2x+ a3y

and v=a4+ a5x+ a6y.

Code No: M0122 Set No. 1 R07

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6. a) Describe isoparametric mapping procedure with an example.

b) Derive the Jacobian matrix for a bilinear isoparametric element to solve static

problems.

7. An axi-symmetric body with a uniformly distributed load of 0.3 MPa on the conical

surface shown in figure below. Calculate the equivalent loads at nodes 1, 2 and 3.

8. a) Solve the following integral equation using one point, two point and three point

Gaussian quadrature method and compare with exact solution

��

�� 3�� with the limits from -1 to 1.

b) Write about static condensation.


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(Civil Engineering)




*******

1. a) State and explain the principle of minimum potential energy by considering suitable

example.

b) Finite element method is known to be an approximate method, explain.

2. Describe different stresses and equilibrium conditions for the structural problems.

3. a) Derive the shape functions to 1D finite element in which the displacement assumes

a linear and quadratic degree polynomials.

b) Derive the element characteristic matrix for the elastic bar element using force

displacement relations.

4. a) Derive the shape functions for a CST element by assuming displacement function as

a polynomial.

b) What are the convergence and compatibility requirements for a finite element

displacement model?

5. Compute the strain displacement matrix for a plane strain problem in terms of the ratio

r=a/b for the rectangular element of sides a and b, using υ=0.25 and r=1. Assume

displacement model as u=a1+ a2x+ a3 y+ a4 xy and v=a5+ a6 x+ a7 y+a8 xy.


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(4, 7)

(8, 4)

(1, 2)

x

y

6. Obtain the strain-displacement matrix for the triangular element shown in Figure using

the isoparametric transformation.

7. In an axi-symmetric problem, the element coordinates and displacements in r and z

directions are given below :

Node No. Coordinates Displacements

1 (1,1) (0,0)

2 (10,4) (-0.2,-0.1)

3 (6,7) (0.6,0.8)

Calculate the strains and stresses developed in the element.

8. Explain in detail the following:

a) Full integration

b) Under integration and spurious modes.


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(Civil Engineering)




*******

1. a) Define finite Element method and its applications in structural Engineering.

b) Define principle of virtual work and state the theorem of virtual forces.

2. Develop the stress-strain relations and strain-displacement relations for two dimensional

elasticity problems.

3. a) Determine the nodal displacements and element stresses for the stepped bar shown in

figure. Assume E =210 GPa.

4. a) Derive the shape functions to linear triangular element using natural coordinates.

b) What is geometric invariance? Explain how do you achieve this property with an

example.

5. a) Describe the procedure for generation of stiffness matrix to a four node rectangular

element to solve the plane strain problem.

b) Derive the finite element load vector to a triangular element of constant body force.

6. Describe the concept of isoparametric formulation and sketch different elements used in

isoparametric formulation with Cartesian and curvilinear coordinates.

150 kN 25 kN

0.75 m 0.5 m

A = 525 mm2

A = 250 mm2


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7. Compute the strain displacement matrix and also the strains of a axi-symmetric triangular

element with the coordinates r1= 3 cm, z1= 4 cm, r2 = 6 cm, z2

= 5 cm, r3

= 5 cm, z3

= 8 cm.

The nodal displacement values are u1 = 0.01 mm, w1

= 0.01 mm, u2

= 0.01 mm, w2

= -0.04

mm, u3 = -0.03 mm, w3

= 0.07 mm.

8. a) Evaluate the integral ∫∫ (x2

+ y2

) dx dy by Gaussian quadrature over the area of

quadrilateral with the co-ordinates 1(1,1), 2(5,1), 3(6,6) and 4(1,4).

b) Discuss various solution techniques for static loads.


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100 kN



(Civil Engineering)




*******

1. a) Describe the Rayleigh-Ritz method with an example.

b) What do you mean by zero slope condition with respect to energy function?

2. a) Explain the strain-displacement matrix and derive the constitutive matrix for a plane

stress condition.

b) What is meant by an Axi-symmetric problem? How do you carry finite element

analysis of such problems?

3. a) Derive the shape functions to one dimensional element with one degree of freedom

per node.

b) Determine the elongation and the support reaction of a steel bar, shown in figure of

length 1.25 m long and having cross-sectional area 625 mm2. Assume E= 210 GPa

and µ=0.3.

4. a) State different finite elements which are suitable for the analysis of plane stress and

plane strain problems.

b) Derive the shape functions to four node bilinear element using natural coordinates.



