l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%* 1 ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{ cfb]z 069-WS-0057 laifoM k/dfb]z nufot pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm Gofo tyf clwsf/ ;+:yf -h'/L–g]kfn_ sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt u/L cfˆgf] xsdf ;d]t h'/L–g]kfnsf dxf;lrj eQmk'/ lhNnf, dWok'/ l7dL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !^ a:g] clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––! P]= ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt u/L cfˆgf] xsdf ;d]t P]= sf] ;lrj Ko"7fg lhNnf, cf]v/sf]6 ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= * 3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}+ lhNnf lslt{k'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @, d}qLgu/ a:g] clwjQmf lji0f'k|;fb kf]v|]n––––––! l/6 lgj]bs lj?4 ;DdfggLo cWoIf, g]kfn ;/sf/, cGtl/d r'gfjL dlGqkl/ifb\, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––! g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, sf7df8f}+––––––––––––––––! dfggLo dGqL, g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf, dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––! g]kfn ;/sf/ sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––! dfggLo dGqL, g]kfn ;/sf/, zflGt tyf k'gM lgdf{0f dGqfno, l;+xb/af/ sf7df8f}+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––! g]kfn ;/sf/, zflGt tyf k'g{lgdf{0f dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+–––––––––––! ljkIfL
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![Page 1: 069 0057 laifoM k/dfb]z nufot pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFmsupremecourt.gov.np/web/assets/downloads/judgements/069-WS-0057-0058.pdf · l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*](https://reader042.cupdf.com/reader042/viewer/2022041219/5e0842390f11ce63f36962b1/html5/page/1.jpg)
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
1
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
cfb]z
069-WS-0057
laifoM k/dfb]z nufot pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
Gofo tyf clwsf/ ;+:yf -h'/L–g]kfn_ sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt u/L cfˆgf] xsdf
;d]t h'/L–g]kfnsf dxf;lrj eQmk'/ lhNnf, dWok'/ l7dL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !^
a:g] clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
P]= ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt u/L cfˆgf] xsdf ;d]t P]= sf] ;lrj Ko"7fg
lhNnf, cf]v/sf]6 ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= * 3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
lslt{k'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @, d}qLgu/ a:g] clwjQmf lji0f'k|;fb kf]v|]n––––––!
l/6 lgj]bs
lj?4
;DdfggLo cWoIf, g]kfn ;/sf/, cGtl/d r'gfjL dlGqkl/ifb\, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, sf7df8f}+––––––––––––––––!
dfggLo dGqL, g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf,
dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
g]kfn ;/sf/ sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno, l;+xb/af/,
sf7df8f}+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
dfggLo dGqL, g]kfn ;/sf/, zflGt tyf k'gM lgdf{0f dGqfno, l;+xb/af/
sf7df8f}+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
g]kfn ;/sf/, zflGt tyf k'g{lgdf{0f dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+–––––––––––!
ljkIfL
![Page 2: 069 0057 laifoM k/dfb]z nufot pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFmsupremecourt.gov.np/web/assets/downloads/judgements/069-WS-0057-0058.pdf · l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*](https://reader042.cupdf.com/reader042/viewer/2022041219/5e0842390f11ce63f36962b1/html5/page/2.jpg)
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
2
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%*
laifoM pTk|]if0f ld>Lt k/dfb]z
;fdflhs Gofo ;ldltsf cWoIf ndh'ª lhNnf, l;dkfgL uf=lj=;=, j8f g+= # df
a:g] /fds'df/ e08f/L ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
cft+s kLl8t 6'x'/f ;dfh g]kfnsf cWoIf ndh'ª lhNnf, rGb]|Zj/ uf=lj=;=,j8f g+=
^ df a:g] ;'dg clwsf/L –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
åGåkLl8t ;ldlt alb{ofsf cWoIf alb{of lhNnf, wwjf/ uf=lj=;=, j8f g+= * df
a:g] eflu/fd rf}w/L ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
a]kQf kl/jf/ ;dfh g]kfnsf cWoIf lhNnf ;'g;/L, uf=lj=;= 8'd|fxf, j8f=g+= % df
a:g] ?k]z zfx –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
l/gf ck{0f blnt pTyfg d~rsf cWoIf lhNnf sfe]|, uf=lj=;= kf]v/Lrf}/L, j8f=g+= $
a:g] uLtf /;fOln ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
åGåkLl8t /fli6«o ;dfhsf ;lrj lhNnf /fd]5fk, uf=lj=;= k'/fgfufpF, j8f g+= % df
a:g] 1fg]Gb|/fh cf/0f –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
Gofosf nflu åGåkLl8t ;dfhsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o lhNnf /fd]5fk, uf=lj=;= ltnk'Ë,
j8f g+= ( df a:g] k|sfzrGb| >]i7 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
Gofosf nflu åGåkLl8t ;dfhsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o lhNnf sf7df8f}+, g=kf= lslt{k'/, j8f
g+= !@ df a:g] ;[hgf >]i7 l;+x ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
lgj]bs
lj?4
cGtl/d r'gfjL dGqLkl/ifb\sf ;DdfggLo cWoIf, k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf]
;lrjfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/af/ sf7df8f}+–––––––!
g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g, Gofo ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno , l;+xb/af/
sf7df8f}+ ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!
g]kfn ;/sf/, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno, l;+xb/af/ sf7df8f}+ ––––––––––––––!
;DdfggLo /fi6«klt, /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no, lztnlgjf; sf7df8f}+ –––––––––––––––!
/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no, lztnlgjf;, dxf/fhu+h, sf7df8f}+ –––––––––––––––––––––––!
ljkIfL
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
3
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgx?sf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+
cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M–
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%& sf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/fM–
lgj]bs dWo]sf] h'/L–g]kfn -Gofo tyf clwsf/ ;+:yf–g]kfn_ ;fdflhs Gofo,
sfg"gL /fHo / c;n zf;gdf cfwfl/t g]kfnL ;dfhsf] :yfkgfy{ ;]jf/t /xg] d"n
Wo]osf ;fy ;+:yflkt ;fdflhs ;+:yf xf] ;fy}, xfdL lgj]bs clwjQmfx¿ klg ljut
nfdf] ;dob]lv dfgj clwsf/, sfg"gL /fHo tyf c;n zf;gsf] k|j4{g / ;+/If0fsf]
sfo{df lg/Gt/ s[ofzLn /x]sf 5f}+ . Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] cGTo u/L b]zdf
lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ nIosf ;fy j[xQ zflGt ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . zflGt
;Demf}tfadf]lhd g} jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] xf] . ljBdfg b08lxgtfsf]
cj:yfsf] cGTo u/L sfg"gL zf;g / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug{sf nflu
pRr:t/Lo ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g ug]{ Pj+ åGbsf qmddf a]kQf
kfl/Psf gful/sx¿sf] af/]df ;TotYo kQf nufpg] bfloTj cGtl/d ;+ljwfgaf6 ;[lht
5 . To;afx]s, o; ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf km};nfx¿af6 klg ;+qmd0fsflng
Gofosf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu /fHonfO{ lgb]{zg ul/Psf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg Pj+ zflGt
;Demf}tfdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf
Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os tyf JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf]
ljw]osx¿ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;+u k/fdz{ u/L k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf] cfwf/df Joj:yflksf
;+;bdf k]z ePsf] lyof] . ;+;bleq / aflx/sf 5nkmn tyf cufl8 ;fl/Psf ;+zf]wg
k|:tfjx¿nfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL ljw]osdf kl/dfh{g u/]/ sfg"gL ¿k lbg'sf] ;§f
sk6k"0f{ / ckf/bzL{ tl/sfn] cWofb]zsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/]/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[ltsf
nflu /fi6«klt;dIf k7fO{ /fi6«kltn] ldlt @)^(.!@.! df k|dfl0fs/0f u/]sf] /fi6«klt
sfof{noaf6 hf/L ePsf] k|]; lj1lKtdf pNn]v 5 .
![Page 4: 069 0057 laifoM k/dfb]z nufot pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFmsupremecourt.gov.np/web/assets/downloads/judgements/069-WS-0057-0058.pdf · l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*](https://reader042.cupdf.com/reader042/viewer/2022041219/5e0842390f11ce63f36962b1/html5/page/4.jpg)
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
4
pQm cWofb]zsf] k|:tfjgf b08lxgtfsf] cGTo ug]{ ;d]tsf p2]Zon] hf/L ul/Psf]
eGg] pNn]v ePklg uDeL/ ck/fwdf Ifdfbfg tyf kmf}hbf/L hjfkmb]lxtfaf6 pGd'lQm
lbg] s'/fnfO{ cWofb]zn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @#-!_ df æcfof]un] o;
cWofb]z adf]lhd 5fglag ubf{ kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df To;sf] kof{Kt
cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . o; pkbkmfdf k|of]u ePsf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f s] x'g eGg] s'g} klg ljifo pQm
cWofb]zdf 5}g . ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf -^_ df æpkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu
l;kmfl/;ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/ / dfkb08 tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf 5 .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf $) n] lgod agfpg] clwsf/ klg :jo+ cfof]unfO{ g} lbPsf] x'gfn]
cfof]usf] thlahnfO{ g} kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f dfGg'kg]{ ePsf] x'gfn] of] Joj:yf clt g}
clgolGqt ¿kdf lj:t[t -Vague_ ePsf] 5 . To;}n] of] bkmf clgolGqt Jofkstfsf]
l;4fGt -Doctrine of Vagueness_ sf] cfwf/df klg bkmfsf] ljjflbt c+z vf/]h
x'g'kb{5 .
bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ df æpkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
anfTsf/nufot cfof]usf] 5fglagaf6 Ifdfbfg lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f gb]lvPsf
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fwdf ;+nUg kL8snfO{ cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;ug]{ 5}gÆ
eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ o;df s]jn anfTsf/sf] dfq gfd pNn]v ePsf] / To;kl5
ænufotÆ eGg] zAb k|of]u ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ oxfF klg pxL clgolGqt Jofkstf /xL
thaLhnfO{ g} k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 . s:tf] cj:yfdf kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f ePsf] jf
gePsf] dfGg] eGg] af/]df cWofb]zn] cfof]unfO{ dfu{ lgb]{lzt u/]sf] cj:yf g/xL To:tf
cfwf/ / sf/0f lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ klg cfof]us} :jljj]sdf 5f]8]sf] sf/0fn]
Ifdfbfgof]Uo gePsf uDeL/ ck/fwx¿df Ifdfbfgsf] 9f]sf v'Nnf /x]sf] lgj]bg ub{5f}+ .
bkmf @# s} pkbkmf -$_df æpkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] lgldQ s'g} lgj]bg
kg{ cfPdf cfof]un] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ Ifdfbfgsf] lgldQ l;kmfl/;ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{ cl3 ;f] ljifodf kLl8t;Fu ;Nnfx ug{ ;Sg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf
/flvPsf] 5 . dfkmL lbg] ljifodf kLl8tsf] ;Gt'li6 Pp6f k|d'v ;To xf] . kL8sn] Ifdf
kLl8t;Fu dfUg] xf] cfof]u;Fu xf]Og . o; cy{df cfof]u s]jn k|s[of k'¥ofpg] /
;xhLs/0f ug]{ lgsfodfq xf] . To;}n] kL8sn] kLl8t;Fu cfof]u ;dIf Ifdf dfu]/
![Page 5: 069 0057 laifoM k/dfb]z nufot pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFmsupremecourt.gov.np/web/assets/downloads/judgements/069-WS-0057-0058.pdf · l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*](https://reader042.cupdf.com/reader042/viewer/2022041219/5e0842390f11ce63f36962b1/html5/page/5.jpg)
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
5
To;sf] clen]v ug]{ lsl;dsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{df kL8sn] cfof]u;Fu Ifdf dfUg] /
cfof]un] :jljj]sdf kLl8tnfO{ a'‰g klg ;Sg] ga'‰g klg ;Sg] h:tf] thlahL clwsf/
cfof]unfO{ lbg' ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt 5 .
To:t} cWofb]zsf] bkmf @%-!_ df æcfof]un] o; cWofb]z adf]lhd 5fglag ubf{ bkmf
@# adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/df gk/]sf kL8snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Psftkm{ bkmf @# cfkm}df
ck"0f{ / s'6Ln 5 eg] To; dfly klg bkmf @% -!_ df /x]sf] æk|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhdÆ
eGg] zAbx¿n] bkmf @# df ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ klg yk lgisfd agfOlbPsf] 5 .
åGåsfnsf dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf ck/fwdf sf/jfxL ug{ k|rlnt sfg"gn] k'Ub}g yk
sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
cWofb]zsf] Ifdfbfgd'vL Joj:yf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g tyf :yflkt dfGotfx¿,
g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ ljlwzf:qLo kl/kf6L k|lts"n 5 . g]kfn gful/s tyf /fhg}lts
clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq / oftflj?4sf] dxf;lGwnufot ;a}h;f] dxTjk"0f{
dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGwx¿sf] kIf /fi6« xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm, cGt/f{li6«o
dfgjLo sfg"g -h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿_ sf] klg kIf /fi6« 5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/
sfg"g cGtu{t clwsf/ jf :jtGqtfsf] pNnª\3gaf6 kLl8t JolQmsf] k|efjsf/L sfg"gL
pkrf/ kfpg] xs ;'lglZrt 5 . of] clwsf/ k|d'v ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f *, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
k|lt1fkqsf] wf/f @, oftgf tyf cGo qm'/ , cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf
;hfo lj?4sf] dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !$, afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] wf/f #(, h]g]ef
dxf;GwL, !($( sf] cltl/Qm ;lGwkqsf] wf/f (! tyf cGt/fli6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf]
/f]d ljwfgsf] wf/f ^* / &% nufotsf Joj:yfx¿ cGtu{t ;+/lIft 5 . dfgj
clwsf/;DaGwL s]xL kl5Nnf b:tfj]hx¿df o; clwsf/nfO{ :ki6;Fu kl/efiff ug'{sf
;fy} Gofo / kl/k"/0fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu dfu{ lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5 . r'gf}tL lbO{Psf
cWofb]zsf Joj:yf oL plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] l;w} k|lts"n 5g\ .
s]xL cGt/fli6«o If]qLo cbfntx¿n] klg cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg"gsf]
dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ dxTjk"0f{ km};nfx¿ u/]sf 5g\ . cGt/ cd]l/sL dfgj clwsf/
cbfntn] af]l/of]; cfN6f];sf] d'2f -Series C No. 75 (2001) IACHR 5 (14 March 2001)
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
6
df k]¿sf b'O{ Ifdfbfg sfg"gx¿ -g+= @^$&( / g+= @^$(@_ nfO{ cd]l/sL dfgj clwsf/
dxf;lGw ljk/Lt 7x¥ofpFb} ;a} dfkmL tyf Ifdfbfg;DaGwL pkfox¿ uDeL/ pNn+3gsf
;Gbe{df c:jLsfo{ x'G5g\ eg]sf] 5 . o;}u/L /f]l8«u]h lj?4 xf]G8'/; -@( h'nfO{ !(**_
sf] d'2fdf klg pNn+3gsf] cg';Gwfg u/L bl08t ug]{ /fHosf] sfg"gL bfloTj x'g] s'/fnfO{
:yflkt ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
plNnlvt cGt/fli6«o sfg"gL dfGotfx¿sf] /fli6«o sfg"g;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ klg
ljrf/ ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ##-8_ n] /fHo kIf
ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+j}wflgs st{Jo tf]s]sf]
5 . o; cltl/Qm g]kfn ;GwL P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (-!_ n] klg g]kfn kIf ePsf
;lGwsf k|fjwfg;Fu aflemg] g]kfn sfg"gsf k|fjwfgx¿ cdfGo x'g] / ;lGwsf k|fjwfgn]
k|fyldstf kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg]
xs -wf/f !@_, ;dfgtfsf] xs -wf/f !#_ Pj+ oftgf lj?4sf] xs -wf/f @^_, tyf
;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs -wf/f #@_ o'4sfn Pj+ ;+s6sfn s'g} klg cj:yfdf cljl5Gg
¿kdf nfu' x'G5g\ .
a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ ck/fw 3f]lift u/L b08;hfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ / a]kQf
JolQmx¿sf] af/]df 5fglagsf nflu 5'§} cfof]usf] u7g ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 /fh]Gb|
9sfn sf] d'2fdf -@)^$ h]i7 !* df lbPsf] cfb]zsf] kl/kfngfnfO{ klg a]jf:tf
ul/Psf] 5 . ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnf kLl8tx¿ tyf gful/s
;dfhnfO{ u'd/fxdf /fv]/ sk6k"0f{ tl/sfn] hf/L ul/Psf] cWofb]zsf ljjflbt
Joj:yfx¿sf] j}wtf -Legitimacy_ / ljZj;lgotf -Cerdibility_ ;d]t k'li6 x'g] l:ylt
g/x]sf] lgj]bg ub{5f}+ . b]z leq} Gofo k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf gx'Fbf ljZjJofkL If]qflwsf/
cfslif{t eO{ g]kfn aflx/ cleof]hg x'g] cj:yf ;d]t l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . o; l:yltdf
;+qmd0fsflng Gofo ;DaGwL sfg"gL vfsfnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / g]kfnsf] ;lGwhlgt
bfloTjx¿sf] cfwf/df ;'b[l9s/0f ub}{ b]zleq} Gofosf] j}wflgs dfu{ k|z:t ug]{ p2]Zosf
;fy ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb lnP/ pkl:yt ePsf 5f}+ .
ctM a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf]
;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ jg]sf] cWofb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ df æpkbkmf
-!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg anfTsf/ nufot cfof]usf] 5fglagaf6
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
7
Ifdfbfg lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f gb]lvPsf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fwdf ;+nUg
kL8snfO{ cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;ug]{ 5}gÆ egL ul/Psf] k|fjwfgsf]
æcfof]usf] 5fglagaf6 Ifdfbfg lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f gb]lvPsfÆ eGg] jfSof+znfO{
dfq} k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt -Doctrine of Severability_ adf]lhd 5'6\ofpFbf afFsL
Joj:yfn] cy{ lbg ;Sg] ePsf] x'gfn] bfjL ul/Psf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf]
plNnlvt Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd
c;+j}wflgs / cdfGo 3f]if0ff ul/kfpFm . To:t} r'gf}tL lbOPsf] bkmf @%-!_ df /x]sf]
æk|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhdÆ eGg] jfSof+znfO{ dfq cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ubf{ pkbkmf -!_
n] klg cy{ lbg ;Sg] ePsf] x'gfn] To;nfO{ klg k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift
ul/kfpFm .
cfd g/;+xf/, o'4 ck/fw, dfjgtf lj?4sf] ck/fw, a]kQf / oftgf nufotsf
uDeL/ pNn+3gnfO{ cGt/fli6«o sfg"gL bfloTj cg'?k kmf}hbf/L s;"/ 3f]lift u/L s;"/sf]
ufDeLo{tf cg'?k b08sf] Joj:yf gubf{;Dd ;+qmd0fsflng Gofo ;+oGqsf] u7gn] dfq}
b]z leq} Gofo k|flKtsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] o; ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 o; cl3
ul/Psf ;+qmd0fsflng Gofo ;DaGwL lg0f{ox¿ ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL cTofjZos
sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm . ljkIfLx¿sf] lqmofsnfknfO{ ljrf/ ubf{
cWofb]z adf]lhd t'?Gt} sfo{ z'¿ug]{ cj:yf ePsf] / olb r'gf}tL lbOPsf cWofb]zsf
Joj:yfadf]lhd ljkIfLx¿n] sfo{ ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsx¿ o; ;Ddflgt
cbfntdf k|j]z ug'{sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt x'g] ePsf] x'gfn] r'gf}tL lbO{Psf Joj:yf tTsfn
sfof{Gjog gug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
$! adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm ;fy} of] ljifo cToGt ;+j]bgzLn x'g'sf]
cltl/Qm tTsfn lsgf/f klg nfUg'kg]{ lsl;dsf] ePsf] x'gfn] clGtd ;'g'jfO{ x'g] lbg
;d]t tf]sL ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dfu u/L ;'g'jfO{ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
l/6 lgj]bg kq .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%& df o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]zsf] Joxf]/f
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{
xf] < af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
8
sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLx?nfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg' ;fy} cGtl/d
cfb]zsf] xsdf lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf p7fPsf] ljifoj:t'sf] ufDeL{otfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{
a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;Tolg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u cWofb]z, @)^( sf]
bkmf #, @#, @%, @( g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_-@_, wf/f !#-!_,
wf/f @^ ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 egL lgj]bsx¿n] dfu ug'{ ePsf] x'Fbf xfn pQm bkmf
sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_
adf]ldh tTsflng cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . of] cfb]znfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] jf
glbg] eGg] ljifodf b'j} kIfnfO{ 5nkmn u/fO{ lgisif{df k'Ug plrt b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf]
k|of]hgfy{ ldlt @)&).!.$ sf] 5nkmn k]zL tf]sL lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt
Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^(.!@.!( sf] cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%& df ljkIfL zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqL /fds'df/ >]i7 /
dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj w/0fLw/ vltj8fsf] 5'§f5'§} lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/fM–
xfd|f] d'n'sdf nfdf] ;do;Dd ;z:q åGbsf] cj:yf /x]sf]df g]kfn ;/sf/ /
tTsflng ;z:q ljb|f]xL kIf aLr zflGt ;Demf}tf ;DkGg eO{ hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;+qmd0fsflng Goflos ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{ s'/fnfO{ /fHosf]
bfloTjsf] ¿kdf /fv]sf] 5 . z;:q åGbsf qmddf 36]sf dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g
;DaGwL 36gfnfO{ hlt ;Sbf] rfF8f] ;Daf]wg x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] / o; ;DaGwL
ljw]os tTsflng Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf k]z ePsf]df pQm ljw]os kfl/t gx'Fb}
Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf]n] ;f] ljw]osn] sfg"gL :j?k lng ;s]sf]
cj:yf lyPg . ;+qmd0fsflng Goflos ;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{
jfG5gLo /x]sf] t/ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] cl:tTj g/x]sf] ljz]if cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt @)^(.!!.#) df a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To lg?k0f tyf
d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^( hf/L ug{ ;DdfggLo
/fi6«klt ;dIf u/]sf] l;kmfl/;adf]lhd ldlt @)^(.!@.! df ;f] cWofb]z hf/L ePsf]
xf] .