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5. a) What is a constant strain triangular element? State its properties and applications.

b) The nodal coordinates of the triangular element are shown in Figure below. At the

interior point P, the X co-ordinate is 2.6 and N1 =0.4. Find N2, N3

and the Y

coordinate at point P.

6. a) What is isoparametric formulation? What type of shape functions are usually used in

the isoparametric formulation?

b) Prove that determinant of Jacobian matrix of a triangular element is twice the area of

that element.

7. Derive the strain displacement matrix for an axially symmetric ring of rectangular

cross-section.

8. a) Explain in detail selective integration method.

b) Using a 2 x 2 rule, evaluate the integral over the given area by Gaussian quadrature.

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Code No: M0222/R07 Set No. 1

IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2012POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

(Electrical & Electronic Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80

Answer any FIVE QuestionsAll Questions carry equal marks

? ? ? ? ?

1. Define and explain the following with suitable examples:

(a) Cut-set and a basic cut-set

(b) Tree and branchs

(c) Basic loop and open loops. [16]

2. Form the Zbus for the given network connections and remove the element-2, formthe Zbus using removal of element formulae (take bus 4 as reference): [16]

Self MutualElement Bus code Impedance Bus code Impedence

1 1-2 0.62 1-2 0.4 1-2 (1) 0.23 1-3 0.54 2-4 0.25 2-4 0.4 2-4 (4) 0.16 3-4 0.5

3. The YBus of a 5-bus system is (5×5)matrix. The system has an off nominal tapratio transformer between buses 3 and 5 as shown in figure 3 if the transformeroutage takes place, how are the YBUS elements are modified. [16]

Figure 3

4. Discuss computational aspects of N-R (Polar form) and N-R (Rectangular form).[16]

5. (a) A 40 MVA, 20 KV/400 KV single phase transformer has the following impedances.

Zp = 0.9 + j1.8 ohms and Zs = 128+j288 ohms.

Find:

i. pu impedance of the transformer referred to HV

ii. pu impedance of the transformer referred to LV. [16]

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(b) Draw pu impedance diagram of the network shown in figure 5.

Figure 5

6. (a) Pabc is 3 phase power in a circuit and P012 is power in the same circuit in termsof symmetrical components. Show that abc = 012.

(b) The line currents in a 3 phase supply to an un balanced load are respectivelyIa = 10 + j20; Ib = 12 - j10; Ic = -3 - j5 Amp. phase sequence is abc. Determinethe sequence components of currents. [8+8]

7. A generator supplies 1.0 pu power to an infinite bus as shown in figure 7. Theterminal voltage and infinite bus voltage are 1.0 pu. All the reactances are on acommon base. Determine steady state stability limit: [16]

(a) when both lines are in

(b) when one line is switched off.

Figure 7

8. (a) Explain the methods of improving transient stability.

(b) A single machine supplies power to an infinite bus over a double circuit line.Discuss transient stability of the system when one of the circuit is suddenlyswitched off. [8+8]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. Define and explain the following with suitable examples:

(a) Cut-set and a basic cut-set

(b) Tree and branchs

(c) Basic loop and open loops. [16]

2. Form the Zbus for the given network connections (take bus 1 as reference). [16]

Self MutualElement Buscode Impedance Buscode Impedence

1 1-2 0.62 1-2 0.4 1-2 (1) 0.23 1-3 0.54 2-4 0.25 2-4 0.4 2-4 (4) 0.16 3-4 0.5

3. What are the necessities of loud flow studies. Derive the basic loud flow equation.[16]

4. Derive N-R (Polar form) equations and N-R (Rectangular form) equations andexplain difference between these methods. [16]

5. (a) Prove that Base impedance =KV 2

LL(Base)

MVA3−φ(Base)

(b) Obtain pu impedance diagram of the power system of figure 5b. Choose basequantities in generagor circuit.

Generator: 20 MVA, 11 KV, X ′′= 0.1 puTransformer: 25 MVA, 11/33 KV, X = 0.1 puLoad: 10 MVA, 33 KV, 0.8 pf lag. [16]

Figure 5b

6. For the system shown in figure 6. A LLG fault occurs at point F. Find fault current.[16]

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Figure 6

7. A 275 KV transmission line has following line constants.A = 0.85 6 50, B = 200 6 750

The line delivers 150 MW with |VS| = |VR| = 275KV . Determine synchronizingpower coefficient. [16]

8. (a) Derive equal area criterion of stability of single machine connected to infinitebus.

(b) Power station A has four identical sets each rated 80 MVA and each havingan inertia constant 7 MJ/MVA. The stations are located close together tobe regarded as a single equivalent machine for stability studies. Find inertiaconstant of the equivalent machine on 100 MVA base. [8+8]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. Prove Zbr=AZbusAt using non-singular transformation. [16]

2. Using the building algorithm construct Zbus for the system below, choose Bus-4 asreference. [16]

Self MutualElement Bus code Impedance Bus code Impedence

1 1-2 0.52 1-3 0.43 1-4 0.34 2-3 0.2 1-3 0.15 3-4 0.3


Figure 3

4. Derive necessary equations for N-R (polar form) method of load flow analysis.[16]

5. (a) A 3 phase fault through fault impedance Zf = 0.08 occurs at point F on thesystem shown in figure 5. The system is operating at noload and rated voltage.Determine bus voltages and line currents during the fault.

(b) State the assumptions made in short circuit analysis. [10+6]

Figure 5

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6. For the network shown in fig. B a LL fault occurs at Bus 2 through fault impedanceof j0.1. Determine fault current. [16]

7. A 50 Hz generator supplies 1.0 pu power to an infinite bus as shown in figure 7c.Determine:

(a) Steady state stability limit

(b) Accelerating power if load is increased so that ∆δ = 100

(c) If the accelerating power is constant for 0.05 secs find the rotor angle at theend of this interval. Inertia constant, H for the generator is 4 MJ / MVA.[16]

Figure 7c

8. A 50 Hz generator supplies 0.8 pu power to infinite bus via a network as shownin figure 8. A 3 phase fault occurs at point P. If fault is cleared by simultaneousopening of breakers at both ends of the faulted line at 4.5 cycles after fault occurs.Plot swing curve through t = 0.2 secs. Take H = 4 MJ/MVA. [16]

Figure 8

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. For the given network shown in figure 1d connections form:

(a) Graph

(b) Tree

(c) Co-tree

(d) Cut-set. [16]

Figure 1d

2. Derive expression for adding a branch to a parallel Zbus with mutual coupling.[16]


Figure 3

4. (a) Compare N-R (Polar) and N-R (Rectangular form) load flow methods.

(b) Explain how voltage controlled buses are handled in N-R(Polar)method.[8+8]

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5. (a) Prove that Zpu(new) = Zpu(old) ×(MVA)Base(new)

(MVA)Base(old)× (KVLL)

2Base old

(KVLL)2Base old

(b) Obtain pu impedance diagram of the power system of figure 5. Choose basequantities as 15 MVA and 33 KV.

Generator: 30 MVA, 10.5 KV, X ′′ = 1.6 ohms.Transformers T1 & T2: 15 MVA, 33/11 KV, X = 15 ohms referred to HVTransmission line: 20 ohms / phaseLoad: 40 MW, 6.6 KV, 0.85 lagging p.f. [4+12]

Figure 5

6. For the system shown in figure 6. A a LL fault occurs at point F. Find fault current.[16]

Figure 6

7. A 50 Hz generator supplies 1.0 pu power to an infinite bus as shown in figure 7c.Determine:

(a) Steady state stability limit

(b) Accelerating power if load is increased so that ∆δ = 100

(c) If the accelerating power is constant for 0.05 secs find the rotor angle at theend of this interval. Inertia constant, H for the generator is 4 MJ / MVA.[16]

Figure 7c

8. (a) What are the assumptions made in deriving swing equation.

(b) Explain point by point method of determine swing curve. [6+10]

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? ? ? ? ?

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IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2012SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &Telematics)

Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80Answer any FIVE Questions

All Questions carry equal marks? ? ? ? ?

1. Explain different Satellite links and show how Satellite helps in extending the Cov-erage. [16]

2. (a) What is the difference between a geosynchronous and a geostationary satel-lites?

(b) The longitude and latitude of an earth station are 760 E and 130 N. Find theazimuth and elevation from this station to ASIASAT situated at 1050 E.[8+8]

3. (a) Write short notes on “Telemetry Tracking and Command System”.

(b) Explain the importance of reliability in the design and construction of Satel-lites. [8+8]

4. (a) A Satellite at a distance of 40,000Km from a point on earth’s surface radiatesa power of 5 watts from an antenna with a gain of 16 dB in the direction ofthe observer. Find the EIRP and power received by an antenna with effectivearea of 10 m2.