pQm cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] Joj:yf clgolGqt ¿kdf lj:t[t
ePsf] -Vague_ eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] bfjL ;DaGwdf pQm pkbkmfdf æcfof]un] o;
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
9
cWofb]z adf]lhd 5fglag ubf{ kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'{Qm b]v]df To;sf] kof{Kt
cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 . of] Joj:yfnfO{ JofVof ubf{ pQm cWofb]zsf] k|:tfjgf nufot ;d'Rrf Joj:yfnfO{
g} ;dli6ut ¿kdf x]g{' kb{5 . k|:tfjgf klg P]g jf cWofb]zsf] cleGg efu xf] / sfg"g
JofVof ubf{ k|:tfjgfnfO{ klg cfwf/ lnOG5 . cWofb]zsf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -#_ df
Joj:yf eP cg';f/ lgikIf / :jtGq JolQmx¿ ;lDdlnt l;kmfl/;;ldltn] u/]sf]
l;kmfl/sf cfwf/df u7g x'g] :jtGq, ;Ifd / lgikIf cfof]un] b08xLgtfnfO{ k|>o lbg]
u/L jf dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] uDeL/ 36gfdf ;d]t Ifdfbfg / kmf}hbf/L
hjfkmb]lxtfaf6 pGd'lQm lbg] u/L sfd sf/jfxL ub{5 egL z+sf / cg'dfg ug{' ts{;+ut
b]lvFb}g . dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g cGtu{t s] s:tf] sfo{ kb{5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -`_ df xTof, ckx/0f tyf z/L/ aGws, JolQm a]kQf kfg]{,
cËe+Ë jf ckfË agfpg], zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s oftgf, anfTsf/ tyf of}ghGo lx+;f,
JolQmut jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ n'6kf6, sAhf, tf]8kmf]8 jf cfuhgL, 3/hUufaf6
ha/h:tL lgsfnf jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] lj:yfkg / cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ jf
dfgjLo sfg"g ljk/Lt ul/Psf] h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] sfo{ jf dfgjtf lj?4sf] cGo ck/fw
egL pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvFbf pQm cWofb]zn] cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf cfwf/e"t
dfGotfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] b]lvG5 . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ bkmf @ sf] v08 -`_ sf] Joj:yf;Fu Ps} ;fy /fv]/ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . bkmf @#
sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_n] dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{
Ifdfbfg lbg ;lsg] u/L Joj:yf u/]sf] eGg' cWofb]zsf] ;du| p2]Zo / Joj:yf ljk/Lt
x'g] ePsf]n] To:tf] JofVof ug{ ;lsFb}g . bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ df k|o'Qm kL8snfO{
Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df To:tf] cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ eGg] jfSof+zsf] cy{ h:tf];'s}
ck/fwsf] 36gfdf ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ klg cfof]un] Ifdfbfg ug{ ;Sg] eGg] xf]Og . dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf 36gfx¿df ;d]t cfof]un] kL8snfO{ cfd Ifdfbfg lbg
;Sg] clwsf/ cWofb]zsf] s'g}klg bkmfn] cfof]unfO{ lbPsf] 5}g . dfgj clwsf/sf]
uDeL/ pNn+3gsf 36gf afx]s cGo 36gfdf dfkmL lbg'kg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f /x]df
cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/;ug{;Sg] ;Ddsf] clwsf/ pQm bkmf
@# sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] lbPsf] xf] . dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] cf/f]kdf bf]ifL
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
10
b]lvPsf] JolQm pk/ cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg]
clwsf/ cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# nufot cGo s'g} klg bkmfn] cfof]unfO{ lbPsf] gb]lvg] /
bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] Joj:yf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf 36gf afx]ssf
cGo 36gfdf cfslif{t x'g] Pj+ To:tf 36gfdf klg Ifdfbfg lbgsf] nflu kof{Kt cfwf/ /
sf/0fsf] cfjZostf kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;f] bkmfn] O+lut u/]sf] xf] . hxfF;Dd kof{Kt cfwf/ /
sf/0f s] x'g\ eGg] ljifodf cWofb]zdf s]xL klg pNn]v gePsf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfjL
5, To;/L l;kmfl/;ubf{ pNn]v ug'{kg]{ cfwf/ / dfkb08 ;DaGwL Joj:yf cWofb]z
cGtu{t aGg] lgoddf Jojl:yt x'g] tyf bkmf $) n] lgod agfpg] clwsf/ ;d]t :jtM
cfof]u :jo+nfO{ lbPsf] x'Fbf pQm Joj:yfnfO{ clgolGqt Joj:yf dfGg ;lsb}g .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -`_ df plNnlvt s;"/sf xsdf cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf]
nflu l;kmfl/;ug{;Sg] clwsf/ g/x]sf], h'g s;"/sf xsdf kL8snfO{ cfof]un]
Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sb}g, To:tf] s;"/ kL8s pk/ d'2f rnfpg
dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf n]vL k7fpg] eGg] Joj:yf bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -#_ df /x]sf]
b]lvFbf ;f] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ df k|o'Qm pQm jfSof+znfO{ ab/ 3f]lift ul//xg' kg]{
cf}lrTo 5}g . To;} u/L bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -$_ df æpkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf]
lgldQ s''g} lgj]bg kg{ cfPDff To:tf] JolQmnfO{ Ifdfbfgsf] lgldQ l;kmfl/;ug]{ jf gug]{
eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{ cl3 ;f] ljifosf kLl8t;Fu ;Nnfx ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf
;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bgsf] sygsf] ;Gbe{df bkmf
@@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df kL8s / kLl8t aLr d]nldnfk u/fpg] ;DaGwdf cfof]un]
kL8snfO{ lghn] u/]sf] unt sfdsf] kZrftfk ug{ nufO{ kLl8t;Fu dfkmL dfUg nufpg
;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]af6 kLl8t ;Gt'i6 g/x];Dd d]nldnfk x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .
o;sf ;fy} bkmf @# sf] Ifdfbfg ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ bkmf @@ sf] d]nldnfk ;DaGwL
Joj:yf;Fu Ps;fy /fv]/ x']g'{kg]{ x'G5 . kL8s / kLl8t aLr ;xdlt eO{ kL8sn]
kLl8t;Fu dfkmL dfuL kZrftfk gu/];Dd kL8snfO{ cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu
l;kmfl/;lbg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . Ifdfbfgsf] ljifodf kLl8tsf] ;Gt'li6 clgjfo{
tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -$_
sf] Joj:yf eg]sf] kL8sn] kLl8t;Fu dfkmL dfuL;s]kl5sf] cj:yfdf dfq nfu' x'g] xf] .
kL8sn] kLl8t;Fu dfkmL dfu]sf] cj:yfdf klg a[xQ/ ;fj{hlgs lxt / GofonfO{
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
11
b[li6ut ubf{ s]xL vf; kl/l:yltdf To:tf] kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko''Qm gx'g klg
;Sg] x'Fbf pkbkmf -$_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/k]If ?kdf x]g{ gldNg] ePsf]n] ;f] pkbkmfsf]
Joj:yf cdfGo x'g'kg]{ s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f /x]sf] 5}g .
hxfF ;Dd l/6 lgj]bsn] cWofb]zsf] bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -!_ df cfof]un] o;
cWofb]z adf]lhd 5fglag ubf{ bkmf @# adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/df gk/]sf
kL8snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yfdf k|o'Qm
sfg"gadf]lhd eGg] jfSof+zn] yk sfg"g agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostfsf] af6f] k"0f{ ¿kdf aGb
u/]sfn] ;f] jfSof+z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lng' ePsf] bfjL 5 . k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd
eGg] jfSof+zn] pQm cWofb]z hf/L x'g] avtdf ljBdfg /x]sf sfg"g dfqnfO{ hfgpF5
eGg] xf]Og . dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] 36gfdf jf dfgjtf lj?4sf] s;"/df
ljZjJofkL If]qflwsf/ -Universal Jurisdiction_nfu' x'g] / To:tf] s;"/df ;+nUg
JolQmnfO{ kZrftbzL{ sfg"g agfP/ ePklg sf/jfxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg ;lsg] eGg]
;DaGwdf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt{/fli6«o sfg"gdf l;4fGt ljsl;t e} ;s]sf] 5 .
åGbsfndf ePsf ha/h:tL JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ ck/flws/0f -Criminalized_ug]{
;DaGwdf ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf kof{Kt g/x]sf]n] gofF sfg"g agfpg ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] /fh]Gb| 9sfn lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] d'2fdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf cfb]z
lbPsf] cj:yf 5b}5 . k|:t't cWofb]z adf]lhd dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g jf
dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fleq NofO{ b08lxgtf
cGTo ug{ ljBdfg sfg"gx¿sf] cltl/Qm yk sfg"g agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf /
;DefjgfnfO{ cWofb]zsf] bkmf @& n] ;d]t cf}NofPsf] 5 . o;}u/L bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf
@ sf] v08 -3_ df cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt l;kmfl/;sfof{Gjog ug{ sfg"g lgdf{0f
ug]{ tkm{ sf/jfxL ug]{ lhDd]jf/L zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfnosf] x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . t;y{, lgj]bsn] nufpg' ePsf] dgu9Gt] cy{sf] cfwf/df bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf
-!_ df k|o'Qm æk|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhdÆ eGg] jfSof+znfO{ ab/ ug'{kg]{ s'g} klg cfwf/,
sf/0f / k|of]hg /x]sf] 5}g .
åGbsfndf a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] ;TotYo kQf nufpg 5'§} cfof]u u7g
ug'{kg]{df ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]un] g} a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] ;DaGwdf
5fglag ug]{ u/L Pp6} cfof]u u7g ug]{ cWofb]zsf] Joj:yfk|lt l/6 lgj]bsn] a}Btf /
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
12
ljZj;lgotfsf] k|Zg p7fpg' ePsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf 5'§f–5'§} cfof]u u7g ug]{ jf
Psn cfof]u u7g u/L 5fglag ug]{ eGg] ljifo ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zg geO{ gLltut
jf Joj:yfksLo ljifo xf] .
hxfF;Dd cfd g/;+xf/, o'4 ck/fw, dfjgtf lj?4sf] ck/fw, a]kQf / oftgf
nufotsf dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL bfloTj adf]lhd kmf}hbf/L
s;"/ 3f]lift u/L s;"/sf] ufDeLo{tf cg';f/ b08sf] Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos sfg"g lgdf{0f
ug{ k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL l/6 lgj]bsn] dfu ug'{ ePsf] 5 . tt\ ;DaGwdf dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g Pj+ dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwnfO{ b08gLo agfO{ kLl8tsf]
Gofo k|flKtsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ bfloTj ;/sf/sf] /x]sf]df ljjfb 5}g .
cfdg/;+xf/ -Genocide_, o'4 ck/fw -War Crime_, dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw -Crime
against Humanity_ lgoGq0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn h]g]ef dxf;GwL, !($( sf] kIf /fi6«
e} ;s]sf] 5 eg] oftgf lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;GwL , !($* sf] klg g]kfn kIf d'n's
xf] . h]g]ef dxf;GwLnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu ljw]os th'{dfsf] sfo{ clGt/d r/0fdf
k'u]sf] 5 eg] oftgf lgoGq0f ;DaGwL ljw]os, @)^( th'{df eO{ tTsflng Joj:yflksf
;+;b ;dIf k]z eO;s]sf] xf] . o;}u/L ha/h:tL JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ s;"/sf]
?kdf 3f]if0ff ug]{ nufotsf ljljw ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]l6 tof/ ePsf] kmf}hbf/L ck/fw,
;+lxtf, @)^* sf] ljw]os ;d]t tTsflng Jo:yflksf ;+;bdf k|:t't ePsf] xf] .
t;y{, dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g / dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwsf] s;"/df
lg/k]If ?kdf cfd dfkmL jf Ifdfbfg lbg] ljifo cWofb]zdf ;dfj]z gePsf], cWofb]zn]
cfof]usf] :jtGqtf, :jfoQtf / ;IfdtfnfO{ k|Tofe"t u/]sf] b]lvPsf], cWofb]zsf] s'g}
bkmf jf bkmfdf k|of]u ePsf] s'g} jfSof+zsf] JofVof ubf{ cWofb]znfO{ ;d'Rrf ?kdf x]/L
cWofb]zsf] p2]Zoadf]lhd JofVof ug'{kg]{, dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf 36gfdf
kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/;ug{;Sg] clwsf/ cWofb]zn]
cfof]unfO{ glbPsf], kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg l;kmfl/;ug'{ cl3 kL8sn] kLl8tnfO{ lrQa '‰bf]
9+un] kZrftfk u/L dfkmL dfUg'kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf], dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g Pj+
dfgjtf lj?4sf] s;"/df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ b08 lbg] u/L /fHon] sfg"g agfpg ;Sg]
clwsf/nfO{ cWofb]zn] lgolGqt gu/]sf] x'Fbf cg'dfg / z+sfsf] e/df cfkm'v'zL
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
13
cWofb]zsf] cy{ u/L cWofb]zn] kl/sNkgf g} gu/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ l/6 lgj]bsx¿n]
bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%& df ljkIfL sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo
dfldnf dGqL xl/k|;fb Gof}kfg] / P]= dGqfnosf] tkm{sf] P]= sf ;lrj e]if/fh zdf{sf]
5'§f5'§} lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/fM–
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ## sf] v08 -w_ / lj:t[t zflGt
;Demf}tfsf] k|s/0f %=@=% df ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g ug]{ Joj:yf eP
adf]lhd d'n'sdf åGå ;dfwfg u/L lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfy{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;Tolg?k0f
tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os / JolQm j]kQf kfg]{
;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;dIf k|:t't u/]sf]df pQm
ljw]osx? kfl/t gx'Fb} Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{sfn :jtM ;dfKt ePsf] x'Fbf g]kfn
;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ** sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd j]kQf ePsf JolQmsf]
5fgljg, ;Tolg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z
hf/L ug{ l;kmfl/; u/] adf]lhd ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 ldlt @)^(.!@.! df ;f]
cWofb]z hf/L ePsf] xf] .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ / pkbkmf -^_ df ePsf] Joj:yf clt g}
clgolGqt ?kdf lj:t[t ePsf]n] vf/]h x'g'kg]{ l/6 lgj]bssf] lhls/df ;DaGwdf
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ df cfof]un] ;f] cWofb]z adf]lhd 5fgljg ubf{
kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df To;sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/;Fu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cfof]un] kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{
pko'Qm b]v]df ;f]sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{
;Sg] Joj:yfn] cfof]uaf6 :jljj]sLo lg0f{o x'g] geO{ :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{
l;kmfl/;ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -^_ df pkbkmf
-!_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/ / dfkb08 tf]lsP adf]lhd
x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] / bkmf $) adf]lhd cfof]un] pQm cWofb]z sfof{Gjog ug{
cfjZos lgod agfpFbf Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/ / dfkb08 ;d]t
lgoddf :ki6 ?kdf Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] cfwf/ / dfkb08sf] kl/lwleq /xL
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
14
Ifdfbfgsf] l;kmfl/; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfn] cfof]unfO{ cem} lhDd]jf/ agfpg vf]h]sf] x'Fbf
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ / pkbkmf -^_ df ePsf] Joj:yf clt g} clgolGqt
?kdf lj:t[t ePsf]n] vf/]h x'g'kg]{ eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] egfO{ pko'Qm 5}g .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -`_ df ædfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gÆ eGg]
zAbfjnLsf] :ki6 kl/efiff /x]sf] / pQm kl/efiffn] anfTsf/ nufotsf ljleGg
ck/fwnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'Fbf bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ df pNn]v ePsf] æanfTsf/ nufotÆ
eGg] zAbfjnLn] klg plNnlvt ;a} uDeL/ ck/fwnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g] cj:yf 5 . To;}n]
anfTsf/ nufotsf eGg] zAbx? pNn]v ePsf] x'Fbf thljlhnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] /
Ifdfbfg of]Uo gePsf ulDe/ ck/fwx?df Ifdfbfgsf] 9f]sf v'nf /fv]sf] eGg] egfO{
ts{k"0f{ 5}g . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -$_ df æpkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf]
lgldQ s'g} lgj]bg kg{ cfPdf cfof]un] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ Ifdfbfgsf] lgldQ l;kmfl/;ug]{
jf gug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{ cl3 ;f] ljifodf kLl8t;Fu ;Nnfx ug{ ;Sg]5Æ eGg]
Joj:yfn] cfof]un] :jljj]sdf kLl8tnfO{ a'em\g klg ;Sg] ga'em\g klg ;Sg] h:tf]
thljlh clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] lhls/sf ;DaGwdf x]bf{ pQm
cWofb]zsf] p2]Zo g} ;z:q åGåsf qmddf a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgljg nufot dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw ;DaGwL cGo 36gf / To:tf]
36gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f tyf 5fgljg u/L jf:tljs tYo hg
;dIf Nofpg], kL8s / kLl8t aLr d]nldnfk u/fO{ kf/:kl/s ;b\efj tyf ;lxi0f'tfsf]
efjgf clej[l4 u/fpg' /x]sf] x'gfn] cWofb]z adf]lhd u7g x'g] :jtGq / :jfoQ
cfof]un] Ifdfbfg h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ / ;Dj]bgzLn ljifodf l;kmfl/; ug'{ cl3 36gfsf
kLl8t;Fu ;Nnfx g} ub}{g ls egL z+sf ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'g ;Sb}g . ;fy} Ifdfbfg
;DaGwL bkmf @% sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;d'Rrf cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] Ifdfbfgsf] sf/jfxL cl3
a9\gsf] nflu kL8sn] lnlvt lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ cfkm"af6 dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g
ePsf] :jLsf/ ug'{kg]{, To; ;DaGwL ;a} tYox? k"0f{?kdf k|s6 u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ /
kLl8tnfO{ lrQ a'em\bf] 9+un] kZrftfk ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{tf /xG5 . To;}n] kLl8t;Fusf]
;Nnfx / kLl8tsf] hfgsf/L ljgf Ifdfbfgsf] l;kmfl/; x'g ;Sg] cj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf g}
cWofb]zn] gu/]sf] x'Fbf kLl8t;Fu ;Nnfx gug{ klg ;Sg] :jljj]sflwsf/ cfof]unfO{
ePsf] eGg] lgj]bsx?sf] egfO{ ts{;+ut / pko'Qm 5}g .
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
15
hxfF;Dd cWofb]zsf] bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -!_ df cfof]un] o; cWofb]z adf]lhd
5fgljg ubf{ bkmf @# adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;df gk/]sf kL8snfO{ k|rlnt
sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yfn] yk sfg"g agfpg]
cfjZostf / ;Defjgfsf] af6f] aGb u/]sf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] lhsL/ 5, To; ;DaGwdf
x]bf{ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g jf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{
sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ b08xLgtf cGTo ug{ ljBdfg sfg"gsf] cltl/Qm yk sfg"g
agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf / ;DefjgfnfO{ k|:t't cWofb]zn] g} cf}+NofPsf] 5 . cWofb]zsf]
bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_ df cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog ug{ sfg"g
agfpg cfjZos ePdf ;f] ljifodf ;d]t cfof]un] g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k|ltj]bg k]z
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 eg] bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ df cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf
plNnlvt l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog ug{ sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{tkm{ sf/jfxL ug]{ lhDd]jf/L zflGt
tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfnosf] x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]n] yk sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ cfjZostf
/ af6f] aGb ePsf] xf]Og ls emg\ v'nf ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bsx?sf] lhsL/
cf}lrTok"0f{ 5}g . t;y{ ljkIfL lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpFm .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%& df ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\ k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no Pj+ cfkm\gf] xsdf ;d]t dlGqkl/ifb\sf cWoIf lvn/fh /]UdLsf]
lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/fM–
ldlt @)^(.!@.! df d]/f] g]t[Tjsf] jt{dfg dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g x'g' cufj} k"j{
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/af6 pQm cWofb]z hf/L ePsf] x'Fbf sk6k"0f{ / ckf/bzL{ tl/sfn]
cWofb]zsf] d:of}bf tof/ kf/L dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[ltsf nflu /fi6«klt;dIf k7fPsf]
egL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] cWoIfnfO{ cf/f]k nufO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f 5}g .
:jtGq ;Ifd / lgikIf cfof]un] b08lxgtfnfO{ k|>o lbg] u/L jf dfgj clwsf/
pNn+3gsf] uDeL/ 36gfdf ;d]t Ifdfbfg / kmf}hbf/L hjfkmb]lxtfaf6 pGd'lQm lbg] u/L
sfd sf/jfxL ub{5 egL z+sf / cg'dfg ug'{ ts{;+ut / Gofof]lrt b]lvFb}g . P]g jf
cWofb]zdf g} ;a} s'/f x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;}4flGts Pj+ Jojxfl/s b'j} b[li6af6
pko'Qm dfGg ;lsFb}g . cWofb]zdf jf P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L aGg] lgoddf klg
cfjZos / pko'Qm Joj:yf /fVg ;lsG5 . kL8s / kLl8t aLr ;xdlt eO{ kL8sn]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
16
kLl8t;Fu dfkmL dfuL kZrftfk gu/];Dd kL8snfO{ cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;
lbg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . k|:t't cWofb]z adf]lhd dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g jf
dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fleq NofO{ b08lxgtf
cGTo ug{ ljBdfg sfg"gx?sf] cltl/Qm yk sfg"g agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf /
;DefjgfnfO{ cWofb]zn] ;d]t cf}+NofPsf] 5 .
5'§f–5'§} cfof]u u7g ug]{ jf Psn cfof]u u7g u/L 5fgljg ug]{ eGg] ljifo
;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zg geO{ gLltut jf Joj:yflksLo ljifo xf] . Psn jf 5'§f5'§}
cfof]usf] ljifo eGbf cfof]usf] :jtGqtf, ;Ifdtf / :jfoQtfsf] k|Tofe"lt u/L cfkm\gf]
If]qflwsf/ adf]lhdsf] sfd sf/jfxL ug]{ kof{Kt sfof{b]z cfof]unfO{ 5 5}g eGg] ljifo
dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . k|:t't cWofb]zn] cfof]usf] :jtGqtf, ;Ifdtf / :jfoQtfsf
;DaGwdf oyf]lrt Joj:yf u/L cfof]unfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
lbOPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bssf] ;f] bfjLsf ;DaGwdf cGo yk s]xL pNn]v ul//xg
kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g Pj+ dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwnfO{
b08gLo agfO{ kLl8tsf] Gofo k|flKtsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ bfloTj ;/sf/sf]
/x]sf]df ljjfb 5}g . xfn Joj:yflksf ;+;b g/x]sf] / ljz]if kl/l:yltdf ljz]if sfof{b]z
lnO{ jt{dfg dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g ePsf] tYo ;Ddflgt cbfntnfO{ cjut ePs} ljifo xf] .
l/6 lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] ljifosf xsdf sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g cfjZos /x]sf]
tYodf jt{dfg dlGqkl/ifb\ / d]/f] ljdtL x'g'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g .
dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g / dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwsf] s;"/df lg/k]If
?kdf cfd dfkmL jf Ifdfbfg lbg] ljifo cWofb]zdf ;dfj]z ePsf] gb]lvg], cWofb]z
adf]lhd u7g x'g] cfof]usf] :jtGqtf, ;Ifdtf / :jfoQtfnfO{ cWofb]zn] k|Tofe"t
u/]sf] b]lvPsf], cWofb]zsf] s'g} bkmf jf pkbkmfdf k|of]u ePsf] s'g} jfSofFzsf] JofVof
ubf{ cWofb]znfO{ ;d'Rrf ?kdf x]/L cWofb]zsf] p2]Zo adf]lhd JofVof ug'{kg]{, dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf 36gfdf cfof]un] kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfgsf] nflu g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{;Sg] clwsf/ cWofb]zn] glbPsf], kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfgsf]
l;kmfl/; ug'{ cl3 kL8sn] kLl8tnfO{ lrQa'em\bf] 9+un] kZrftfk ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf, dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g Pj+ dfgjtf lj?4sf] s;"/df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ b08 lbg] u/L
/fHon] sfg"g agfpg ;Sg] clwsf/nfO{ cWofb]zn] lgolGqt gu/]sf] / ug{ klg g;Sg]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
17
x'Fbf dgu9Gt] cg'dfg / z+sfsf] e/df cfkm"v'zL cWofb]zsf] cy{ u/L cWofb]zn]
kl/sNkgf g} gu/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ l/6 lgj]bsx?n] bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bssf]
cfwf/df ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ cfwf/ / sf/0f g/x]sf] / lgj]bssf]
lrGtf jf ;/f]sf/nfO{ cWofb]zn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no Pj+
cfkm\gf] xsdf ;d]t dlGqkl/ifb\sf cWoIf lvn/fh /]UdLsf] tkm{af6 o; cbfnt;dIf
k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] ljifoa:t'df åGb kLl8t zxLb kl/jf/sf] x}l;otn] xfdL
lgj]bsx?sf] ;d]t xslxt ;/f]sf/ / :jfy{ ufFl;Psf] x'Fbf k|lt/Iffsf] nflu ;dfj]z x''g
kfpmF eGg] lgj]bs b]jL v8\sf, xl/dfof clwsf/L, cho >]i7, ledaxfb'/ a:g]t, ljzfn
v8\sf / o'un e08f/Lsf] lgj]bg ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%* sf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/fM–
xfdL lgj]bsx? ljutsf] ;z:q åGåaf6 k|ToIf ?kdf k|efljt åGåkLl8t
pQ/hLljx? xf}+ . ldlt @)^( ;fn r}q ! ut]sf] g]kfn /fhkq, v08 ^@, df k|sflzt
;"rgf cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"åf/f
æa]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgaLg, ;To, lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cffof]usf] ;DaGwdf
Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z @)^(Æ k|df0fLs/0f e} hf/L ePsf] hfgsf/Ldf cfof] . pQm
cWofb]zaf6 xfdL k|ToIf ?kdf k|efljt x'g] kLl8t, lk8Lt kl/jf/sf ;b:o / o; If]qdf
sfo{/t sfg"g Joj;foL ePsfn] o;df xfd|f] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ / rfF;f] /x]sf] 5 .
@)^# ;fn d+l;/ % ut] ePsf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %=@=# / %=@=% n]
;Tolg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u, / a]kQf cfof]usf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf], To;}u/L
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ##-y_ / -w_ df klg ;f] ;+oGqx?sf] ljifodf
pNn]v ul/Psf] tyf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] klg åGåsfndf 36]sf dfgj clwsf/
pNn+3g / cfk/flws sfo{x?dfly p7]sf ljjfbx?sf] lg/f]k0f ug]{ bf}/fgdf ;+qmd0fsflng
;+oGq -cfof]u_ sf] cfjZostf cf}+NofPsf] ljlbt} 5 . oBlk ;/sf/n] ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{
sfo{ nufot, a]kQf cfof]u / ;To lg?k0f cfof]usf] :yfkgfsf] p2]Zon] @)^$ ;fnb]lv
g} sfg"g lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] yfngL u/]sf] / JolQm j]kQf kfg]{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
18
ag]sf] ljw]osnfO{ @)^^ ;fn sflt{s !@ df / ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u
;DaGwL ljw]osnfO{ @)^^ ;fn df3df dlGqkl/ifb\n] kfl/t u/L @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !( /
@)^^ ;fn kmfNu'gdf qmdzM ljw]osx? zflGt dGqfnon] ;+;bdf k|:t't u/]sf]df zflGt
tyf k'g{lg{df0f dGqfnon] @)^( ;fn h]i7df ;+ljwfg ;ef -Joj:yflksf ;+;b_ lj36g
x'g' cl3 g} tL ljw]osx? lkmtf{ lng tTsflng Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|:tfj k|:t't u/]sf]
lyof] . t/ ldlt @)^( ;fn h]i7 !$ ut] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] :jtM lj36g ePsfn]
Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;d]t :jtM lj36g eof] . Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ljrf/wLg ljw]osx?
:jtM lg:s[o x'g k'u] .
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf kZrft\ ljut ^ jif{ b]lv kLl8t tyf kLl8tsf] ;To, Gofo
/ kl/k'/0fsf] nflu lg/Gt/ p7]sf cfjfhx?sf] ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L cfof]u :yfkgf ug'kg]{df
kLl8t, dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3 ;+:yf nufot gful/s ;dfh;Fu s'g} 5nkmn k/fdz{ g}
gu/L ljut z;:q åGåsf qmddf cGt/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ Pj+ dfgjLo sfg"gåf/f
kl/eflift dfgj clwsf/sf ulDe/ pNn+3gsf bf]ifLx?nfO{ pGd'lQm lbnfpg] p2]Zon]
ljkIfL dWo]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgljg,
;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u;DaGwL cWofb]z ldlt @)^( ;fn r}q ! ut]
/fi6«kltn] ;f] cWofb]znfO{ k|df0fLs/0f ug'{ ePsf] 5 . kLl8t Pj+ ltgsf kl/jf/hgsf]
Gofosf] clwsf/nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf kmlne"t kfg]{ ;Defjgfx?nfO{ IfL0f ub}{ cfPsf] pQm
cWofbz]af6 kLl8tx?sf] ljlwsf] zf;g / Gofo Joj:yf k|lt g} cg:yf k}bf e} ;du| åGå
kLl8tx?sf] xslxtdf ;d]t uDeL/ cf3ft kfg]{ :ki6 5 .
o;cl3 ;DkGg lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf / ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgf cg';f/
tTsflng g]kfn ;/sf/n] JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os / ;To
lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u;DaGwL ljw]os d:of}bf u/L ;+;bdf k|:t't u/]sf]df
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# tyf ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] cfb]z cg';f/ a]kQf 5fgljg cfof]u / ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u
km/s km/s u7g ul/g'kg]{df cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f # -y_ / -w_ ;Fu aflemg]
ul/ Pp6f dfq cfof]u u7g ug]{ u/L hf/L ul/Psf] cWofb]z ab/ of]Uo 5 . cWofb]zsf]
bkmf !#-!_-s_ df k|o'Qm ædfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gÆ ;DaGwL 36gfsf] ;To
cGj]z0f u/L hg;dIf Nofpg] eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]df bkmf @-`_ df ædfgj clwsf/sf]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
19
uDeL/ pNn+3gÆ cGtu{tsf ck/fwsf] ;"lr pNn]v u/L ;Lldt ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 cGo
dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gf cfof]usf] clwsf/If]q aflx/ kg]{ x'Fbf bkmf !# ck"0f{ eO{
kLl8tsf] Gofo k|fKt ug]{ xsnfO{ c:jLsf/, l;ldt / ;+s'rg u/]sf] 5 . ctM
;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttsf nflu
cfof]unfO{ z;:q åGåsf qmddf ePsf dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf ;a} 36gfdf
cg';Gwfg ug]{ If]qflwsf/ k|bfg ug{ cWofb]zsf] pQm Joj:yf ab/ u/L ;f] cjlwsf
dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf 5fgljg ug]{ clwsf/ ;dfj]z ug{ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L
kfpFm .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @#-!_ df æcfof]un] o; cWofb]z adf]lhd 5fgljg ubf{
kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df To;sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] k|fjwfgn] ljut ;z:q
åGåsf] qmddf ePsf ulDe/ k|s[ltsf ck/fwnfO{ ;d]t Ifdflbg ;lsg] cj:yf ;[hgf
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn kIf /fi6« ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o
cg'aGwsf] wf/f @-@_, hflt xTof lj?4sf] dxf;GwLsf] wf/f @-l;_ / -l8_, afnclwsf/
;DaGwL dxf;GwLsf] wf/f $, oftgf lj?4sf] dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @-!_ n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf]
clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+Båf/f kfl/t k|:tfj g+= !$& sf] bfloTjsf]
kl/0ffd:j?k dxf;lGw cGtu{tsf s'g}klg clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePsf] v08df /fHon] ;f]
/f]Sg], cg';Gwfg ug]{ / ;hfo lbg] sfd ug}{ kb{5 eGg] cGt/fli6«o :t/df ljsl;t
ljlwzf:qn] ;d]t k'g{k'i7L u/]sf] 5 . pQm cWofb]zsf] bkmf @#-!_ df ePsf] Joj:yfn]
cfof]unfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ulDe/ pNn+3gdf Ifdfbfg lbg] clwsf/ lbPsfn] pQm bkmf
cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gåf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ;lGw P]g,
@)$& sf] bkmf (-!_ cg';f/ dfly plNnlvt ;+lGwsf] Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"g ;/x nfu"
x'g] s'/f k|i6 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntåf/f /fh]Gb| 9sfnsf] xsdf
/ljGb| 9sfn lj?2 u[x dGqfno;d]t ePsf] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f d'2fdf hj/h:tL a]kQf
;DaGwdf cf/f]kL tyf ck/fw k|dfl0ft ePsfx?nfO{ g t Ifdfbfg lbg ;lsG5 gt
dfkmL g} eg]sf] 5 . cGt/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg"gsf] Jofks pNn3+g / cGt/fli6«o
dfgjLo sfg"gsf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf kLl8tx?sf] nflu pkrf/sf] tyf kl/k'/0fsf
clwsf/ ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / dfu{ lgb]{zgx? (UN basic Principles on Right to
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
20
Remedy and Reparation) sf] l;4fGt g+= !) cg';f/ /fHon] /fli6«o sfg"gdf ;Defjgf
/xg] xb;Dd s'g} klg lx+;f jf cf3ftaf6 ;tfO{Psf] kLl8tnfO{ Gofo / kl/k'/0f pknAw
u/fpg] qmddf ;+/lrt sfg"gL tyf k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlwx?sf l;nl;nfdf p;nfO{ k'gM
cf3ft x'g] cj:yfaf6 6f9f /fVg ljz]if x]/ljrf/ / Vofn u/L To;af6 nfeflGjt x'g
kfpg] ;'lglZrttf lbnfpg'kb{5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ctM cWofb]zsf] bkmf @@ sf]
pQm Joj:yf ab/ ul/ kLl8tsf] ;xdlt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf ug'{ eGg] cfb]z ul/kfpFm .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @(-!_ df ædfgj clwsf/sf] ulDe/ pNn+3gsf] cf/f]kdf bf]ifL
b]lvPsf] JolQmpk/ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfpg dGqfnoaf6 n]lv
cfPdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;/sf/L jlsnn] To:tf] JolQmpk/ d'2f rNg]
jf grNg] ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{5Æ egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;n] dxfGofoflwjQmf jf
lghn] tf]s]sf] ;/sf/L jlsnn] cfof]usf] geO{ zflGt tyf k'g{lgdf{0f dGqfnosf]
l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df dfq d'2f rNg] grNg] lg0f{o ug]{ b]lvG5 . bkmf @(-!_ adf]lhd
cfof]un] d'2f rnfpg k7fpg] l;kmfl/;dfly zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfnon] yk
rnv]n ug{ kfpg] l:ylt / ;f]lx bkmf adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmfn] dGqfnoaf6 n]lv
cfPsf] cj:Yfdf dfq d'2f rNg] jf grnfpg] ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{ k|fjwfgn]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t ;+s'lrt kfg]{ :ki6 5 . cWofb]zsf] of] Joj:yfn]
dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ p;sf] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsfaf6 ;d]t lj:yflkt u/]sf]n] pQm Joj:yf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#% ljkl/t e} ab/efuL 5 ab/ ul/kfpFm .
dflyk|s/0fdf pNn]v u/]b]lv afx]s cWofb]zsf] bkmf @(-$_ n] pkbkmf ! adf]lhd
dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;/sf/L jlsnn] d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o u/]df k|rlnt
sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg To;/L d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ePsf] ldltn] #%
lbgleq d'2f rnfpg ;lsg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/g'n] Psflt/ ulDe/ k|s[ltsf
dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf d'2fx?df xbDofb gnfUg] eGg] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ c+lusf/
ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g eg] csf]{lt/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf cleof]hgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; x'g;Sg]
;of}+ d'2fx?df #% lbgleq o:tf d'2fx?sf] cg';Gwfg u/L cleof]hg ug{ c;Dej k|fo
5 . UN basic Principles on right to remedy and reparation sf] l;4fGt g+= $ n] ænfu" x'g]
;lGwsf jf cGo cGt{/fli6«o sfg"gL bfloTjx?df ;dflji6 ljBdfg k|fjwfgx?,
cGt{/fli6«o sfg"g cGtu{t ck/fw hlgg] cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg"gsf Jofks
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
21
pNn+3gx? / cGt{/fli6«o dfgljo sfg"gsf ulDe/ pNn+3gx?df xbDofbsf Joj:yf
nfu" x'g] 5}gg\Æ eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] ;d]taf6 k|:t't bkmf @(-$_ ab/efuL 5,
ab/ ul/ xbDofb gnfUg] Joj:yf ug{ cfb]z hf/L ul/ kfpFm .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ##-w_ n] ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf] af/]df ;To
cGj]if0f ug{ cfof]u :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] wf/f ##-8_ n] g]kfn kIf ePsf]
cGt/fli6«o ;GwL ;Demf}tfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTj ePsf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . of] bfloTj cGtu{t g]kfnn] cfkm' kIf ePsf] h]g]ef dxf;GwL, oftgf lj?4sf]
dxf;GwL / gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;GwLn] ulDe/ ck/fwsf ?kdf
g/;+xf/, dfgjtf lj?4sf ck/fw, o'4 ck/fw, oftgf / jnk'j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{
ck/flws/0f u/L To:tf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg bf]lifnfO{ ;hfo ug'{kg]{ x'G5 t/, cWofb]zn] lt
s'g} ck/fwdf sf/jfxL gug]{ ul/ cWofb]zsf] bkmf @% df æk|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/
sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{Æ eGg] Joj:yf ul/ pQm ;a} ck/fwdf :jt pGd'lQm lbg]
Joj:yf u/]sfn] pQm bkmf @%-!_ ab/efuL 5, ab/ul/kfpFm .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@ df :jtGqtfsf] xssf] Joj:yf wf/f
!# df ;dfgtfsf] xs, wf/f @$ df Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf ub}{, @$-(_ df
s'g}klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] xs x'g]5 eGg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} wf/f @^ n] oftgf lj?4sf] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn
kIf /fi6« ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o k|lt1fkq !(^^ sf]
wf/f ^ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ hLjgsf] cGt{lglxt clwsf/sf] sfg"gåf/f ;+/If0f /
:j]R5frf/L ?kn] s;}sf] klg hLjgsf] x/0f ul/g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;}
k|lt1fkqsf] wf/f & n] s;}nfO{ klg oftgf lbOg] jf qm'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs
Jojxf/ jf ;hfo ul/g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L oftgf tyf cGo qm'/
cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;GwL, !(*$ sf] wf/f !@
cGtu{t k|To]s kIf /fi6«n] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ cGtu{tsf] s'g} klg Onfsfdf oftgfsf]
l56f] tyf lgikIf cg';Gwfg cufl8 a9fpg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{sf ;fy} wf/f !# n] s'g}
klg b'Jo{jxf/ jf wDsLaf6 ;+/If0f ;d]tsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
22
j:t'tM hf/L cWofb]zn] cfof]unfO{ ;To :yflkt / kLl8tsf] Gofok|flKtsf] qmddf
dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] lgsfosf] ?kdf :yflkt u/fpg cj?4 kfg]{ cj:oDefjL 5 .
k|:tfljt\ cfof]udf ;To, Gofo / kl/k'/0fsf] dfu ug{ hfg] xfdL lgj]bs dWo]sf kLl8t /
kLl8t kl/jf/x? / cGo xhf/f}+ ;+Vofsf åGå kLl8tx? g} x'g\ h;sf] ;+ljwfg k|bt
df}lns xs clwsf/ nufot ljleGg cGt{/fli6«o sfg"g, ;lGw ;Demf}tf / dfkb08x?n]
;'/lIft u/]sf] clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] v08df k|efjsf/L pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ ;Ddsf]
clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 . kLl8tnfO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ gfddf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn+3gdf ;+nUg kL8sx? s]lGb|t eO{ Ifdfbfgsf] dfWodaf6 kLl8tnfO{ geO{ kL8snfO{
pkrf/ k|bfg ul/g', kl/k'/0fnfO{ kLl8tsf] clwsf/ eGbf ;'ljwf, ;x'lnotsf] ?kdf
kl/eflift ul/g' kLl8tx?nfO{ s/sfkdf kf/L d]nldnfksf] nflu afWosf/L t'Nofpg',
eljiodf cleof]hg sfo{sf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu yk cg';Gwfgsf] kf6f] ;dfj]z gu/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o ug]{ cleef/f dfq lbOg'n]
kLl8tx?nfO{ pkrf/sf] xssf] k|rng cl3 g} /f]s nufpFb5 . cWofb]zsf Joj:yfx?
ck|efjsf/L, cf}lrTolxg / q'l6k"0f{ dfq geO{ o;n] dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf pNn]v u/]
adf]lhd kLl8tx?nfO{ k'gM lkF8fdf ws]Ng] x'G5 .
ctM dfly ljleGg k|s/0fx?df pNn]lvt tYo, sfg"g, k|df0f Pjd\ ;Ddflgt
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt glh/ l;4fGtx?sf] cltl/Qm g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_, !#-!_ / @$-(_ ;d]tsf] k|lts'n x'g] u/L /fhg}lts ;f}bfjfhLsf]
?kdf cfPsf] of] cWofb]zn] åGå kLl8t JolQm / ;d'bfosf] kL8fdf emg\ lk8f yKg] u/L
h3Go ck/fwsf bf]ifLx?nfO{ cfd dfkmL lbg] ePsfn] ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] lglDt
ckgfpg' kg]{ clgjfo{ pkfox? ;To, Gofo, kl/k'/0f / ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g]
u/L cfof]usf] u7g ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ cg';f/
a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgljg, ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf
ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]zsf] bkmf !#, @#, @% / @( nfO{ pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L sfg"g
;+zf]wg ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]z nufotsf] hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF .
cWofb]zsf pNn]lvt bkmfx? ab/sf] ;fy;fy} kLl8tx?sf] ;To, Gofo / kl/k'/0fsf]
k|fKtL;Fu} k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] nflu ;+qmd0fsflng Gofo k|lqmofdf ;To lg?k0f tyf
d]nldnfk cfof]u h:tf ;+oGqsf] lz3| cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL Ps :jtGq, lgikIf
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
23
/ kf/bzL{ cfof]usf] u7gsf ;fy} To:tf cfof]uaf6 kLl8tx?n] ck]Iff u/]sf] jf:tljs
;To tYosf] phfu/, kl/k'/0fsf] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf / dfgj clwsf/sf] ulDe/
pNn+3gsf kL8sx?nfO{ cleof]hgsf] ;'lglZrttf / åGåaf6 plAhPsf] n}+lus
;+j]bzglzntf ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL sfg"gL Joj:yfx?sf] l;kmfl/;ug{ / ;f]
k|lqmofdf cfjZos 5nkmn / k/fdz{ ;d]t ug{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL / ;+qmd0fsflng
Gofosf If]qdf lqmoflzn ljz]if1x?sf] sfo{bn u7gul/ pQm sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgsf]
cfwf/df # dlxgfleq sfg"g d:of}bf u/L hf/L ug'{ eGg] lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/
kfpFm . o; l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'Ëf] gnfu] ;Dd pQm cfof]u u7g ug]{ sfd nufotsf
sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' elg ljkIfLx?sf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpmF . ;fy}
k|:t't ljifo ;+qmd0fsflng Gofo ;DalGw lgtfGt dxTjk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo
ePsfn] cu|flwsf/ k|bfg u/L d'2fsf] l56f] lsgf/f nufO{ kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] l/6
lgj]bg kq .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%* sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]zsf]
Joxf]/fM–
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{
xf] < af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLx?nfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg' ;fy} cGtl/d
cfb]zsf] xsdf lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf p7fPsf] ljifoj:t'sf] ufDeL{otfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{
a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;Tolg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u cWofb]z, @)^( sf]
bkmf #, @#, @%, @( g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_-@_, wf/f !#-!_,
wf/f @^ ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 egL lgj]bsx¿n] dfu ug'{ ePsf] x'Fbf xfn pQm bkmf
sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_
adf]ldh tTsflng cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . of] cfb]znfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] jf
glbg] eGg] ljifodf b'j} kIfnfO{ 5nkmn u/fO{ lgisif{df k'Ug plrt b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf]
k|of]hgfy{ ldlt @)&).!.$ sf] 5nkmn k]zL tf]sL lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt
Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^(.!@.!( df ePsf] cfb]z .