(b) Explain various interference effects, attenuation and noise effects that we maycome across in establishing a communication link using satellite. [8+8]

5. (a) A TDMA system operates at 300 Mbits/s with a 5 ms frame time. Assumethat all slots are of equal length and that a guard time of 2ms is requiredbetween slots. Compute the efficiency of the communications resource (CR)for the case of 5, 10, 50 and 100 slots per frame.

(b) What is meant by the SPADE system? [10+6]

6. (a) Explain the step-tracking system?

(b) Give a comparison of auto-Track systems? [3+13]

7. (a) What are the two approaches used to provide real-time connection betweenLEO satellite and MCS?

(b) Define dwell time? What are elliptical orbits?

(c) Explain the store and forward concept. [4+6+6]

8. Explain how GPS satellite use direct sequence spread spectrum? [16]

? ? ? ? ?

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1. (a) Prove that three Communication Satellites would be sufficient for covering theglobe.

(b) Write a summary of US expandable launch services. [8+8]

2. (a) Distinguish between Synchronous, Sub Synchronous and Non Sub Synchronoustypes of Satellites.

(b) A Satellite is orbiting at 28,300 Km apogee with an eccentricity of 0.3.Whatis the perigee distance and average orbiting period. Assume gσ = 3.98 × 105

Km3/S2. [8+8]

3. Write in detail about Altitude and orbit control systems (AOCS). [16]

4. (a) What is meant by EIRP for a transmitter and G/T for a receiver?

(b) In a satellite uplink, the transmitter system has a loss of 1 dB while thetransmitter antenna has a gain of 55 dB.There is an atmospheric loss of 2 dB,a free space loss of 200 dB.The receiving antenna has a gain of 20 dB. Thereceiving system has a bandwidth of 36 MHz and noise temperature of 1000K.If the desired SNR is 35 dB. Compute:

i. The required transmitter power

ii. The receiver noise power.

If the flux density of the satellite should not exceed -75 dB W/m2, obtain thetrade off possible between the receiver antenna gain and transmitter power.Assume Boltzman constant = -228.6dBW/Hz/K. [8+8]

5. (a) Define CDMA? What are its advantages?

(b) Explain the basic principle of a direct sequence spread spectrum [CDMA]system? [6+10]

6. (a) Describe briefly the modes of interference that can occur in a satellite com-munication system?

(b) Distinguish carefully between satellite and terrestrial modes of interference.[8+8]

7. (a) Write the advantages and disadvantages of low and medium earth station?

(b) Explain the general aspects of coverage and frequency considerations of lowearth orbit. [8+8]

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8. (a) Explain the function of the non-coherent delay lock loop in GPS receiver.

(b) Explain the costas loop in GPS receiver. [8+8]

? ? ? ? ?

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1. (a) Write a detailed summary of European expandable launch vehicles.

(b) Discuss in detail the various operational centers of ISRO and their Responsi-bilities. [8+8]

2. (a) Derive the equation of the Satellite Orbit in polar Co-ordinate system.

(b) Determine the maximum and minimum range in Km from an earth station toa Geosynchronous satellite. To what round trip propagation times do thesecorrespond. [8+8]

3. (a) Explain about 6/4 GHz Communication Subsystem in detail with neat schemat-ics.

(b) The earth subtends an angle of 170 when viewed from geostationary orbit.What are the dimensions and gain of horn antenna that will provide globalcoverage at 4 GHz. [8+8]

4. (a) What are the factors on which a digital communication satellite link dependson? Explain in brief.

(b) Calculate the rain attenuation in the case of a 6/4GHz link if the probabilityof rain rate for 0.01% of time is 25mm/hr. The earth station is situated at analtitude of 3450 ft. Use both SAM and CCIR model for a = 42.1×10−6 f2.42

and b = 1.5 f−0.08. [8+8]

5. (a) Mention the types of FDMA?

(b) List out the interference in FDMA.

(c) Compute the Transmitted power of a satellite using FDMA. [2+6+8]

6. What is meant by Tracking and Pointing? Explain its significance and the tech-niques as to how these are achieved? [16]

7. Explain the system considerations for LEO. [16]

8. Explain how DGPS are used to calculate the error in GPS position measurement?[16]

? ? ? ? ?

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1. (a) Give any five Satellite Systems of category code ‘F’ and discuss them briefly.