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
24
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%* df ljkIfL cGtl/d dGqLkl/ifb\sf cWoIf lvn/fh
/]UdL, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfoof{no / zflGt tyf k'g{lgdf{0f dGqfnosf
tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj w/0fLw/ vltj8fsf] Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'§f–5'§} ?kdf o;
cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf lnlvt hjfkmsf] Joxf]/fM–
xfd|f] d'n'sdf nfdf] ;do;Dd ;z:q åGbsf] cj:yf /x]sf]df g]kfn ;/sf/ /
tTsflng ;z:q ljb|f]xL kIf aLr lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf ;DdGg eO{ hf/L ePsf]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;+qmd0fsflng Goflos ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{
s'/fnfO{ /fHosf] bfloTjsf] ¿kdf /fv]sf] 5 . z;:q åGbsf qmddf 36]sf dfgj clwsf/
pNn+3g ;DaGwL 36gfnfO{ hlt ;Sbf] rfF8f] ;Daf]wg x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] / o;
;DaGwL ljw]os tTsflng Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf k]z ePsf]df pQm ljw]os kfl/t gx'Fb}
Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf]n] ;f] ljw]osn] sfg"gL :j?k lng ;s]sf]
cj:yf lyPg . ;+qmd0fsflng Goflos ;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{
jfG5gLo /x]sf] t/ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] cl:tTj g/x]sf] ljz]if cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt @)^(.!!.#) df a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To lg?k0f tyf
d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^( hf/L ug{ ;DdfggLo
/fi6«klt ;dIf u/]sf] l;kmfl/;adf]lhd ldlt @)^(.!@.! df ;f] cWofb]z hf/L ePsf]
xf] . d]/f] g]t[Tjsf] jt{dfg dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g x'g' cufj} k"j{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/af6
pQm cWofb]z hf/L ePsf] x'Fbf sk6k"0f{ / ckf/bzL{ tl/sfn] cWofb]zsf] d:of}bf tof/
kf/L dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[ltsf nflu /fi6«klt;dIf k7fPsf] egL dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
cWoIfnfO{ cf/f]k nufO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ s'g} cfwf/ g/x]sf] x'Fbf k|yd b[li6df g} l/6
vf/]h efuL 5 .
l/6 lgj]bsx?n] cWofb]zsf] bkmf !# df ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf a]kQf ePsf
JolQmsf] 5fgljg nufot dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g ;DaGwL 36gfsf] ;To
cGj]if0f tyf 5fgljg u/L jf:tljs tYo hg;dIf Nofpg] eGg] cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/
;DaGwL Joj:yfsf sf/0f dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g ;DaGwdf ;a} 36gfdf cg';Gwfg ug]{
If]qflwsf/ cfof]unfO{ k|bfg gul/Psf] x'Fbf kLl8tsf] Gofok|flKtsf] xs s'l07t x'g k'u]sf]
eGg] lhsL/ /x]sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ cWofb]zsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -`_ n] u/]sf]
kl/efiff x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . æv08 -`_ cg';f/ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g eGgfn]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
25
lgz:q JolQm jf hg;d"bfo lj?4 nlIft u/L jf of]hgfj¢ ?kdf ul/Psf] xTof, ckx/0f
tyf z/L/ aGws, JolQm a]kQf kfg]{, c+ue+u jf ckfË agfpg], zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s
oftgf, anfTsf/ tyf of}ghGo lx+;f, JolQmut jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ n'6\kf6, sAhf,
tf]8kmf]8 jf cfuhgL, 3/ hUufaf6 hj/h:tL lgsfnf jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] lj:yfkg,
jf cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ jf dfgjLo sfg"g ljkl/t ul/Psf] h'g;'s} lsl;dsf]
cdfgjLo sfo{ jf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
plNnlvt kl/efiff cToGt lj:t[t b]lvG5 . of] kl/efiffn] cGt{/fli6«o dfgj
clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g, (International Human Rights Law) cGt{/fli6«o dfgjLo sfg"g
-International Humanitarian Law) lj?4 x'g] u/L ul/Psf] h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] cdfgjLo
sfd jf dfgjtf lj?4sf] cGo ck/fw (crime against Humanity) nfO{ ;d]6L o; ;DaGwL
g]kfn kIf ePsf ;a} cGt{/fli6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm k|yfhlgt
cGt/fli6«o sfg"g (Customary International Law) sf l;4fGt / dfkb08x? ;d]t nfu"
x'g] b]lvG5 . dfly plNnlvt v08 -`_ n] u/]sf] kl/efiff s] s;/L ;+s'lrt /x]sf] jf
s:tf] s;'/nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{df gu/]sf] jf s'g cGt{/fli6«o l;4fGt jf dfGotf;Fu d]n
gvfPsf] egL l/6 lgj]bsx?n] l/6 lgj]bgdf cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxt v'nfpg ;s]sf]
gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bsx?sf] bfjL cfwf/lxg b]lvG5 . hxfF;Dd bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf]
v08 -s_ sf] Joj:yfsf sf/0f ;z:q åGå sfndf 36]sf dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g
;DaGwL ;a} 36gfx?df cfof]un] 5fgjLg / cGj]if0f ug{ gkfpg] cj:yf eO{ kLl8tsf]
Gofo kfpg] clwsf/df cf3ft k'u]sf] eGg] egfO{ 5, dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g h'g;'s}
cj:yfdf eP klg Gofof]lrt x'g ;Qm}g . cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g Pj+ /fli6«o sfg"gn] k|Tofe"t
u/]sf dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ug{ dflg;n] ;b}j kfpg'kb{5 .
;z:q åGåsfndf ePsf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g ;DaGwL 36gfsf] 5fgljg /
cGj]if0f u/L ;dfhdf Gofo / lbuf] zflGt sfod ug{ lgoldt kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf]
kl/k'/ssf] ?kdf ;+qmd0fsflng Goflos ;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{ ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ## sf] v08 -3_ df /x]sf] Joj:yf x]g]{ xf] eg] ;z:q åGåsf]
qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g ug{ tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg
JolQmsf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{] tyf ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{
pRr:t/Lo ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g ug]{ s'/f /x]sf]n] cWofb]zsf] bkmf
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
26
!# sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ n] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{
vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . k|rlnt ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] Joj:yf ljkl/t x'g] u/L cWofb]z jf P]gn]
Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] x'Fb}g .
pQm cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ df æcfof]un] o; cWofb]z adf]lhd
5fglag ubf{ kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pkoo'{Qm b]v]df To;sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f
v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;Ifd l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yfnfO{
JofVof ubf{ pQm cWofb]zsf] k|:tfjgf nufot ;d'Rrf Joj:yfnfO{ g} ;li6ut ¿kdf
x]g{' kb{5 . k|:tfjgf klg P]g jf cWofb]zsf] cleGg efu xf] / sfg"g JofVof ubf{
k|:tfjgfnfO{ klg cfwf/ lnO{G5 . cWofb]zsf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -#_ df Joj:yf eP
cg';f/ lgikIf / :jtGq JolQmx¿ ;lDdlnt l;kmfl/;;ldltn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/sf cfwf/df
u7g x'g] :jtGq, ;Ifd / lgikIf cfof]un] b08xLgtfnfO{ k|>o lbg] u/L jf dfgj
clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] uDeL/ 36gfdf ;d]t Ifdfbfg / kmf}hbf/L hjfkmb]lxtfaf6 pGd'lQm
lbg] u/L sfd sf/jfxL ub{5 egL z+sf / cg'dfg ug{' ts{;+ut b]lvFb}g . cWofb]zsf]
bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ bkmf @ sf] v08 -`_ sf] Joj:yf;Fu Ps}
;fy /fv]/ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_n] dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn+3gsf sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ Ifdfbfg (Blanket Amnesty) lbg ;lsg] u/L Joj:yf
u/]sf] eGg' cWofb]zsf] ;du| p2]Zo / Joj:yf ljk/Lt x'g] ePsf]n] To:tf] JofVof ug{
;lsFb}g . bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ df k|o'Qm kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df
To:tf] cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ eGg] jfSof+zsf] cy{ h:tf];'s} ck/fwsf] 36gfdf ;+nUg
JolQmnfO{ klg cfof]un] Ifdfbfg ug{ ;Sg] eGg] xf]Og . dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn+3gsf 36gfx¿df ;d]t cfof]un] kL8snfO{ cfd Ifdfbfg lbg ;Sg] clwsf/
cWofb]zsf] s'g}klg bkmfn] cfof]unfO{ lbPsf] 5}g . dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf
36gf afx]s cGo 36gfdf dfkmL lbg'kg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f /x]df cfof]un]
Ifdfbfgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/;ug{;Sg] ;Ddsf] clwsf/ pQm bkmf @# sf]
pkbkmf -!_ n] lbPsf] xf] . dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] cf/f]kdf bf]ifL b]lvPsf]
JolQm pk/ cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg]
clwsf/ cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# nufot cGo s'g} klg bkmfn] cfof]unfO{ lbPsf] gb]lvg] /
bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] Joj:yf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf 36gf afx]ssf
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
27
cGo 36gfdf cfslif{t x'g] Pj+ To:tf 36gfdf klg Ifdfbfg lbgsf] nflu kof{Kt cfwf/ /
sf/0fsf] cfjZostf kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;f] bkmfn] O+lut u/]sf] xf] . hxfF;Dd kkf{Kt cfwf/ /
sf/0f s] x'g\ eGg] ljifodf cWofb]zdf s]xL klg pNn]v gePsf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfjL
5, To;/L l;kmfl/;ubf{ pNn]v ug'{kg]{ cfwf/ / dfkb08 ;DaGwL Joj:yf cWofb]z
cGtu{t aGg] lgoddf Jojl:yt x'g] tyf bkmf $) n] lgod agfpg] clwsf/ ;d]t :jtM
cfof]u :jo+nfO{ lbPsf] x'Fbf pQm Joj:yfnfO{ clgolGqt Joj:yf dfGg ;lsb}g .
To;} u/L bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -$_ df æpkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] lgldQ
s''g} lgj]bg kg{ cfPDff To:tf] JolQmnfO{ Ifdfbfgsf] lgldQ l;kmfl/;ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{ cl3 ;f] ljifosf kLl8t;Fu ;Nnfx ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf
;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bgsf] sygsf] ;Gbe{df bkmf
@@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df kL8s / kLl8t aLr d]nldnfk u/fpg] ;DaGwdf cfof]un]
kL8snfO{ lghn] u/]sf] unt sfdsf] kZrftfk ug{ nufO{ kLl8t;Fu dfkmL dfUg nufpg
;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]af6 kLl8t ;Gt'i6 g/x];Dd d]nldnfk x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .
o;sf ;fy} bkmf @# sf] Ifdfbfg ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ bkmf @@ sf] d]nldnfk ;DaGwL
Joj:yf;Fu Ps;fy /fv]/ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . kL8s / kLl8t aLr ;xdlt eO{ kL8sn]
kLl8t;Fu dfkmL dfuL kZrftfk gu/];Dd kL8snfO{ cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu
l;kmfl/;lbg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . Ifdfbfgsf] ljifodf kLl8tsf] ;Gt'li6 clgjfo{
tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -$_
sf] Joj:yf eg]sf] kL8sn] kLl8t;Fu dfkmL dfuL;s]kl5sf] cj:yfdf dfq nfu' x'g] xf] .
kL8sn] kLl8t;Fu dfkmL dfu]sf] cj:yfdf klg a[xQ/ ;fj{hlgs lxt / GofonfO{
b[li6ut ubf{ s]xL vf; kl/l:yltdf To:tf] kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko''Qm gx'g klg
;Sg] x'Fbf pkbkmf -$_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/k]If ?kdf x]g{ gldNg] ePsf]n] ;f] pkbkmfsf]
Joj:yf cdfGo x'g'kg]{ s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f /x]sf] 5}g .
l/6 lgj]bsn] cWofb]zsf] bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -!_ df cfof]un] o; cWofb]z
adf]lhd 5fglag ubf{ bkmf @# adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/df gk/]sf kL8snfO{
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yfdf k|rlnt sfg"g
adf]lhd eGg] jfSof+zn] pQm cWofb]z hf/L x'g] avtdf ljBdfg /x]sf sfg"g dfqnfO{
hgfpF5 eGg] xf]Og . dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] 36gfdf jf dfgjtf lj?4sf]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
28
s;"/df ljZjJofkL If]qflwsf/ -Universal Jurisdiction_nfu' x'g] / To:tf] s;"/df ;+nUg
JolQmnfO{ kZrftbzL{ sfg"g agfP/ ePklg sf/jfxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg ;lsg] eGg]
;DaGwdf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt{/fli6«o sfg"gL l;4fGt ljsl;t e} ;s]sf] 5 .
åGbsfndf ePsf ha/h:tL JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ ck/flws/0f -Criminalized_ug]{
;DaGwdf ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf kof{Kt g/x]sf]n] gofF sfg"g agfpg ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] /fh]Gb| 9sfn lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] d'2fdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf cfb]z
lbPsf] cj:yf 5b}5 . k|:t't cWofb]z adf]lhd dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g jf
dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fleq NofO{ b08lxgtf
cGTo ug{ ljBdfg sfg"gx¿sf] cltl/Qm yk sfg"g agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf /
;DefjgfnfO{ cWofb]zsf] bkmf @& n] ;d]t cf}NofPsf] 5 . o;}u/L bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf
@ sf] v08 -3_ df cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt l;kmfl/;sfof{Gjog ug{ sfg"g lgdf{0f
ug]{tkm{ sf/jfxL ug]{ lhDd]jf/L zflGt tyf k'g{lgdf{0f dGqfnosf] x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . t;y{, lgj]bsn] nufpg' ePsf] dgu9Gt] cy{sf] cfwf/df bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf
-!_ df k|o'Qm æk|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhdÆ eGg] jfSof+znfO{ ab/ ug'{kg]{ s'g} klg cfwf/,
sf/0f / k|of]hg /x]sf] 5}g .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] Joj:yfsf sf/0f cWofb]z cGt{utsf]
cfof]usf] l;kmfl/df geO{ zflGt tyf k'g{lgdf{0f dGqfnoaf6 n]lv cfPkl5 dfq
dxfGofoflwjQmfn] d'2f rNg] jf grNg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug]{ Joj:yfn] cfof]u /
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] If]qflwsf/ ;+s'lrt x'g uPsf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] bfjLsf] ;DagWdf
x]bf{ pQm pkbkmfsf] Joj:yfnfO{ x]/]/ dfq s'g} lgisif{df k'Ug' pko'Qm x'Fb}g . ;f]
pkbkmfsf] Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ klg Ps} ;fy
x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -#_ df pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] ePtf klg cfof]un] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k|ltj]bg lbg' cufj}
Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/df gk/]sf kL8s pk/ d'2f rnfpg dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf n]vL
k7fpg ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] ;DaGwdf cfof]un]
5fgljg / cGj]if0f u/L Ifdfbfgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf u/]sf] l;kmfl/;df gk/]sf
JolQmsf] xsdf sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{sf] nflu cWofb]zn] cfof]unfO{ b'O{j6f
clwsf/x? k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . klxnf], To:tf JolQmnfO{ sf/jfxL ug{sf] nflu bkmf @&
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
29
adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg dfkm{t g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ jf bf]>f] To:tf JolQmnfO{
sf/jfxL ug{sf] nflu dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf l;w} n]vL k7fpg] . To;}n] bkmf @( sf]
pkbkmf -!_ sf] Joj:yf eg]sf] lg/k]If Joj:yf geO{ cfof]un] dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhd
klxnf] ljsNk k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k|ltj]bg dfkm{t l;kmfl/; u/]sf cj:yfdf
dfq nfu" x'g] xf] . bkmf @( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -#_ /
bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -u_ nfO{ Ps} ;fy /fv]/ x]g'{kg]{ x'Fbf bkmf @( sf]
pkbkmf -!_ sf] Joj:yfn] cfof]usf] e"ldsf uf}0f agfPsf], dGqfnoaf6 n]lv gcfP;Dd
dxfGofoflwjQmfn] d'2f rNg] jf grNg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf cfO{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsf ;+s'rg ul/Psf] egL dfGg ldNg] b]lvFb}g .
t;y{, dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g / dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwsf] s;"/df
lg/k]If ?kdf cfd dfkmL jf Ifdfbfg lbg] ljifo cWofb]zdf ;dfj]z gePsf], cWofb]zn]
cfof]usf] :jtGqtf, :jfoQtf / ;IfdtfnfO{ k|Tofe"t u/]sf] b]lvPsf], cWofb]zsf] s'g}
bkmf jf bkmfdf k|of]u ePsf] s'g} jfSof+zsf] JofVof ubf{ cWofb]znfO{ ;d'Rrf ?kdf x]/L
cWofb]zsf] p2]Zoadf]lhd JofVof ug'{kg]{, dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf 36gfdf
kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/;ug{;Sg] clwsf/ cWofb]zn]
cfof]unfO{ glbPsf], kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg l;kmfl/;ug'{ cl3 kL8sn] kLl8tnfO{ lrQa'‰bf]
9+un] kZrftfk u/L dfkmL dfUg'kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf], dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g Pj+
dfgjtf lj?4sf] s;"/df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ b08 lbg] u/L /fHon] sfg"g agfpg ;Sg]
clwsf/nfO{ cWofb]zn] lgolGqt gu/]sf] x'Fbf cg'dfg / z+sfsf] e/df cfkm'v'zL
cWofb]zsf] cy{ u/L cWofb]zn] kl/sNkgf g} gu/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ l/6 lgj]bsx¿n]
bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%* df ljkIfL ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt tyf /fi6«kltsf]
sfof{nosf tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj zLtn afa' /]UdLsf tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkmsf] Joxf]/fM–
ljkIfL lgj]bsx?n] a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgljg, ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk
cfof]u cWofb]z, @)^( g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ## sf] b]xfo v08 -t_
-y_ / -w_ Pj+ ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^^-#_ ;Fu ;DalGwt e} ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLsf]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
30
?kdf /x]sf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] %=@=#, %=@=$, %=@=% / &=!=# adf]lhd
æ/fhgLlts ;xdltÆ eO{ hf/L ePsfn] lgj]bg bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g . ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf]
;DaGwdf ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg';f/ o; ;DaGwL cfof]usf] u7g ug'{kg]{df ljut nfdf]
;dob]lv x'g g;ls/x]sf]df dlGqkl/ifb\af6 l;kmfl/; eP cg';f/ cWofb]z hf/L ul/Psf]
xf] . sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts Pj+ e"–/fhgLlts ljlzi6tfsf
cfwf/df x'G5 . sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g, o;sf] sfof{Gjog emg} dxTjk"0f{
x'G5 . g]kfn kIf ePsf cGt{/fli6«o ;GwLx?sf] sfof{Gjog :jtM x'g] geP/ sfg"g agfP/
(Internalize) x'G5 . cWofb]zdf g]kfnsf] ljBdfg sfg"gL k|0ffnL cg';f/ g} cfof]uaf6
ePsf] l;kmfl/;df dxfGofoflwjQmfaf6 d'2f rnfpg] ;DaGwdf sf/jfxL x'g] k|fjwfg
/x]sf] / xfd|f] sfg"gL k|0ffnLdf sfg"gsf] d:of}bf 5nkmn, th'{df / hf/L x'g] lglZrt /
cGo nf]stflGqs d'n'sdf klg dfGo /x]sf] ljlw / k|lqmof k|rngdf /x]s} x'Fbf ljkIfLn]
bfjL u/]h:tf] sfo{bn u7g / ;f] sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df sfg"g aGg' kg]{ eGg]
dfu k"jf{u|fxL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%* df ljkIfL sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+;bLo
dfldnf dGqfno, l;+xb/af/sf] tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj e]if/fh zdf{sf tkm{af6 k]z ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkmsf] Joxf]/fM–
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ## sf] v08 -w_ / lj:t[t zflGt
;Demf}tfsf] k|s/0f %=@=% df ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g ug]{ Joj:yf eP
adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{
ag]sf] ljw]os, JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os ;d]t
Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;dIf k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . t/ Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 pQm ljw]osx?
kfl/t gx'Fb} ;f] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf] x'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\n] a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgljg, ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf]
;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z hf/L ug{ l;kmfl/; u/] adf]lhd ;DdfggLo
/fi6«kltaf6 ldlt @)^(.!@.! df ;f] cWofb]z hf/L ePsf] xf] . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf]
pkbkmf -!_ df ePsf] Joj:yfn] kLl8tsf] k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] xsnfO{ OGsf/ ug]{
ePsfn] ab/ x'g'kg]{ eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] lhls/sf ;DaGwdf cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
31
pkbkmf -!_ df cfof]un] ;f] cWofb]z adf]lhd 5fgljg ubf{ kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{
pko'Qm b]v]df To;sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf cfof]un] kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df kof{Kt cfwf/ /
sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfn] kL8snfO{ hyfefjL
Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ cfof]unfO{ /f]s nufPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] bkmfsf] pkbkmf -^_
df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/ / dfkb08
lgoddf tf]Sg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/L cfof]unfO{ cem} lhDd]jf/ agfpg vf]h]sf] x'Fbf cWofb]zsf]
bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ ab/ x'g'kg]{ eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] egfO{ pko'Qm 5}g . cWofb]zsf]
bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ df ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf]
5fgljg nufot dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g ;DaGwL 36gfsf] ;To cGj]if0f tyf
5fgljg u/L jf:tljs tYo hg;dIf Nofpg] eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] / cWofb]zsf] bkmf @@
sf] pkbkmf ! df kL8s jf kLl8tn] d]nldnfksf] nflu cfof]u ;dIf lgj]bg lbPdf
cfof]un] kL8s / kLl8tnfO{ Ps cfk;df d]nldnfk u/fpg ;Sg]5 eGg] tyf bkmf @@
sf] pkbkmf -%_ df cfof]un] o; bkmf adf]lhd kLl8t / kL8saLr d]nldnfk u/fpg'
cl3 kLl8t;Fu cfjZos ;xdlt lng ;Sg] eGg] Joj:yf u/]s} x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bssf] egfO{
ts{k"0f{ 5}g . hxfF;Dd cWofb]zsf] bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -!_ df cfof]un] o; cWofb]z
adf]lhd 5fgljg ubf{ bkmf @# adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;df gk/]sf kL8snfO{
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yfn] yk sfg"g
agfpg] cfjZostf / ;Defjgfsf] af6f] aGb u/]sf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] lhsL/ 5, To;
;DaGwdf x]bf{ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g jf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg
JolQmx?nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ b08xLgtf cGTo ug{ ljBdfg sfg"gsf] cltl/Qm
yk sfg"g agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf / ;DefjgfnfO{ k|:t't cWofb]zn] g} cf}+NofPsf] 5 .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_ df cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog ug{
sfg"g agfpg cfjZos ePdf ;f] ljifodf ;d]t cfof]un] g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k|ltj]bg
k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 eg] bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ df cfof]usf]
k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog ug{ sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ tkm{ sf/jfxL ug]{
lhDd]jf/L zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnosf] x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]n] yk sfg"g lgdf{0f
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
32
ug]{ cfjZostf / af6f] aGb ePsf] xf]Og ls emg\ v'nf ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bsx?sf]
lhls/ cf}lrTok"0f{ 5}g .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @( sf] pkbkmf -!_ df dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf]
cf/f]kdf bf]ifL b]lvPsf] JolQm pk/ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfpg
dGqfnoaf6 n]vL cfPdf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;/sf/L jlsnn] To:tf]
JolQm pk/ d'2f rNg] jf grNg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug]{5 eGg] Joj:yf / pkbkmf -$_ df
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;/sf/L jlsnn] d'2f rnfpg]
lg0f{o u/]df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg To;/L d'2f rnfpg]
lg0f{o ePsf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq d'2f rnfpg ;lsg]5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] ljkIfL
lgj]bssf] egfO{ pko'Qm 5}g . t;y{, a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgljg, ;To lg?k0f tyf
d]nldnfk cfof]u cWofb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf !#, @#, @% / @( g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -!_, wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -!_ / wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -(_
sf] k|lts'n gx'Fbf ljkIfL lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h efuL 5 vf/]h u/L kfpmF .
l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] ljifoa:t'df åGb kLl8t zxLb kl/jf/sf] x}l;otn] xfdL
lgj]bsx?sf] ;d]t xslxt ;/f]sf/ / :jfy{ ufFl;Psf] x'Fbf k|lt/Iffsf] nflu ;dfj]z x''g
kfpmF eGg] lgj]bs d}gf sfsL{;d]t @% hgfsf] tkm{af6 o; cbfnt ;dIf lgj]bg k/L
;f] lgj]bg ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .
lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf bkmfx¿sf ;DaGwdf o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^(.!@.!( df cfb]z x'Fbf lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf p7fPsf] ljifoj:t'sf]
ufDeLo{tfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk
cfof]u cWofb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf !#,@#,@%,@( g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!@-!_-@_ wf/f !#-!_ wf/f @^ ;+u aflemPsf] 5 egL lgj]bsx¿n] dfu ug'{ ePsf] x'Fbf
xfn pQm sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL tTsflng cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf] / k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg k"0f{ ;'g'jfO{sf nflu g} Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS– ))%& df lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿
qmdzM dfwjs'df/ a:g]t, lji0f'k|;fb kf]v/]n, /fh'k|;fb rfkfufO{, cf]dk|sfz cof{nn]
ug'{ ePsf] jx; Joxf]/fM–
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
33
a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;Tolg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf
Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^( cfpg' eGbf k"j{ ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk
cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os, @)^^ tyf JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ ;DaGwdf
Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os, @)^^ u/L b'O{ leGgf leGg} ljw]os ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
;'emfjnfO{ ;dflxt u/L ;+;bdf k]z ul/Psf] lyof] . ;xeflutfd'ns tl/sfn] sfg"g
lgdf{0f k|lqmof cufl8 a9]sf]df ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;'emfjsf] k"0f{tM a]jf:tf u/L sk6k"0f{
k|s[of cjnDag u/L ljjflbt cWofb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . cWofb]zn] b08xLgtfnfO{
;+:yfut ug]{, a]kQf ;DaGwL ljifosf] nflu cnu} pRr:t/Lo cfof]u u7g ug'{kg]{
;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] o; cl3sf] cfb]zsf] ljk/Lt Pp6} cfof]un] a]kQf kfg]{
;lxtsf ;a} dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gfx¿ cg';Gwfg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
ljkIfLaf6 cWofb]zsf] k|fjwfgx¿ ;+;bdf ljrf/0fLo x'g;Sg] x'Fbf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
h?/L 5}g eGg] egfO{ ePklg ;Ddflgt cbfntnfO{ cfkm' ;dIf ljlwjt ¿kdf k|:t't
x'g cfPsf] ;+j}wflgs j}wtfsf] k|ZgnfO{ Goflos lg/f]k0fug]{ clwsf/ Pj+ st{Jo 5 . o;
cbfntaf6 /fh'k|;fb rfkfufO{ lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/ -@)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= &*,
g]=sf=k= @)^# c+s @ k[i7 @)#_ ePsf] d'2fdf ;Ddflgt cbfntn] cWofb]zsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] /f]xaf6 6'Ëf] nufPsf] ;d]t cj:yf 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] s'g}klg ck/fwdf cleof]hg eO{ cbfntn]
bf]ifL 7x/ ul/;s]kl5 Goflos cf}lrTotfsf] cfwf/df dfkmL ldGxf lbg] afx]s s'g}
k|s[ltsf] sfg"gL tyf tYout IfdfbfgnfO{ dfGotf lbFb}g . ank"j{s a]kQfkfg]{ sfo{,
oftgf tyf anfTsf/ nufot /lfi6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cGtu{tsf uDeL/ ck/fwdf
Ifdfbfg, dfkmL tyf b08lxgtfaf6 pGd'lQm lbg] sfo{nfO{ ljleGg d'n'ssf ;+ljwfgx¿n]
k|i6 ¿kdf lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . h:tf];'s} uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fwx¿df kL8snfO{
Ifdfbfgsf] 9f]sf vf]lnlbg] pQm cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] Joj:yf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf
ck/fwx¿df Ifdfbfg c:jLsfo{ x'g] cyf{t\ kmf}hbf/L hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{
g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL bfloTjsf] alv{nfk 5 . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @#-!_ df
cWofb]zadf]lhd 5fglag ubf{ kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df To;sf] kof{Kt
cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . s:tf]
cj:yfdf k|of{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f ePsf] jf gePsf] dfGg] eGg] af/]df cWofb]zn]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
34
cfof]unfO{ dfu{ lgb]{lzt u/]sf] cj:yf g/x]sfn] uDeL/ ck/fwx¿df Ifdfbfgsf] 9f]sf
v'Nnf /fv]sf] k|i6} 5 . bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ df s]jn anfTsf/sf] dfq gfd pNn]v
ePsf] / To;kl5 s]jn ænufotÆ eGg] zAb k|of]u ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ulDe/ ck/fwdf
klg Ifdfbfg x'g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . cfdg/;+xf/, o'4 ck/fw, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw,
u}/Goflos xTof, oftgf, a]kQf, bf;Tj / anfTsf/ nufotsf uDeL/ dfgjclwsf/
pNn+3gdf Ifdfbfg nufotsf b08lxgtfsf s'g} klg pkfox¿nfO{ ljBdfg cGt/f{li6«o
sfg"gL l;4fGtx¿n] c:jLsf/ ub{5g\ . dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf nflu lhDd]jf/x¿nfO{
cleof]hg ug]{, ;hfo lbg] / eljiodf To:t} pNn+3g /f]Sg] bfloTj /fHokIfdf 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"gsf rf/j6} h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf]
5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ##-8_n] cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cGtu{t ;[lht bfloTj
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ ljkIfLsf] ;+j}wflgs st{Jo tf]s]sf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf ;GwL
P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (-!_ n] klg cg'df]lbt ;GwLsf k|fjwfg;Fu aflemg] g]kfn sfg"gsf
k|fjwfgx¿ aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g] / ;lGwsf k|fjwfgn] k|fyldstf kfpg] Joj:yf
x'Fbf ;z:q åGbsf] cjlwdf ePsf uDeL/ ck/fwsf kL8sx¿sf nflu b08lxgtf k|bfg
ug{ Ifdfbfgsf] 9f]sf vf]Ng] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cWofb]zsf] ljjflbt k|fjwfg ab/
eflu 5 .
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] h]g]ef dxf;GwL sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfg"g agfpg tyf oftgfnfO{
ck/flws/0f ug]{ u/L oftgf lj?4sf] dxf;GwL adf]lhd sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu
lbPsf cfb]zx? -/fhf/fd 9sfn ;d]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no ;d]t, /ljGb|k|;fb
9sfn lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ / /fh]Gb| l3ld/] lj?4 k|wfgdGqL sfof{no ;d]t _ cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^ adf]lhd ljkIfLsf nflu aGwgsf/L x'g] ePklg clxn];Dd lt
cfb]z adf]lhdsf sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . t;y{, a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf]
5fglag, ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u cWofb]z, @)^(Æ sf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf
-@_ df ul/Psf] k|fjwfgsf] æcfof]usf] 5fglagaf6 Ifdfbfg lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f
gb]lvPsfÆ eGg] jfSof+znfO{ dfq} k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd 5'6\ofpFbf afFsL
Joj:yfn] cy{ lbg ;Sg] ePsf] x'gfn] bfjL ul/Psf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf]
plNnlvt Joj:yfnfO{ / bkmf @%-!_ df /x]sf] æk|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhdÆ eGg] jfSof+znfO{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd cdfGo / ab/ 3f]if0ff
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
35
ul/kfpFm . ;fy} cfd g/;+xf/, o'4 ck/fw, dfjgtf lj?4sf] ck/fw, a]kQf / oftgf
nufotsf uDeL/ ck/fwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL bfloTj cg'?k kmf}hbf/L s;"/ 3f]lift
u/L s;"/sf] uDeLo{tf cg'?k b08sf] Joj:yf gubf{;Dd ;+qmd0fsflng Gofo ;+oGqsf]
u7gn] dfq} b]z leq} Gofo k|flKtsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] o; ;Ddflgt
cbfntaf6 o; cl3 ul/Psf ;+qmd0fsflng Gofo ;DaGwL lg0f{ox¿ ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/
/fvL cTofjZos sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]z hf/L x'g' kb{5 .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS– ))%* df lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg al/i7 clwjQmf
>L ;ltzs[i0f v/]n, ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L uf]ljGb zdf{ aGbL, >L xl/ km'ofn, >L
/fds[i0f sfˆn], >L kjgs'df/ ho;jfn, >L ;ltz /fh d}gfnL, >L nIdL kf]v/]n, >L
/]Zdf yfkf / >L 1fg]Gb| /fh cf/0fn] ug'{ ePsf] ax; Joxf]/fM–
ldlt @)^( ;fn r}q ! ut]sf] g]kfn /fhkq v08 ^@ df k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/
g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/df ;DdfgLo /fi6«kltHo"åf/f hf/L a]kQf ePsf
JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf]
cWofb]z, @)^( n] bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGbn] k'¥ofPsf] lk8fnfO{ yKg] u/L kLl8tnfO{ emg
a9L k|efljt kf/L kLl8tsf] Gofosf] clwsf/nfO{ s'l07t u/]sf] 5 . pQm cWofb]zsf] bkmf
@#-!_ df cfof]un] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf kL8snfO{
Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg] u/L IfdfbfgnfO{ j}wtf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . cWofb]zn]
;To lg?k0f cfof]unfO{ o;sf] sfof{b]z / clwsf/ If]q eGbf aflx/ uO{ Goflos
lgsfosf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . Gofofkflnsfn] bf]ifL k|dfl0ft ug'{ cl3 g}
Ifdfbfgsf] l;kmfl/;;d]t u/L Blanket Amnesty sf] z'qkft x'g'n] To:tf cfof]u hGdfpg'
k5fl8sf] p2]Zo kLl8tsf] ;To / Gofosf] clwsf/sf] k|lt/Iff ug'{ geO{ kL8snfO{
pGd'lQm lbg' xf] eGg] k|i6 x'G5 . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# n] cfof]unfO{ Ifdfbfg lbg] clwsf/
k|bfg ub}{ bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf @ n] æanfTsf/ nufot cfof]usf] 5fglagaf6 Ifdfbfg
lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f gblvPsf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fwdf ;+nUg kL8snfO{
cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;ug]{ 5}gÆ eGg] uDeL/ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Psflt/ o;
cWofb]zn] uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fwnfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5}g eg] csf]{lt/ of] k|fjwfgn]
Goflos afx]ssf] -Non Judicial Body_ ;To cfof]u h:tf] lgsfonfO{ uDeL/ k|s[ltsf
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
36
ck/fwdf ;d]t kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f b]vfO{ Ifdfbfg lbg ;lsg] sfof{b]z nufotsf]
:jljj]s clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g' o;} cWofb]zsf] k|:tfjgfsf] d"n dd{ / efjgfsf] ;d]t
ljk/Lt 5 . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @-`_ n] u/]sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] kl/efiff
cGt{/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;f] sfg"gsf cfwf/e't l;4fGt / dfGotf;Fu
d]n vfFb}g .
To:t} u/L cWofb]zsf] bkmf @%-#_ df cfof]un] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd
k|ltj]bg lbg' cufj} Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/df gk/]sf kL8s pk/ d'2f rnfpg
dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf b]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 egL cleof]hgsf] b]vfj6L l;kmfl/;u/]sf]
5 . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @(-!_ df pNn]v ePcg';f/ dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghn] tf]s]sf]
;/sf/L jlsnn] cfof]usf] geO{ zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/sf] cfwf/df
dfq d'2f rNg] grNg] lg0f{o ug]{ b]lvG5 . cleof]hgsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf bkmf @(-!_
adf]lhd cfof]un] d'2f rnfpg k7fpg] l;kmfl/df dfly zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnon]
yk rnv]n ug{ kfpg] l:ylt / ;f]xL bkmf adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmfn] dGqfnoaf6 n]lv
cfPDff d'2f rNg] jf grnfpg] ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{ k|fjwfgn] cleof]hg sfo{nfO{ Go"g
ug]{ ablgot ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @(-$_n] pkbkmf ! adf]lhd dxfGofofljQmf jf lghn] tf]s]sf]
;/sf/L jlsnn] d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o u/]df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
ePtfklg To;/L d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ePsf] ldltn] #% lbg leq d'2f rnfpg ;lsg] 5
eGg] Joj:yf ul/g'n] Psflt/ uDeL/ k|s[ltsf dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf d'2fx¿df
xbDofb gnfUg] eGg] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ c+lusf/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o; cbfntaf6
clwjQmf /fh]Gb|k|;fb 9sfnsf] xsdf /ljGb|k|;fb 9sfn lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x
dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f d'2fdf ls6fgL ;fy JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{
kmf}hbf/L s;"/ sfod u/L k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ / a]kQfkfg]{ sfo{df
;+nUg e} d'2f rnfOPsf] cj:yfdf jf ;hfo tf]lsPsf] JolQmx¿nfO{ dfkmL lbg gldNg]
egL o;} ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 l;4fGt ;d]t :yflkt e} -g]=sf=k=@)^$ c+s @ lg=g+=
&*!& k[=!^( df k|sflzt e} ;s]sf] 5 . o;} u/L cf]dk|sfz cof{n lj?4 k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] P]gdf ePsf]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
37
xbDofb ;DaGwL d'2fdf ædfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf] d'2fdf xbDofb gnfUg]Æ eGg] cfb]z
;d]t ePsf] 5 .
t;y{, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_, !#-!_ / @$-(_ ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n x'g] u/L /fhg}lts ;f}bfafhLsf] ?kdf cfPsf] of] cWofb]zn] åGb kLl8t JolQm /
;d'bfosf] kL8fdf emg\ lk+8f yKg] u/L h3Go ck/fwsf bf]ifLx¿nfO{ cfd dfkmL lbg]
ePsfn] ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] lglDt ckgfpg'kg]{ clgjfo{ pkfox¿ ;To, Gofo,
kl/k'/0f / ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g]u/L cfof]usf] u7g ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ cg';f/ pQm a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To
lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]zsf] bkmf !#, @#,
@% / @( nfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bg bfjLadf]lhdsf] k/dfb]z tyf
lgb]{zfTds cfb]z ul/kfpFm .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS– ))%& / )^(–WS– ))%* df ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 ljåfg ;x–GofoflwjQmf >L ls/0fk|;fb kf}8]n, >L ;+hLj /]UdL / pk–
GofoflwjQmf >L dbgaxfb'/ wfdLn] ug'{ ePsf] ax; Joxf]/fM–
a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;Tolg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf
Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^( nfO{ ;+;bn] k"0f{?k lbg;Sg] cj:yf jfFsL g} /x]sfn]
tTsfn Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfjZostf 5}g . lgj]bsx?n] cWofb]znfO{ ck'/f] sfg"g
ePsf] egL] bfjL lnPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf To:tf] ljifodf cbfntn] If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug{
ldNb}g . sfg"g gag]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"g agfpg o; cbfntaf6 ljleGg d'2fx¿df
;d]t lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] cj:yf;d]t x'Fbf lgj]bsx¿ cbfnt ;dIf o:tf]
ljifo lnP/ pkl:yt x'g'nfO{ cGoyf eGg ;lsFb}g . tyflk ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eP
:ki6 ?kdf ;f] b]vfpg ;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . cWofb]zsf] j}wtfdf k|Zg 5 eg] To;df uDeL/
eP/ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . cnu–cnu cfof]ux¿ u7g ug'{kg]{df Pp6}df ld;fP/ cfof]u u7g
u/]sf] ldn]g eGg'df cf}lrTo ;d]t b]lvFb}g . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ df
cfof]un] ;f] cWofb]z adf]lhd 5fgljg ubf{ kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df
To;sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 . ;f] Joj:yfn] cfof]uaf6 :jljj]sLo lg0f{o x'g] geO{ :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
38
l;kmfl/;ug'{kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -^_ df pkbkmf
-!_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/ / dfkb08 tf]lsP adf]lhd
x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] / bkmf $) adf]lhd cfof]un] pQm cWofb]z sfof{Gjog ug{
cfjZos lgod agfpFbf Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/ / dfkb08 ;d]t
lgoddf :ki6 ?kdf Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] cfwf/ / dfkb08sf] kl/lwleq /xL
Ifdfbfgsf] l;kmfl/; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfn] cfof]unfO{ cem} lhDd]jf/ agfpg vf]h]sf] x'Fbf
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ / pkbkmf -^_ df ePsf] Joj:yf clt g} clgolGqt
?kdf lj:t[t (vauge) ePsf]n] vf/]h x'g'kg]{ eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] egfO{ pko'Qm 5}g .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -`_ df ædfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gÆ eGg]
zAbfjnLsf] :ki6 kl/efiff /x]sf] / pQm kl/efiffn] anfTsf/ nufotsf ljleGg
ck/fwnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'Fbf bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ df pNn]v ePsf] æanfTsf/ nufotÆ
eGg] zAbfjnLn] klg plNnlvt ;a} uDeL/ ck/fwnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g] cj:yf 5 . To;}n]
thljlhnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] / Ifdfbfg of]Uo gePsf ulDe/ ck/fwx?df Ifdfbfgsf]
9f]sf v'nf /fv]sf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL ts{k"0f{ 5}g . Ifdfbfg ;DaGwL bkmf @% sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ ;d'rf cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] Ifdfbfgsf] sf/jfxL cl3 a9\gsf] nflu kL8sn]
lnlvt lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ cfkm"af6 dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g ePsf] :jLsf/ ug'{kg]{,
To; ;DaGwL ;a} tYox? k"0f{?kdf k|s6 u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ / kLl8tnfO{ lrq a'em\bf] 9+un]
kZrftfk ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{tf /xG5 . To;}n] kLl8t;Fusf] ;Nnfx / kLl8tsf] hfgsf/L
lagf Ifdfbfgsf] l;kmfl/; x'g ;Sg] cj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf g} cWofb]zn] gu/]sf] x'Fbf
kLl8t;Fu ;Nnfx gug{ klg ;Sg] :jljj]sflwsf/ cfof]unfO{ ePsf] eGg] lgj]bsx?sf]
egfO{ ts{;+ut / pko'Qm 5}g . dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g jf dfgjtf lj?4sf]
ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/df NofO{ b08xLgtf cGTo ug{ ljBdfg
sfg"gsf] cltl/Qm yk sfg"g agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf / ;DefjgfnfO{ k|:t't cWofb]zn] g}
cf}+NofPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bsx?sf] lhsL/ cf}lrTok"0f{ 5}g . t;y{, lgj]bsn] dfu u/]
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ cj:yf gx'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"lrdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgx?df
ePsf Joxf]/f Pj+ sfuhft ;d]t cWoog u/L b'j} l/6 lgj]bgdf kIf ljkIfsf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx? tyf ljåfg ;x–GofoflwjQmfx? Pj+ pkGofoflwjQmfsf]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
39
ax; ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{o ;'gfpgsf nflu cfhsf] k]zL tfl/v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf o; Ohnf;sf] cfb]z adf]lhd k|:t't x'g cfPsf] lnlvt ax; gf]6 ;d]t
cWoog ul/of] .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS– ))%& df lnO{Psf] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjLM–
a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf
Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ df /x]sf] æpkbkmf -!_
df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg anfTsf/ nufot cfof]usf] 5fglagaf6 Ifdfbfg
lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f gb]lvPsf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fwdf ;+nUg kL8snfO{
cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;ug]{ 5}gÆ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; pkbkmfdf
k|of]u ePsf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f s] x'g eGg] s'g} klg ljifo pQm cWofb]zdf 5}g .