(b) Bring out the advantages and disadvantages of Communication Satellite Sys-tems. [8+8]

2. (a) A Satellite is moving in a near earth circular orbit at a distance of 640Km.Determine its orbital period.

(b) A Satellite is moving in a molniya orbit having the farthest and the closetpoints as 35000 Km and 500 Km respectively from the earth’s surface. Deter-mine the time period and the velocity at the apogee and perigee points.

[8+8]

3. (a) Explain different types of redundancy connections to complete subsystem re-liability of a Satellite System.

(b) Write short notes on “Spacecraft Subsystems.” [8+8]

4. (a) What do you understand by G/T of an earth station?

(b) In a satellite communication system, the satellite is at height of 36,000Kmabove earth the frequency used is 4GHz and the transmitting antenna gain is75 dB and the receiving antenna gain is 45 dB. Calculate:

i. The free space transmission loss

ii. The received power, when the transmitter power is 200watts. [8+8]

5. (a) What do you mean by multiple accesses in satellite communication?

(b) Calculate the frame efficiency of a TDMA frame of period 2.2ms.

Total frame length = 128000 symbols

[12]

Guard interval = 110 symbols

No. of Traffic bursts\frame = 14

No. of Reference bursts\frame = 1

CDC during reference burst = 10 symbols

No. of Preamble =20 8 symbols. [4+12]

6. Explain the main elements of satellite tracking systems? [16]

7. Explain the following NGOSS:

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(a) QOS

(b) Spectrum available

(c) Health and electromagnetic interference EMI issues. [6+5+5]

8. (a) Explain the position location in GPS.

(b) How clock error is avoided in GPS? [12+4]

? ? ? ? ?

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

(Common to Mechanical Engineering and Electronics & Computer Engineering)




*******

1. a) Discuss the drawbacks of file system. How does database management system

overcome these drawbacks? [8]

b) What is data model? Explain about various types of data models. [8]

2. a) Explain the conceptual database design with the ER model [10]

b) A university database contains information about professors (identified by SSN)

and courses (identified by courseid). Professors teach courses; the following

situation concerns the Teaches relationship set.

Professors can teach the same course several semesters, and only the most recent

such offering needs to be recorded.

Draw an ER diagram for the above situation. [6]

3. a) Consider the following schema and Answer the queries given below in relational

algebra, tuple relational calculus, and domain relational calculus.

Suppliers (sid: integer, sname: string, address: string)

Parts (pid: integer, pname: string, color: string)

Catalog (sid: integer, pid: integer , cost: real)

i) Find the sids of suppliers who supply every red part.

ii) Find the pids of parts supplied by at least two different suppliers. [6+6=12]

b) What is relational completeness? Explain. [4]

Code No: N0321 Set No. 1 R07

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4. a) Explain the impact of null values on SQL [8]

b) Consider the following schema:

Students ( snum: integer, sname: string, major: string, level: string, age: integer)

Class (cname: string, meets-at: time, room: string, fid: integer)

Enrolled (snum: integer, cname: string)

Faculty (fid: integer, fname: string, deptid: integer)

Write the following queries in SQL

i) Find the names of the students who are enrolled in two classes that meet at the

same time.

ii) Find the names of the faculty members who teach in every room in which

some class is taught.

iii) Print the level and average age of the students for that level.

iv) Find the names of students enrolled in maximum number of classes. [8]

5. a) Explain about various properties of decomposition. [8]

b) What is BCNF? Explain. [8]

6. a) Explain in detail the properties of a transaction. [8]

b) What is two-phase locking protocol? Explain. [8]

7. What are the key features of advanced recovery system? Explain. [16]

8. a) Explain the tree based indexing in detail. [8]

b) What are sorted files? Explain [8]


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*******

1. a) List out various database applications. [6]

b) What is transaction management? Explain. [6]

c) Explain the concept of data abstraction. [4]

2. Explain about the additional features of ER model with suitable examples. [16]

3. a) Consider the following schema and Answer the queries given below in relational

algebra, tuple relational calculus, and domain relational calculus.




i) Find the sids of suppliers who supply every red or green part.

ii) Find the pids of the most expensive parts supplied by supplier named Sam.

[6+6=12]

b) What is an unsafe calculus query? Why is it important to avoid such queries? [4]

4. a) Consider the following schema and answer the queries given below in SQL.