;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf -^_ df æpkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;ubf{ lnOg]
cfwf/ / dfkb08 tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf 5 . cWofb]zsf] bkmf $) n]
lgod agfpg] clwsf/ klg :jo+ cfof]unfO{ g} lbPsf] x'gfn] cfof]usf] thlahnfO{ g}
kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f dfGg'kg]{ ePsf] x'gfn] of] Joj:yf clt g} clgolGqt ¿kdf lj:t[t
-Vague_ ePsf]n] clgolGqt Jofkstfsf] l;4fGt (Doctrine of Vagueness) sf] cfwf/df
æcfof]usf] 5fglagaf6 Ifdfbfg lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f gb]lvPsfÆ eGg] jfSof+znfO{
dfq} k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt (Doctrine of Severability) adf]lhd 5'6\ofpFbf afFsL
Joj:yfn] cy{ lbg ;Sg] ePsf] x'gfn]] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] plNnlvt Joj:yfnfO{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd c;+j}wflgs / cdfGo 3f]if0ff
ul/kfpFm . To:t} bkmf @% -!_ df /x]sf] æk|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhdÆ eGg] zAbx¿n] bkmf @#
df ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ yk lgisfd agfPsf] 5 . bkmf @%-!_ df /x]sf] æk|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhdÆ eGg] jfSof+znfO{ dfq cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ubf{ pkbkmf -!_ n] klg cy{
lbg ;Sg] ePsf] x'gfn] To;nfO{ klg k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm . cfd
g/;+xf/, o'4 ck/fw, dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw, a]kQf / oftgf nufotsf uDeL/
pNn+3gnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL bfloTj cg'?k kmf}hbf/L s;"/ 3f]lift u/L s;"/sf]
ufDeLo{tf cg'?k b08sf] Joj:yf gubf{;Dd ;+qmd0fsflng Gofo ;+oGqsf] u7gn] dfq}
b]z leq} Gofo k|flKtsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] o; ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 o; cl3
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
40
ul/Psf ;+qmd0fsflng Gofo ;DaGwL lg0f{ox¿ ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL cTofjZos
sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]z hf/L x'g' kb{5 .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS– ))%& df ljkIfL tkm{af6 k|ltjfb ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkmsf]
d'Vo c+zM–
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ df k|o'Qm kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm
b]v]df To:tf] cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ eGg] jfSof+zsf] cy{ h:tf];'s} ck/fwsf] 36gfdf
;+nUg JolQmnfO{ klg cfof]un] Ifdfbfg ug{ ;Sg] eGg] xf]Og . bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_
sf] Joj:yf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf 36gf afx]ssf cGo 36gfdf cfslif{t
x'g] Pj+ To:tf 36gfdf klg Ifdfbfg lbgsf] nflu kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0fsf] cfjZostf
kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;f] bkmfn] O+lut u/]sf] xf] . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -`_ df plNnlvt
s;"/sf xsdf cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;ug{;Sg] clwsf/ g/x]sf], h'g s;"/sf
xsdf kL8snfO{ cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sb}g, To:tf] s;"/ kL8s
pk/ d'2f rnfpg dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf n]vL k7fpg] eGg] Joj:yf bkmf @% sf]
pkbkmf -#_ df /x]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ df k|o'Qm æcfof]usf]
5fglagaf6 Ifdfbfg lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f gb]lvPsfÆ eGg] jfSof+znfO{ ab/
3f]lift ul//xg' kg]{ cf}lrTo 5}g . l/6 lgj]bsn] r'gf}lt ug'{ ePsf] cWofb]zsf] bkmf @%
sf] pkbkmf -!_ df /x]sf] æk|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhdÆ eGg] jfSof+zn] pQm cWofb]z hf/L
x'g] avtdf ljBdfg /x]sf sfg"g dfqnfO{ hgfpF5 eGg] xf]Og . k|:t't cWofb]z adf]lhd
dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g jf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿nfO{
sfg"gsf] bfo/fleq NofO{ b08lxgtf cGTo ug{ ljBdfg sfg"gx¿sf] cltl/Qm yk sfg"g
agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf / ;DefjgfnfO{ cWofb]zn] ;d]t cf}NofPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bsn] nufpg'
ePsf] dgu9Gt] cy{sf] cfwf/df bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -!_ df k|o'Qm æ k|rlnt sfg"g
adf]lhdÆ eGg] jfSof+znfO{ ab/ ug'{kg]{ s'g} klg cfwf/, sf/0f / k|of]hg /x]sf] 5}g .
cfd g/;+xf/, o'4 ck/fw dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw, a]kQf / oftgf nufotsf dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNn+3gnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL bfloTj adf]lhd kmf}hbf/L s;"/ 3f]lift u/L
s;"/sf] ufDeLo{tf cg';f/ b08sf] Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ k/dfb]z
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
41
hf/L ul/kfpFm egL l/6 lgj]bsn] dfu ug'{ ePsf] 5 . h]g]ef dxf;GwLnfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug{sf] nflu ljw]os th'{dfsf] sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 eg] oftgf lgoGq0f ;DaGwL
ljw]os, @)^( th'{df eO{ tTsflng Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;dIf k]z eO;s]sf]
xf] . o;}u/L ha/h:tL JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ sfg"gsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff ug]{ nufotsf
ljljw ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]l6 tof/ ePsf] kmf}hbf/L ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)^* sf] ljw]os ;d]t
tTsflng Jo:yflksf ;+;bdf k|:t't ePsfn]] of] ljifo Goflos lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo x'g
g;Sg] x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h x'g' kb{5 .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS– ))%* df lnO{Psf] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjLM–
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_, !#-!_ / @$-(_ ;d]tsf] k|lts'n
x'g] u/L /fhg}lts ;f}bfjfhLsf] ?kdf cfPsf] a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgljg, ;To
lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]zn] åGå kLl8t
JolQm / ;d'bfosf] kL8fdf emg\ lkF8f yKg] u/L h3Go ck/fwsf bf]ifLx?nfO{ cfd dfkmL
lbg] ePsfn] ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] lglDt ckgfpg' kg]{ clgjfo{ pkfox? ;To, Gofo,
kl/k'/0f / ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g] u/L cfof]usf] u7g ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ cg';f/ a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To
lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]zsf] bkmf !#, @#,
@% / @( nfO{ pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]z
nufotsf] hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF . ;fy} kLl8tx?sf] ;To, Gofo /
kl/k'/0fsf] k|fKtL;Fu} k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] nflu ;+qmd0fsflng Gofo k|lqmofdf ;To
cfof]u h:tf ;+oGqsf] lz3| cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL Ps :jtGq, lgikIf / kf/bzL{
cfof]usf] u7g u/L To:tf] cfof]uaf6 kLl8tx?n] ck]Iff u/]sf] jf:tljs ;To tYosf]
phfu/, kl/k'/0fsf] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf / dfgj clwsf/sf] ulDe/ pNn+3gsf
kL8sx?nfO{ cleof]hgsf] ;'lglZrttf / åGåaf6 plAhPsf] n}+lus ;+j]bglzntf
;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL sfg"gL Joj:yfx?sf] l;kmfl/;ug{ / ;f] k|lqmofdf cfjZos
5nkmn / k/fdz{ ;d]t ug{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL / ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf If]qdf
lqmoflzn ljz]if1x?sf] sfo{bn u7g u/L pQm sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df #
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
42
dlxgfleq sfg"g d:of}bf u/L hf/L ug'{ egL ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf lgb]{zgfTds
cfb]z hf/L ul/ kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL .
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS– ))%* df ljkIfL tkm{af6 k|ltjfb ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkmsf]
d'Vo c+zM–
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ df cfof]un] ;f] cWofb]z adf]lhd 5fgljg
ubf{ kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df To;sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/;Fu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfn] kL8snfO{ hyfefjL Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;
ug{ cfof]unfO{ /f]s nufPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] bkmfsf] pkbkmf -^_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd
Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/ / dfkb08 lgoddf tf]Sg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/L
cfof]unfO{ cem} lhDd]jf/ agfpg vf]h]sf] x'Fbf cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# ab/ x'g'kg]{ eGg] l/6
lgj]bssf] egfO{ pko'Qm 5}g . cWofb]zsf] bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ df
;z:q åGåsf] qmddf a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgljg nufot dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn+3g ;DaGwL 36gfsf] ;To cGj]if0f tyf 5fgljg u/L jf:tljs tYo hg;dIf
Nofpg] eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] / cWofb]zsf] bkmf @@ sf] pkbkmf ! df kL8s jf kLl8tn]
d]nldnfksf] nflu cfof]u ;dIf lgj]bg lbPdf cfof]un] kL8s / kLl8tnfO{ Ps cfk;df
d]nldnfk u/fpg ;Sg]5 eGg] tyf bkmf @@ sf] pkbkmf -%_ df cfof]un] o; bkmf
adf]lhd kLl8t / kL8saLr d]nldnfk u/fpg' cl3 kLl8t;Fu cfjZos ;xdlt lng
;Sg] eGg] cj:yf u/]s} x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bssf] egfO{ ts{k"0f{ 5}g . hxfF;Dd cWofb]zsf]
bkmf @% sf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g jf dfgjtf lj?4sf]
ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ b08xLgtf cGTo ug{ ljBdfg
sfg"gsf] cltl/Qm yk sfg"g agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf / ;DefjgfnfO{ k|:t't cWofb]zn]
g} cf}+NofPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bsx?sf] lhls/ cf}lrTok"0f{ 5}g . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @( sf]
pkbkmf -!_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -#_ / bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf]
v08 -u_ nfO{ Ps} ;fy /fv]/ x]g'{kg]{ x'Fbf bkmf @( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] Joj:yfn]
cfof]usf] e"ldsf uf}0f agfPsf], dGqfnoaf6 n]lv gcfP;Dd dxfGofoflwjQmfn] d'2f
rNg] jf grNg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf cfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;+j}wflgs
e"ldsf ;+s'rg ul/Psf] egL dfGg ldNg] b]lvFb}g t;y{, a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgljg,
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
43
;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u cWofb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf !#, @#, @% / @( g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -!_, wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -!_ / wf/f @$
sf] pkwf/f -(_ sf] k|lts'n gx'Fbf ljkIfL lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpmF eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] lnlvt k|ltjfb b]lvG5 .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg kq Pj+ lnlvt hjfkmsf] j]xf]/f ;d]t cWoog u/L l/6
lgj]bsn] p7fPsf laifox?df lgDg k|Zgx?sf] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] M–
-s_ a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] xsdf 5fglag ug]{ cfof]u / ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk
cfof]u 5'§f5'§} u7g x'g'kg]{ xf] jf b'j}sf xsdf Pp6} cfof]u u7g ug'{kg]{ xf], a]kQf
ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk ;DaGwL Pp6} cfof]u u7g
u/L cWofb]zsf] bkmf !#, adf]lhd tf]s]sf] cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+s'rg eO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|lts"n 5,
5}g <
-v_ cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# df ePsf] Joj:yfn] cfof]unfO{ clgolGqt thljhL clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5, 5}|g ;fy} pQm bkmfsf] Joj:yfn] kLl8tsf] ;xdlt a]u/ kL8snfO{
cfof]un] Ifdfbfg ug{ ;Sg] xf] xf]Og / pQm bkmf @# g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] k|lts"n 5, 5}g <
-u_ cWofb]zsf] bkmf @% df ePsf] Joj:yfn] uDeL/ ck/fwdf ;+nUg kL8sn] pGd'lQm
kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 jf x'Fb}g, pQm bkmf @% g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] k|lts"n 5, 5}g <
-3_ cWofb]zsf] bkmf @( df ePsf] Joj:yfaf6 dxfGoflwjQmfn] d'2f rnfpg lg0f{o
ug{;Sg] clwsf/sf] ;+s'rg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g, ;fy} d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ePsf]
ldltn] #% lbgleq d'2f rnfpg ;lsg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf kmf}hbf/L
d'2fdf xbDofb gnfUg] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf] ljkl/t 5 jf 5}g <
-ª_ lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg] { xf] xf]O{g <
l/6 lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] klxnf] k|Zg tkm{ b[li6ut u/L x]bf{, ;Djt\ @)^( ;fnsf]
cWofb]z g+ * df æa]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf]
;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]zÆ sf bkmf !#, @#, @% / @( sf k|fjwfgx¿ pk/
cfklQ hgfO{ pQm bkmfx¿ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_, !#-!_ /
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
44
@$-(_ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n ePaf6 wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/
u/L sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/Lsf] ;d]t dfu u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ldlt @)^(.!@.! df g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f k|sflzt /fhkqdf plNnlvt cWofb]zsf]
k|:tfjgf x]bf{ z;:q åGbsf qmddf a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag nufot dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw ;DaGwL cGo 36gf / To:tf]
36gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f u/L jf:tljs tYo hg;dIf Nofpg,
kL8s / kLl8t aLr d]nldnfk u/fO{ kf/:kl/s ;b\efj tyf ;lxi0f'tfsf] efjgf clej[l4
ub}{ ;dfhdf zflGt / d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{, ;f] 36gfaf6 kLl8t ePsf
JolQmnfO{ kl/k"/0fsf] nflu l;kmfl/;ug{ tyf To:tf] 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt uDeL/ ck/fwdf
;+nUg JolQmnfO{ sfg"gL bfo/fdf NofO{ b08lxgtfsf] cGTo ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy k|:t't
cWofb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] cg';"rL $ df ;dflji7 g]kfn ;/sf/ /
tTsflng g]kfn sDo"lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg ldlt @)^#.*.% sf] lj:t[t
zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %=@=% df b'j} kIf ;z:q åGbsf qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn+3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtf lj?åsf] ck/fwdf ;+nUgx¿sf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{ /
;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ cfk;L ;xdltaf6 pRr:t/Lo ;To lg?k0f
tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] u7g ug{ ;xdt 5g\ eGg] ;f/e"t Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ##-y_ df ;z:q åGbsf] qmddf a]kQf
kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ul7t 5fglag cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df To:tf
JolQmx¿sf kLl8t kl/jf/x¿nfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fpg] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;}u/L wf/f ##-w_ n] ;z:q åGbsf] qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g ug]{ tyf
dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{ tyf ;dfhdf
d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ pRr:t/Lo ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g
ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]sf] kfO{G5 . ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] plNnlvt k|fjwfg cg'?k
a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf ;DaGwdf u7g x'g] 5fglag cfof]u / dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn+3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f
ug{ / d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ pRr:t/Lo ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u
u7g ug]{ u/L b'O{ 5'§f–5'§} cfof]u u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 t/ ldlt
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
45
@)^(.!@.! sf lbg dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/df ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 hf/L ul/Psf] a]kQf
ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk Pp6} cfof]u u7g x'g] Joj:yf u/L
cfof]usf] ;+/rgf, sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ nufotsf cGo ;f/e"t Joj:yfx¿sf] k|of]u
ug{ ;Sg] u/L cWofb]zdf Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
a[xb zflGt ;Demf}tf tyf ;+ljwfgsf] pk/f]Qm wf/fx¿sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd u7g
x'g] pk/f]Qm cfof]ux¿sf] u7g k|s[of, sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf cGo ;f/jfg
ljifoj:t'sf ;Gbe{df 5'§f–5'§} Joj:yf x'g'kg]{df To:tf] ge} pQm Pp6} cWofb]zdf Pp6}
cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g tyf JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf
;DaGwdf qmdzM pQm cWofb]zsf] bkmf @-`_ / @-6_ df kl/eflift u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvof] .
j:t'tM dfgjclwsf/ lj?4sf hg';'s} sfo{x¿ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g,
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq tyf dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o
;lGwn] u/]sf kl/efiff cg'?k x'g'kb{5 . pQm cWofb]zsf] bkmf @-`_ n] dfgj clwsf/sf]
uDeL/ pNn+3gsf ;DaGwdf kl/efiff u/L xTof, ckx/0f tyf z/L/ aGws, JolQm a]kQf
kfg]{, anfTsf/ tyf of}ghGo lx+;f nufot * j6f sfo{sf cltl/Qm cGt/f{li6«o dfgj
clwsf/ jf dfgjLo sfg"g ljk/Lt ul/Psf h'g;'s} lsl;dsf cdfgjLo sfo{ jf
dfgjtf lj?4sf] cGo ck/fwnfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g egL kl/eflift
u/]sf] 5 . To:t} bkmf @-6_ df JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df ;DaGwdf kl/efiff u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ##-y_ tyf ##-w_ n] @ j6f 5'§f–5'§} cfof]usf u7gdf
kl/sNkgf u/]sf] tyf lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %=@=% ;d]tn] ;To lg?k0f tyf
d]nldnfk cfof]usf] u7gsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvbf tL b'j} cfof]ux¿ Pp6}
cWofb]zaf6 u7g x'g' / Pp6} cWofb]zn] Joj:yf u/]adf]lhd tL cfof]ux¿sf] sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/ ;d]tsf] k|aGw x'g' ;+ljwfg tyf lj:t[t zfGtL ;Demf}tfsf] kl/sNkgf
ljk/Lt x'g hfG5 . To:t} pQm ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f & n] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL
3f]if0ffkq, !($* tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgljo sfg"g / dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t
l;4fGt / dfGotfx¿ k|lt k|lta4 /xg] Joj:yf ljk/Lt ;d]t x'g hfG5 .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f kfl/t k|:tfj g+= 47/133 sf] Declaration on The Protection
of All Persons from Enforced Disappearence sf] k|:tfjgfdf ;d]t JolQm j]kQfsf
;DaGwdf eO/x]sf jf x'g] ultljlwk|lt rf;f] /fVb} ljleGg b]zdf lg/Gt/ ?kdf JolQm
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
46
a]kQfsf 36gfx¿ eO{ /x]sf tyf JolQmx¿ cfˆgf] OR5f lagf kqmfp k/]sf, y'lgPsf
tyf ckx/0fdf k/]sf, ;fy} ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6, ;+ul7t ;d"xaf6, JolQmut tj/af6 s'g}
g s'g} k|sf/n] ePsf o:tf sfo{n] sfg"gsf] ;+/If0faf6 ljd'v u/fPsf] x'G5 eGg] efjgf
cleJoQm ul/Psf] kfOG5 . -In many countries often in the persistent manner,
enforced dissapperences occur, in the sense that persons are arrested ,detained or
abducted against their will or otherwise deprived of their liberty by ofticials or
different branches or level of government or by organized groups or private
individuals acting on behalf of or with the support, direct or indirect consent or
acquiesencence of the government, followed by a refusal to disclose the fate or
whereabouts of the persons concerned or a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation
of their liberty which places such persons outside the protection of law_=
pQm 3f]if0ffsf] wf/f ! n] anhkm\tL a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ dfgjtf lj?4sf]
ck/fwsf ?kdf lnb} wf/f @ n] s'g} klg /fHon] JolQm a]kQf lj?4sf] sfo{ Jojxf/df
ug{ gx'g], To:tf sfo{ ug{ 5'6 glbg] tyf To:tf] sfo{ ;xg ug{ gx'g] u/L ls6fg u/]sf]
5 . To:t} wf/f # n] k|To]s /fHon] anhkmtLk"j{s JolQm a]kQf sfo{ lj?4 k|efjsf/L
ljwflosL, k|zf;lso ,Goflos tyf cGo cfjZos pkfosf ?kdf lng] tyf wf/f $ n]
To:tf] sfo{ kmf}hbf/L s;'/sf ?kdf lnO{ ulDe/ s;'/sf ?kdf lng'kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t
u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L @) l8;]Da/ @))^ df hj/h:tL a]kQfaf6 ;a} JolQmnfO{ arfp ug]{
;DaGwL cGt{/fli6«o dxf;GwL ;d]t hf/L u/L ;+o"Qm /fi6«;+3n] JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ h:tf]
sfo{k|lt lrGtf / rf;f] JoQm u/]sf] 5 . oBkL tL dxf;GwLsf] xfn;Dd g]kfn kIf /fi6«
algg;s] klg /fh]Gb| 9sfnsf] d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6 To;sf] ;fGble{stfsf] af/]df rrf{
eO{ ;s]sf] 5 oL ;a} k|Zgx¿df g]kfn d"nwf/sf dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL cle;GwLx¿sf]
kIf ePsf] ;Gbe{df JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ h:tf] uDeL/ dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] ljifodf
g]kfn /fHosf] cljefHo bfloTj /xg] s'/f ljjfb ug{ ;lsg] b]lvFb}g . a]kQf ePsf
JolQmsf ;DaGwdf /fHon] cfjZos ljwflosL k|zf;lgs tyf GofoLs k|aGwx?sf] af/]df
cfkm\gf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf ljdtL x'g ;Sb}g .
JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ hf] ;'s}af6 ePklg dxf;GwLsf] pQm wf/f @ adf]lhd
ulDe/ s;'/ x'g] x'Fbf cGo ;fdfGo kmf}hbf/L s;'/sf ?kdf o;nfO{ x]l/g' Gofof]lrt x'g
;Sb}g . g]kfnn] xfn;Dd bf;Tj dxf;GwL !(@^ b]lv afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;GwL
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
47
!(*( ;Ddsf dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt cGt{/fli6«o dxf;GwLsf] kIf /fi6« alg;s]sf]
5 . ;+o"Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o /fi6« ;d]t ePsf sf/0f g]kfnn] ;+o"Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f kfl/t
dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt dxTjk"0f{ dxf;GwLsf k|fjwfgx?sf ;DaGwdf sfg"gdf
Joj:yf u/L To:tf dxf;GwL cg"s"n ljwflosL k|aGw ug'{ af~5gLo x'g cfpF5 .
g]kfn kIf /fi6« ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt{/fli6«o
cg'aGwsf] wf/f ^ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ hLjgsf] cGt/lgxLt clwsf/ x'g] / sfg"gåf/f
o; clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ul/g] tyf :j]R5frf/L ?kn] s;}sf] klg hLjgsf] x/0f gu/Lg]
elg hLjgsf] clwsf/nfO{ JolQmsf] g};lu{s clwsf/sf ?kdf ls6fg u/LlbPsf] 5 . o:t}
oftgf tyf cGo s|'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;GwL
!(*$ n] ;d]t s'g} JolQmnfO{ cdfgjLo oftgf lbg lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cxd
ljifodf /fHon] cfkm\gf] bfloTjk|lt pbfl;g e} JolQmsf] hLjgsf] clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt
JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ xn'sf] 9+un] lng] tyf c? ;fdfGo kmf}hbf/L s;'/ h:tf]
s;'/s} ;/x o;nfO{ lng] / To;nfO{ cbfntn] ;xh ?kdf lng ;Sg] lsdfy{ x'Fb}g .
dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g / To;sf s;'/bf/nfO{ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf :yflkt d"No
/ dfGotf cg'?k kmf}hbf/L bfloTj axg u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 . JolQm a]kQf kfg]{
;DaGwL dfly pNn]lvt dxf;GwLs} kIf /fi6« gePsf sf/0f jf To:tf] 3f]if0ffkqsf] kIf
gePs} sf/0f g]kfnn] JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ ;DaGwL To:tf] k|fjwfgnfO{ gh/cGbfh ug{
ldNb}g . dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt dfgaclwsf/sf] laZjAofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($*
b]lvsf ljleGg dxTjk"0f{ cGt{/fli6«o cg'aGwx?nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] tyf ;+ljwfg tyf
cGo ;Da4 sfg"gL k|jGwdfkm{t\ dfgj clwsf/ tyf gful/s :jtGqtf k|lt k6s k6s
k|ltj4tf JoQm ul/;s]sf] sf/0f klg g]kfnn] a]kQf ePsf gful/sx?k|ltsf] cGt{/fli6«o
bfloTj k'/f ug{ cfjZos ljwflosL, k|zf;lgs tyf Goflos k|aGwx?sf] oyf]lrt
Joj:yf ug'{ af~5gLo x'g cfpF5 . o; cxd\ ;jfndf /fHon] a]jf:tf u/L lgj]bsx?n]
bfjL u/]sf] 5'§f5'§} cfof]ux? :yfkgf ug]{ ljifodf xn'sf] jf 6fn6'n] k|j[lQ k|bzg{ ug'{
hfoh dfGg ;lsg] x'Fb}g .
s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ anhkm\tL a]kQf agfpg] sfo{af6 p;nfO{ sfg"gsf] ;dfg
;+/If0faf6 al~rt u/L JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] x/0f / Go"gtd dfgjLo d"No /
dfGotfsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] sfo{n] p;sf j}olQms :jtGqtfx¿nfO{ ToxL
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
48
laGb'df g} ;dfKt kf/L lbG5 . To;}sf/0f dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfx¿sf]
ljZjJofkL ;Ddfg tyf kfngf / k|a{wg ug]{ bfloTjnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf s'g} klg /fi6«n]
To;/L x'g] ha/h:tL a]kQfsf 36gfx¿ k|lt uDeL/ / ;r]t /xg}kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfndf
a]kQf ;DaGwL ljifonfO{ ljz]if ?kdf ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] d:of}bf dfkm{t
sf]lzz u/L Joj:yflksf ;+;b leq ljw]ossf] ?kdf k|j]z kfPklg xfn ;Dd kfl/t x'g
g;sL 5'§} sfg"g gag]sf] kl/k]|Iodf ank"j{s a]kQfsf 36gfx¿nfO{ 5fglag ug]{, a]kQf
agfOPsf JolQmx¿sf] l:ylt PsLg u/L ;fj{hlgs ug]{, bf]ifL b]lvPsf JolQmx¿nfO{
sf/jfxL ug]{ / kLl8tnfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fpg] nufotsf cfjZos Joj:yfx¿ ePsf]
ljz]if sfg"g lgdf{0f x'g'kg]{ ;DaGwdf o; cbfntaf6 /fh]Gb|k|;fb 9sfnsf] xsdf
/ljGb|k|;fb 9sfn lj?4 u[x dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o; cl3g} af]ln;lsPsf] 5 .
h;sf] sfof{Gjog xfn ;Dd gePsf] af6 o; k|Zgdf /fHosf] ;Dj]bgGo"gtf emlNs/x]sf]
5 .
kLl8t kIfnfO{ /fHosf] Gofo k|0ffnL k|lt ljZjf; / cf:yf sfod /fVg] jftfj/0f
agfpg' tyf bf]ifL b]lvPsf lhDd]jf/ clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ sfg"g pNn+3g ug]{ sfo{af6 pTkGg
bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg ;lsFb}g eGg] af]w u/fpg' klg /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . of] bfloTj
/fHosf] 5'§} / ljz]if bfloTj geO{ /fHon] gful/ssf] cfwf/e"t df}lns clwsf/ / dfgj
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd / cfwf/e"t bfloTj xf] . o:tf] bfloTj k'/f ug{sf
nflu /fHon] ljz]if lsl;dsf] sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ eGg] ;Gbe{df klg pQm km};nfdf
af]ln;lsPsf] 5 .
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;efåf/f dxf;efsf] ^) cf}+ ;efdf kfl/t k|:tfj g+= &!-P_
sf] bkmf & df dfgj clwsf/ / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"gsf] uDeL/ pNn+3gaf6 kLl8t
kIfx¿nfO{ Gofodf ;dfg / k|efjsf/L ?kdf kx'Fr x'g'kg]{, kLl8tn] ef]Ug' k/]sf] Iflt
jfkt kof{Kt, k|efjsf/L / lz3| k'gnf{e -reparation_ kfpg'kg]{ tyf o; ;DaGwL
;"rgfdf kLl8tsf] kx'Fr x'g'kg]{ egL k|:tfj kfl/t u/]sf] / g]kfn klg ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf]
;b:o ePsf] gftfn] To:tf k|:tfjx¿ dfkm{t b]vfOPsf] k|lta4tf k|lt /fHo pbfl;g
/xg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvg cfpFb}g .
g]kfn kIf ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cg'aGwsf] wf/f @ tyf
( sf] JofVof ug]{ qmddf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ ;ldltn] pQm wf/fåf/f k|bfg
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
49
ul/Psf] JolQmsf clwsf/x¿ pNn+3g ePsf] cj:yfdf /fHon] cGo pkrf/sf cltl/Qm
pko'Qm dfqfdf Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t lbg'kg]{ / tTsflng ?kdf cGtl/d pkfox¿ ;d]t
cjnDag ug'{kg]{ egL JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5 . åGbsf] qmddf ha/h:tL a]kQf x'g]
36gfaf6 a]kQf x'g] JolQm dfq kLl8t x'g] geO{ lghsf] kl/jf/sf] / cfkm\Gthg ;d]t
kLl8t x'g] x'G5 . o:tf] 36gfsf] k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg jf Gofo lg/f]k0f x'g
;s]geg] JolQm a]kQf kfl/Psf 36gfn] cGttM ;du| ;dfhn] g} cft+lst / c;'/lIft
dx;'; ug{ k'Ub5 . o:tf] eo+s/ kl/0ffd ;lxt s'g} /fHon] ljsf; / ;Eotfsf] cfzf
ug{ ;Sb}g . g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, ljb]zL cbfnt tyf dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL
If]lqo cbfntx¿sf] km};nf, g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
b:tfj]hx¿ tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] hf/L u/]sf k|:tfj /
3f]if0ffkq ;d]tsf] cfwf/df gful/s tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf
36gfx¿sf ;DaGwdf 5fglag ug{ 36gfaf6 kLl8t kIfx¿nfO{ To:tf] 5fglag k|s[ofsf]
k|jfxdf ;dflxt u/L To;af6 k|fKt x'g ;Sg] nfe tyf cj;/ ;d]taf6 al~rt ug{
ldNg] x'Fb}g .
o;/L ank"j{s a]kQf agfOPsf JolQmx¿sf] ;/+If0f ;DaGwL 5'§} P]gsf] lgdf{0f
ug{, To; P]g cGtu{t k|:t't ljifo;F+u ;DalGwt ;a} 36gfx¿sf] hfFra'em ug]{,
cfof]usf] sfo{If]q :ki6 ug]{, To:tf] hfFra'emn] cbfntsf] k|lt:yfkg gug]{, l:ylt :ki6
geP;Dd hfFra'em lg/Gt/ ug'{kg]{, kLl8t, ;fIfL, ph'/jfnf, jlsn, cg';Gwfgstf{
;a}nfO{ cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]uL alg/xg'sf] nflu lghsf] ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{, kLl8tx¿n]
cfˆgf] ;/f]sf/ / egfO{ /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ / cj;/sf] Joj:yf, lghx¿sf] egfO{ uf]Ko
/fVg ;lsg] Joj:yf ug]{ h:tf ljifosf nflu 5'§} cfof]u u7g ug]{ nufotsf ljifodf
g]kfn ;/sf/ u[xdGqfno tyf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z
;d]t hf/L eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg /xFbf /xFb} g]kfn ;/sf/af6 JolQm a]kQfkfg]{
;DaGwL tyf ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ Pp6} sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f
u/L cWofb]z hf/L ePsf] ;d]t b]lvof] . k"j{ km};nf cg';f/ g} ljifoj:t'sf]
ufDeLotf{nfO{ ljrf/ u/L JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ ;DalGw 5'§} P]g lgdf{0f ug'{ egL
ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf cfb]z ;d]t hf/L eO{;s]sf] ;f] cj:yfnfO{ gh/cGbfh u/L ljkIfL
lgsfoaf6 plNnlvt cWofb]z hf/L ul/Psf] b]lvg cfof] .
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
50
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] c+uLsf/ u/]sf] dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL d"No
dfGotfsf] cltl/Qm ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z / sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] kl/kfngf
sfo{kflnsf nufot /fHosf] ;+/rgfaf6 ck]Iff ul/g]df To;sf] sfof{Gjog l9nf] ug]{ dfq}
xf]Og cfb]zsf] d"n efjgf ljk/Lt g} hfg ;Sg] ;Ddsf] r]i6f k|:t't cWofb]zaf6
b]lvPsf] 5, h;nfO{ ;xh :jLsfg{ jf cfFvf lrDng jf IfDo dfGg ldNb}g . sfg"g dfGg]
;+:s[lt hg;fwf/0f ;+u dfq} ck]Iff ul/g] xf]Og, /fHo ;F+u klg plQs} ck]Iff ul/G5 .
/fHon] cfkm} sfg"gsf] plrt ;Ddfg ug{ ;Sb}g eg] /fHon] agfPsf] sfg"gsf]
hg;fwf/0faf6 kfngfsf] ck]Iff ug{ klg ufx|f] x'G5 To;af6 sfg"gsf] kfngf gx'g] jf
sfg"g pNn+3gsf] g/fd|f] ;+:s[lt ljsf; x'g] vt/f x'Fb}g eGg ;lsFb}g . t;y{ k"j{
km};nf adf]lhdsf] lgb]{znfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ hf/L ePsf] k|:t't cWofb]zsf ljjflbt
bkmfx¿nfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{ lgj]bsx¿n] o; cbfntdf lgj]bg bfo/ ug'{nfO{ o:tf]
kl/l:yltdf cGoyf eGg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg .
ank"j{s JolQm a]kQfkfg]{ sfo{nfO{ åGbsf] s'g} /fhgLlts kIfsf] ?kdf lsdfy{
lrq0f ug{ ;lsFb}g, To:tf] sfo{ dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL uDeL/ ck/fw / dfgjtf lj?4sf]
ck/fwsf] ?kdf ;d]t lng'kg]{ x'G5 . oftgf lbg], a]kQfkfg]{ sfo{x¿ ljz'4 kmf}hbf/L
ck/fwx¿ x'g\ / tL ck/fwx¿sf] 5'§f–5'§} cg';Gwfg u/L Gofosf] clGtd laGb';Dd
gk'¥ofP;Dd lg/Gt/ ?kdf ck/fw dflgg] sfo{x¿ x'g . åGbsf] ;}4flGts sf/0f;Fu
;xdt eO{ s'g} kIfaf6 åGb;+u ;DalGwt 36gfdf ;DalGwt x'g' jf ;+nUg x'g' Pp6f
s'/f xf] . t/ åGb dfkm{t kl/jt{g Nofpg] jf åGb bafpg] jf ;dfwfg ug]{ s'g} gfddf
klg pk/f]Qm plNnlvt ck/flws / cjflG5t lqmofsnfkdf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] 7fpF x'Fb}g .
kl/jt{g Nofpg] jf To;nfO{ /f]Sg] jf Joj:yfkg ug]{ gfpFdf h] klg ug{ x'G5 eGg] ;f]r
;j{yf cu|fXo / cfklQhgs 5 . ;dfhnfO{ cu|ult lbg] jf lbzfkl/jt{g ug]{ k|of; jf
;dfhdf l:y/tf / zflGt axfn ug]{ h'g;'s} k|of; ubf{ klg j}w jf ;Eo pkfox¿ g}
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . c;Tosf] ;fwgfaf6 ;Tosf] / ck/fwsf] dfu{af6 Gofosf] pb\af]wg x'g
;Sb}g . ck/flws k|lqmofaf6 Gofosf] k|flKt jf Joj:yfkg xfd|f] ;+ljwfg / k|hftGqn]
to u/]sf af6fx¿ xf]Ogg eGg] s'/fx¿ ljrf/0fLo 5g\ cGoyf o'4 sfndf o'4 ck/fwsf
s'/f ug'{ c;fGble{s x'g hfg] x'G5 .
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
51
ank"j{s JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ ljz'4 uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] ?kdf lnOg]
x'gfn] To:tf] sfo{sf nflu /f]syfd, cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg, Gofo lg/f]k0f, k'g{p4f/,
k'g{:yfkgf, kLl8t ;+/If0f, Ifltk"lt{ ;hfo cflb r/0fx¿sf] nflu g} ljlzli6s[t ;+:yf jf
;+oGq dfkm{t sfd ug'{kg]{df o;nfO{ uf}0f dfg]/ a]kQf sfo{nfO{ ck/flws/0f g} gu/L
Gofosf] j}slNks dfu{x? k|z:t ug'{ jf ug{ vf]Hg' o; vfnsf] ck/fwsf] h3Gotf /
To;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ g} OGsf/ ug'{ jf xn'sf] 9+un] x]g]{ k|oTg ug'{ xf] eGg] x'g] b]lvG5 .
jt{dfg cWofb]zsf] Joj:yfn] ank"j{s JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] nflu s'g} ljlzli6s[t
;+/rgf / pkfud g} ;f]lrPsf] b]lvGg . To:tf] s]xL gu/L d]nldnfksf] 3]/fleq To;nfO{
/fVg / ;Daf]wg ug{ vf]Hg' emg} cfklQk"0f{ sfo{ b]lvG5 . uDeL/ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL
ck/fw / cGo unt sfo{x¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fvL ;a}nfO{ d]n ldnfksf] k|s[ofdf
;dfj]z u/]/ cWofb]zn] r/d lj/f]wfefif a9fPsf] b]lvG5 . j:t'tM a]ktf ug]{ sfo{ hf]
;'s}n] u/]sf] ePklg cfklQhgs x'G5 / To;nfO{ Gofo lg/f]k0fsf] k|lqmofaf6 g} ;Daf]wg
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . tt\kZrft\ kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] k|lqmofsf cltl/Qm klg ;+qmd0fsflng
Gofosf] cGo cjojx¿ h:t} kl/k'/0f, k'g{:yfkgf cflbsf] dfWodaf6 kLl8tsf] ;+/If0f
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] Joj:yf s]xL gu/L a]kQf ug]{ sfo{sf] kl/0ffd g} ljno ug]{ jf
o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf Go"g ug]{ s'g} klg ;+/rgf jf r]i6fn] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/
;DaGwL sfg"g, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt sfg"gL
l;4fGt ;d]tsf] kfngf u/]sf] dfGg g;lsg] x'gfn] ljjflbt cWofb]z ;+/rgfut lx;fan]
bf]ifk"0f{ b]lvG5 .
d"ntM tTsflng cj:yfdf b]zdf ljBdfg bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGbnfO{ cGTo ub}{
b]zdf zflGtk"0f{ ;xsfo{sf nflu pk/f]Qm lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf]df ;f]
;Demf}tf ;d]tn] åGbsfndf ePsf 36gfx¿sf ;DaGwdf /fhg}lts åGbsf sf/0f ePsf
36gf tyf cGo sf/0faf6 ePsf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 l;dfÍg u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . t/ k|:t't cWofb]zdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To
lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwdf ePsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf x]bf{ pQm cWofb]zsf] bkmf !# n] ;z:qåGbsf] qmddf a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf]
5fglag / ;To cGj]if0f tyf d]nldnfk u/fpg] s'/fnfO{ ;lDdl>t u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
t;y{, dfly ul/Psf] ljj]rgf cg';f/ a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] xsdf 5fglag ug]{ cfof]u /
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
52
;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u 5'§f–5'§} u7g ug'{kg]{df b'j}sf xsdf Pp6} cfof]u
u7g u/]sf] sfo{ la:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# k|lts"n
b]lvof] .
ca lg?k0f ug'{kg]{ bf];|f] k|Zg cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# df ePsf] Joj:yfn] cfof]unfO{
clgolGqt thljhL clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 5}|g ;fy} pQm bkmfsf] Joj:yfn] kLl8tsf]
;xdlt a]u/ kL8snfO{ cfof]un] Ifdfbfg ug{ ;Sg] xf] xf]Og / pQm bkmf ;+ljwfg
k|lts"n 5 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, l/6 lgj]bsx¿n] l/6 lgj]bgdf cWofb]zsf]
bkmf @#-!_ df ePsf] kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df To;sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ /
sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfn] cfof]unfO{ clgolGqt
thlahL clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] / bkmf @#-@_ df ePsf] anfTsf/ nufot cfof]usf]
5fglagaf6 Ifdfbfg lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f gb]lvPsf] uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fwdf
;+nUg kL8snfO{ cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ 5}g eGg] Joj:yf 5 . uDeL/
ck/fwdf s]jn anfTsf/ dfq pNn]v u/L cGo ck/fw s]xL pNn]v gu/]sf] /
cWofb]zdf uDeL/ ck/fwsf] kl/efiff gx'Fbf cfof]usf] thlahLnfO{ g} :yfg lbPsf] 5 .