Sailors (sid: integer, sname: string, rating: integer, age: real)

Boats (bid: integer, bname: string, color: string)

Reserves (sid: integer, bid: integer, day: date)

i) Find the sids of all sailors who have reserved red boats but not green boats.

ii) Find the names of the sailors who have reserved red boats.

iii) Find the sailors whose rating is better than some sailor called Horatio.

iv) Find the age of youngest sailor for each rating level. [8]

b) What is a trigger? What are the differences between row-level and statement-level

triggers? Explain. [8]


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5. a) Explain about schema refinement in database design. [8]

b) What is minimal cover for a set of FDs? Describe an algorithm for computing the

minimal cover of a set of FDs, and illustrate it with an example. [8]

6. a) How are atomicity and durability implemented? Explain. [8]

b) What is concurrent execution? Explain [8]

7. a) What is log based recovery? Explain. [8]

b) What do you mean by failure with loss of nonvolatile storage? Explain. [8]

8. a) Explain the Indexed Sequential Access Method with a n example. [10]

b) What are heap files? Explain [6]


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*******

1. a) Differentiate between file system and database system. [8]

b) Explain the structure of a database system with aid of a diagram. [8]

2. a) What guidelines would you use for whether to use a binary or ternary relationship

when doing ER design? Explain with an example. [8]

b) A university database contains information about professors (identified by SSN) and

courses (identified by courseid). Professors teach courses; the following situation

concerns the Teaches relationship set.

Professors can teach the same course several semesters, and each offering must be

recorded.

Draw an ER diagram for the above situation. [8]

3. Explain the logical database design with suitable examples. [16]

4. a) Explain about various complex integrity constraints in SQL. [8]

b) Consider the following schema and Answer the queries given below in SQL.




i) Find the snames of suppliers who supply every part.

ii) Find the pnames of parts supplied by Acme Widget Suppliers and no one else.

iii) For each part, find the sname of the supplier who charges the most for that part.

iv) Find the sids of suppliers who supply a red and a green part. [8]


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5. a) What is functional dependency? Explain the closure of a set of FDs. [8]

b) What is fourth normal form? Explain. [4]

c) Define decomposition and explain. [4]

6. a) What is serializibility? Explain the concepts of conflict and view serializibilities

along with their testing. [10]

b) What are lock based protocols? Explain. [6]

7. a) What are remote backup systems? Explain. [8]

b) What is log based recovery? Explain. [8]

8. a) Explain about various file organizations and indexing. [8]

b) Explain the structure of a B+ tree. [8]


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1. a) Explain the structure of a database system with a neat diagram. [8]

b) Discuss about the role of DBA [4]

c) What is query processor? Explain. [4]

2. A company database needs to store information about employees (identified by ssn, with

salary and phone as attributes), departments (identified by dno, with dname and budget

as attributes), and children of employees (with name and age as attributes). Employees

work in departments; each department is managed by an employee; a child must be

identified uniquely by name when the parent (assume that only one parent works for the

company) is known. The information of the child is not required if the parent leaves the

company.

Perform the conceptual design with the ER model to capture the above information. [16]

3. a) Explain how relationship sets with key constraints and participation constraints are

translated from ER to relational model. [8]

b) What is a view? Explain how views support logical data independence and security.

Why does SQL restrict the class of views that can be updated? [8]

4. a) Explain the differences between triggers and integrity constraints, and describe when

you would use triggers over integrity constraints and vice versa. [8]

b) Consider the following schema and answer the queries given below in SQL.

Sailors (sid: integer, sname: string, rating: integer, age: real)

Boats (bid: integer, bname: string, color: string)

Reserves (sid: integer, bid: integer, day: date)

i) Find the age of the youngest sailor who is eligible to vote (i.e., is at least 18 years

old) for each rating level with at least two such sailors.

ii) Compute increments for the ratings of persons who have sailed two different

boats on the same day.

iii) Find the names of the sailors who have reserved boat 103.

iv) Find the names of sailors who have not reserved a red boat. [8]


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5. a) Explain the problems caused by redundancy with suitable examples. [8]

b) What are multivalued dependencies? Explain. Also give the three rules that only

involve MVDs. [8]

6. a) What is transaction? Explain about various states of transaction and distinguish

between transaction and schedule. [8]

b) What are time stamp based protocols? Explain. [8]

7. a) Explain the recovery with concurrent transactions. [8]

b) What is buffer management? Explain. [8]

8. a) Compare sorted files and clustered files. [8]

b) Explain hash based indexing. [8]


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