;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] dd{ ljk/Lt kLl8tsf] ;xdlt a]u/ cfof]usf] thlahLsf]
cfwf/df kL8sn] pDd'lQm kfpg] u/L ul/Psf] bkmf @# sf Joj:yfx¿ ;+ljwfg k|slts"n
x'Fbf ab/ x'g'kg]{ egL bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
ljkIfLtkm{sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf ! df k|o'Qm kL8snfO{
Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df To;sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ eGg] jfSof+zsf] cy{
h:tf];'s} ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ klg cfof]un] Ifdfbfg ug{ ;Sg] xf]Og .
dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf 36gfdf cfof]un] Ifdfbfg ug{ ;Sg] u/L cWofb]zsf]
s'g} bkmfn] cfof]unfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5}g . cfof]u lgikIf x'g] s'/f o;sf] u7g ;DaGwL
Joj:yfaf6 :ki6 5 . lgikIf cfof]un] agfpg] lgodaf6 Ifdfbfg ug{ l;kmfl/; ubf{
pNn]v ug'{kg]{ cfwf/ / dfkb08 aGg] x'Fbf cfof]usf] sfo{k|lt z+sfdfq u/L bfo/ ePsf]
l/6 lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df bkmf @# ab/ x'g'kg]{ xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf
ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf @# nfO{ x]bf{ lgDg sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 M–
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
53
@#= Ifdfbfg ;DaGwL Joj:yfM
-!_ cfof]un] o; cWofb]zadf]lhd 5fglag ubf{ kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df
To;sf] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]v]sf] eP tfklg anfTsf/ nufot cfof]usf]
5fglagaf6 Ifdfbfg lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f gb]lvPsf] uDeL/ k|s[ltsf
ck/fwdf ;+nUg kL8snfO{ cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ 5}g .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd cfof]un] s'g} JolQmnfO{ Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug'{ cl3
To:tf] JolQmn] ;z:q åGbsf] qmddf cfk"maf6 dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g
ePsf] / ;f] ;DaGwdf kLl8tnfO{ lrQ a'‰bf] 9+un] kZrftfk ub} { cfof]un] tf]]s]sf]
Dofbleq Ifdfbfgsf] nflu cfof]u ;dIf lnlvt lgj]bg u/]sf] x''g'kg]{5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] lgldQ s'g} lgj]bg kg{ cfPDff cfof]un] To:tf]
JolQmnfO{ Ifdfbfgsf] lgldQ l;kmfl/; ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{
cl3 ;f] ljifodf kLl8t ;+u ;Nnfx ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-%_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] lgldQ lgj]bg lbg' cl3 lgj]bsn] ;z:q åGbsf]
qmddf cfkm'af6 ePsf] To:tf] sfd–sf/jfxLsf] ;DaGwdf cfkm'nfO{ yfxf eP
;Ddsf] ;To tYo ljj/0f cfof]u ;dIf k"0f{ ?kdf k|s6 u/]sf] / cfof]un] klg ;f]
ljj/0fsf] clen]vg u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-^_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/ / dfkb08
tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-&_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; ePsf] JolQmnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
Ifdfbfg lbPsf To:tf] JolQmsf] gfd g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sfzg ul/g]5 .
plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/ / tTsflng g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{
-dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ldlt @)^#.*.% df ePsf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g / dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGt /
dfGotf cg'?k Pj+ ;+qmd0fsflng Gofodf kLl8tsf] e"ldsf klg Tolts} dxTjk"0f{ x'g'kg]{
dfGotf cg'?ksf eP gePsf] x]g'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf & n]
dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g /
dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / dfGotfx¿ k|lt k|lta4tf hgfPsf] 5 . To:t}
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
54
pQm ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %=@=# / %=@=% df j]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx?sf] tyf o'åsf] qmddf
dfl/Psfx?sf] 5fgljg Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf]
ck/fwdf ;+nUgx¿sf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f tyf d]nldnfk ;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg
kfpg] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5, wf/f !# n] ;dfgtfsf] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} wf/f
@$-(_n] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] xssf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] / wf/f #@ n] ;+ljwfg k|bQ xssf] k|rngsf] nflu sf/jfxL rnfpg
kfpg] u/L ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] hfltxTof ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / ;hfo ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !($* cfly{s,
;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ gful/s tyf
/fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq !(^^, dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf
e]befj pGd'ng ug]{ ;DaGwL dxf;GwL !(&(, oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo jf
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;lGw, !(*$, afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;GwL,
!(*( ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq, dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq nufotsf cGo
w]/} dxf;lGwx¿sf] cg'df]bg u/L kIf /fi6« ePsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwsf Joj:yfx¿
g]kfn sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g] Joj:yf g]kfn ;GwL P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (-!_ df ePsf] x'Fbf
To:tf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cGt{utsf ck/fwx¿sf] cg';Gwfg u/L ;To tYo kQf nufpg],
kL8snfO{ cleof]hg u/L Gofosf] kl/lwleq Nofpg] / kLl8tnfO{ kl/k'/0f ug]{ bfloTj
/fHosf] /x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfn kIf ePsf] oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs
Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj?4sf] dxf;lGw, !(*$ sf] wf/f @-!_ df k|To]s kIf/fi6«n] cfˆgf]
clwsf/If]q cGtu{tsf] s'g} klg Onfsfdf oftgfsf sfo{x¿df /f]s nufpg k|efjsf/L
sfg"gL, k|zf;lgs, Goflos jf cGo pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{5g (Each state party shall
take effective legislative , administrative, Judicial or other measure to prevent acts
of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction) eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} wf/f !#
df ;Ifd lgsfodf ph'/ u/L Gofo kfpg] xs / wf/f !$ df oftgf kLl8t tyf cf>Lt
x?n] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f *
df k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gåf/f k|4t df}lns clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ug]{ sfo{
lj?4 ;Ifd /fli6«o Gofoflws/0fx¿af6 k|efjsf/L pkrf/ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
55
-Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals
for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law)
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq,
!(^^ sf] wf/f @ -!_ df k|:t't k|lt1fkqsf kIf /fi6«x¿ cffˆgf Onfsf tyf If]qflwsf/
leq /x]sf ;a} JolQmx¿nfO{ hflt, j0f{, lnË, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlts jf cGo ljrf/,
/fli6«o jf ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ, hGd jf x}l;otsf cfwf/df s'g} klg k|sf/sf]
e]befj lagf k|:t't k|lt1fkqdf :jLs[t clwsf/x¿sf] ;Ddfg / ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{
k|lt1f ub{5g\ (Each state party to the present covenant undertakes to respect and to
ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights
recognized in the present covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race,
colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion , rational of social origin ,
property birth of other status) eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . o; ;DaGwdf ljb]zL dfgj
clwsf/ ;DaGwL cbfntsf] km};nf x]bf{ cGt/ cd]l/sL dfgj clwsf/ cbfntn]
-e]nfO:sf]Oh–/f]l8«uf]h lj?2 xf]08'/; @( h'nfO{ !(**_ sf] d'2fdf a]kQf nufot dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNn+3gsf] 36gfsf] cg';Gwfg u/L bl08t ug]{ /fHosf] sfg"gL bfloTj x'G5
egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;f]xL cbfntn] Barrios Altos vs Peru sf] d'2fdf !$
dfr{ @))! df km};nf ubf{ k]?sf b'O{ Ifdfbfg sfg"gx¿nfO{ cd]l/sL dfgjclwsf/
dxf;lGw ljk/Lt 7x¥ofpFb} kmf}hbf/L cleof]hgnfO{ pGd'ng ug]{ tyf b08lxgtf :yflkt
ug]{ vfn] ;a} dfkmL tyf Ifdfbfg ;DaGwL pkfox¿ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf
;Gbe{df c:jLsfo{ x'G5g eg]sf] 5 .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# df ul/Psf] Ifdfbfg ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf cg'?k bkmf
@#-!_ cg';f/ cfof]un] 5fglag ubf{ kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df kof{Kt cfwf/
/ sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yfn] ;+qmd0fsflng
Gofosf] dd{ / efjgf ljk/Lt kLl8tsf] e"ldsfnfO{ z'Go agfO{ cfof]unfO{ clgolGqt
:jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bssf] egfO{ b]lvG5 . pkbkmf # df kL8sn]
cfkm'af6 ePsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] ;DaGwdf kLl8t ;dIf lrQa'‰bf]
9+un] kZrftfk ug'{kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ kLl8t ;dIf kZrftfk s;/L
ug]{ / sxfF ug]{ eGg] s'/f :ki6 ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . To:tf kZrftfknfO{ kLl8tn] :jLsf/
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
56
u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ ;'lglZrttf klg vf]lhPsf] kfOb}g . bkmf @-`_ df dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn+3gsf] kl/efiff cGtu{t xTof, ckx/0f tyf z/L/ aGws, JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ h:tf
h3Go ck/fwx¿sf] ;"rL /flvPsf] b]lvG5 . bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf # n] dfgjclwsf/sf]
uDeL/ pNn+3gsf ;DaGwdf kLl8t ;dIf kZrftfk u/]sf] egL kL8sn] cfof]udf lgj]bg
u/]sf] e/df cfwf/df cfof]un] l;kmfl/; u/]df kL8sn] /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g
cg';f/ h3Go dflgPsf ck/fwaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg] b]lvG5 . To:t} bkmf @#-@_ df
anfTsf/ nufotsf cfof]usf] 5fglagaf6 Ifdfbfg lbg kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f gb]lvPsf
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fwdf ;+nUg kL8snfO{ cfof]un] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ 5}g
eGg] Joj:yf x]bf{ uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fw s] s] x'g < cWofb]zn] kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvGg
eg] anfTsf/ dfq zAb pNn]v u/L cGo ck/fw af/] s]xL pNn]v gul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @-`_df kl/eflift s;"/x¿sf] ;DaGwdf pQm zAb k|of]u u/]sf]
eP pQm bkmf g} p4/0f ug{ ;lsGYof] h'g ul/Psf] 5}g . zflGt dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkmdf bkmf @-`_nfO{ g} Olut u/]sf] eg]klg To;nfO{ P]gsf] zAbx¿af6 :ki6 ug{
h?/L b]lvG5 ;fy} bkmf @#-@_df uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg b]lvPsf] eGg]
cfwf/df Ifdfbfg lbg gvf]lhPsf] xf] eg] bkmf @#-#_ df ;z:q åGbsf] qmddf cfkm"af6
dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g ePsf] egL kZrftfk ug]{ Joj:yfsf] cf}lrTo b]lvFb}g .
bkmf @#-@_ sf] Joj:yf x]bf{ bkmf @-`_ df kl/eflift s;"/x¿sf] xsdf kof{Kt cfwf/ /
sf/0f gePdf dfq} Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;gug{] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] cy{
cfof]un] ;fdfGotof Ifdfbfg dfu{ g} k|z:t ug]{ / kof{Kt sf/0f ePdfq} Ifdfbfgsf]
nflu l;kmfl/; gug]{ l;4fGt ckgfPsf] b]lvG5 . csf]{ zAbdf jt{dfg cWofb]zn] h'g;'s}
ck/fwsf] nflu klg Ifdfbfg lbg] ;fdfGo / Ifdfbfg glbg] sfo{nfO{ ckjfb agfPsf]
eGg'kg]{ x'G5 . x'g'kg]{ t pk/f]Qm k|s[ltsf] ck/fwdf ck/fw 3l6t x'g'sf] kl/l:ylt,
cg';Gwfgsf] kl/0ffd / l:ylt, kLl8tsf] kL8s Pj+ Ifdfbfg k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f, kLl8tsf]
Ifdf ofrgf ;lxtsf] s;"/sf] ;fljtL, rl/q, Ifdfbfgaf6 ;dfhdf kg{ hfg] c;/ /
k|efj cflb sf/0fx¿n] Ifdfbfg lbg plrt x'g] ljlzi6 b]lvPdf dfq} uDeL/
ck/fwx¿df sd ;hfo jf Ifdfbfg tyf cGo j}slNks ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] pkfox¿
k|z:t ug'{ :jefljs x'g] lyof] . dfgj clwsf/ / dfgjLo sfg"g lj?4sf h3Go
ck/fwdf Gofosf] k|s[ofdf Nofpg' ;fdfGo / j}slNks pkfo ckgfpg ckjfb x'g'kg]{df
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
57
To;sf] 7Ls pN6f] ePsf] 5 . csf]{ s'/f pQmbkmf @# n] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;
gu/]df s] kl/df0f x'g] eGg] klg k|i6 u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . Ifdfbfg glbg] lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd
Goflos k|s[ofdf nfg] eGg] klg lglZrttf tf]lsPsf] b]lvFb}g . cfof]un] d'2f rnfpg
n]vL k7fPdf dfq} dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
cWofb]zsf] @#-$_ df kL8ssf] tkm{af6 Ifdfbfgsf] lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] avt
Ifdfbfgsf] l;kmfl/;ug'{ cl3 kLl8t;Fu ;Nnfx ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
kL8sn] kLl8t;Fu lrQ a'‰bf] 9+un] kZrftfk u/]sf] lgj]bg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf cWofb]zsf]
bkmf @#-#_df pNn]v ePklg ;f] ;'lglZrtfsf] nflu kLl8t;Fu k/fdz{ u/L ;f] olsg ug]{
/ kLl8tsf] klg ;xdlt vf]Hg' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvPklg pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] To:tf]
clgjfo{tfnfO{ :ki6 u/]sf] b]lvg cfpFb}g . pkbkmf $ df plNnlvt kLl8t;Fu ;Nnfx
eg]sf] s'g} sfg"gL b[li6n] ;xdlt bzf{pFg] zAb geO{ ;fdfGo ;Djfbsf] l:yltnfO{
hgfpg] b]lvG5 . To;af6 kLl8tsf] cledtsf] ;Ddfg x'g] afWosf/L kl/l:ylt b]vfpg
;Sg] b]lvFb}g . To:t} pkbkmf -^_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;
ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/ / dfkb08 tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf cg'?k lgod agfpg]
clwsf/ bkmf $) n] cfof]unfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] x'Fbf cfof]us} clgolGqt :j]R5fsf cfwf/df
dfkb08 agfO{ Ifdfbfgsf] l;kmfl/; x'g] cj:yfsf] dfu{ k|z:t ePsf] kfOG5 .
cWofb]zsf] @# df ePsf ;du| sfg"gL Joj:yfn] åGbsfndf 36]sf Ifdfbfg
x'g;Sg] 36gf / Ifdfbfg x'g g;Sg] h3Go k|s[ltsf /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o
sfg"gadf]lhd Goflos ;'g'jfO{ x'g'kg]{ kmf}hbf/L ck/fwnfO{ :ki6 juL{s/0f u/]sf] b]lvGg .
pQm cWofb]zsf] bkmf @-`_ n] kl/eflift u/]sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf sfo{
h:t} xTof, JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L bkmf @#-#_ df kL8sn] dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] 36gfsf ;DaGwdf kLl8t ;dIf kZrftfk u/]df cfof]un]
Ifdfbfgsf] l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] eGg] Joj:yf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] k|lts"n
ePsf] kfOof] . ;fRr} eGg] xf] eg] o:tf h3Go k|s[ltsf ck/fwdf kLl8t kIfsf] ;xdlt
dfqn] klg ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmn] pGd'lQm kfpg ;Sb}g . h3Go ck/fwdf ;+nUg
s;"/bf/x?nfO{ vf]lh u/L sfg"gadf]lhd cleof]hg ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj x'G5 .
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fw / dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf s;"/bf/nfO{
ha/h:tL /fhgLlts åGb;+u hf]8]/ Ifdfbfg ubf{ b08xLgtfn] k|>o kfpg' dfq xf]Og
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
58
ljlwsf] zf;g -Rule of Law_ sfod gx'g] x'G5 . uDeL/ ck/fwsf kLl8tx¿n] :jtGq /
;Ifd lgsfoaf6 k|efjsf/L Gofo kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ s'l07t u/L ;a} k|s[ltsf ck/fwdf
Ifdfbfg x'g] u/L cfof]unfO{ clgolGqt clwsf/ k|bfg ug{ gldNg] x'G5 . o; cbfntaf6
lgj]bs clwjQmf /fh]Gb|k|;fb 9sfnsf] xsdf /ljGb|k|;fb 9sfn ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x
dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f d'2fdf æa]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] oyf{y l:ylt
klxrfg u/L cj:yf ;fj{hlgs ug]{, bf]ifL b]lvPsf lhDd]jf/ clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ sfg"gL
sf/jfxL ug]{ / kLl8t kIfnfO{ plrt /fxtsf] Jo:yf ug]{ bfloTjaf6 /fHo klG5g ;Sg]
cj:yf gb]lvg]Æ eGg] ;d]tsf] JofVof eO{ uDeL/ cj:yfx¿df Ifdfbfg x'g g;Sg] egL
km};nf ePsf] 5 .
;+qmd0fsflng Gofodf åGbsfnsf 36gfx¿sf] ;du|tfdf d"NofÍg u/L /0fgLlts
pkrf/ ug]{ b[li6sf]0f lnOG5, To;}n] ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg, ;To cGj]if0f
-Truth Seeking_ Ifltk"lt{ -reparation_, ;+:yfut ;'wf/ -Institutional reform_,
k/LIf0f -vetting_ nufotsf ljljw kIfx¿�¿kdf r/0fa4 ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . tL
;a} sfdx¿df r':ttf jf k|efjsf/Ltf ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfg"gx¿, zLkx¿ / ;+:yfut
Ifdtfx¿ ljBdfg x'g' h?/L 5 . åGbsfndf eO/x]sf dfgjLo sfg"g lj?4sf jf
dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf uDeL/ s;"/x¿ /f]Sg], tL s;"/x¿ bf]xf]l/g glbg], kLl8tdf
;'/Iff / cfT;Ddfgsf] efj pb\af]w u/fpg], 36gfjnLsf] oyfy{ clen]v /fVg], /fli6«o
d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f agfpg] / sfg"gL /fHosf] k'g:yf{kgf ug]{, clg cGttM zflGt
axfnLsf] dfu{df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] g} ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf d'Vo clei6x¿ x'g\ .
;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf ;d:ofx¿af/] vf; ;+oGqx¿ Pj+ sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;Daf]wg
ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf tkm{ o; cbfntaf6 lnnfw/ e08f/L ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no l;+xb/af/ sf7df8f}+ ;d]t ePsf] ;Djt\ @)^$
;fnsf] l/6 g+= )*^# sf] k/dfb]z d'2fdf ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfpFdf cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
ljjflbt cWofb]zdf k|of]u ePsf] ;z:q åGbsf] qmddf eGg] k|of]u ul/Psf]
ePklg ;f] zAbn] åGbsf] cjlwdf ePsf ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sg] b]lvGg . åGb
;+u ;DalGwt 36gfnfO{ dfq} k|:t't zAbn] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
c? s'/fsf xsdf k|rlnt sfg"gn] g} ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . åGb eg]sf] h'g sf/0fn] ljutdf
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
59
åGb ePsf] xf] Tof] a'‰g' k5{ . åGbsf] sfnv08 leq h'g;'s} u}/ /fhg}lts k|s[ltsf]
ck/fw ePsf]df klg åGbsf gfddf To;nfO{ pGd'lQm lbg ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . tTsfn 3l6t
ck/fwx¿sf ;DaGwdf tTsfnsf] kl/l:yltn] cg';Gwfg x'g g;s]sf] ePklg kmf}hbf/L
sfg"gn] pGd'lQm lbPsf] jf ;dk{0f u/]sf] dfGg ;lsb}g . ck/fwsf] /fhgLlts/0f Jofks
?kdf ePsf]n] Joj:yfkgsf] lx;fan] To;sf] ;Daf]wg ug'{ hl6n ePsf] b]lvG5 .
åGbsfn eg]sf] åGb rfn' /x]sf] cj:yfsf] sfnnfO{ hgfpg] zAb xf] . åGbsfndf 3l6t
x/]s 36gf jf jf/bft åGbsf] qmddf 3l6t jf/bft x'G5 eGg ldNb}g . åGbsfndf
åGb;+u /fhgLlts ?kn] ;Dj4 ePsf] 36gf / ck/flws ?kn] u/]sf] s;"/sf] sfo{nfO{
Ps} 7fpFdf /fv]/ x]g{ ldNb}g . åGbsfndf ePsf] ljz'4 s;"/hGo sfo{nfO{ åGbsf] qmddf
ePsf] 36gf eGg ldNb}g / k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . åGb;Fu
;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvPdf dfq} kmf}hbf/L sfg"g afx]s jf ;+qmd0fsflng cGo pkfoaf6
;Daf]wg ug{ ldN5 . ljz'4 ck/flws 36gfx¿nfO{ ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]un]
;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] s'g} ;Defjgf 5}g . j:t'tM ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u
;DaGwL k|:t't ljw]os kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] k|lt:yfkg ug]{ sfg"g geO{ ;xfos sfg"g dfq}
xf] eGg] a'‰g h?/L 5 .
;fdfGo kmf}hbf/L sfg"g cGt/ut d'2f rnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/ ePsf] / ;hfo ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;hfosf] sfof{Gjog g} ug{ nufOG5 / ljz]if cj:yfdf dfq} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd
/fHon] vf; cj:yf / tl/sfadf]lhd dfkmL lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;/L dfkmL
lbFbf ;f] k"j{ s;"/sf] lgwf{/0f ePsf] x'G5 . k|:t't cWofb]zdf ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf]
Joj:yfkgsf] l;nl;nfdf dfkmLsf] l;kmfl/; ubf{ To:tf] k|s[of lgwf{/0f ePsf] gx'g]
x'gfn] o;nfO{ cToGt ;ts{tfk"j{s x]g{ h?/L b]lvG5 . dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] uDeL/
cleof]usf] bf]ifLnfO{ ;d]t s;"/ lgwf{/0f k"j{ g} dfkmL lbg] lbnfpg] s'/f ;+ljwfgn]
kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ljifo b]lvFb}g . j:t'tM dfkmL lbg] jf glbg], lbg pko'Qm x'g] jf gx'g]
eGg] ;+ljwfg / Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ljrf/ ug{'kg]{ s'/f b]lvG5 .
;+ljwfg adf]lhd dfkmLsf] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ubf{ klg cGo ;fdfGo kmf}hbf/L
d'2fdf h:tf] dfgjclwsf/sf] pNn+3gsf] ljifodf kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg lbg l;kmfl/; ug{
;Sg] b]lvFb}g . Ifdfbfg lbg] s'/f d"n / Ifdfbfg glbg] s'/f ckjfb dfg]/ k|:t't
cWofb]zsf] d:of}bf ePsf] 5 . Ifdfbfg lbg' k"j{ cfof]un] kLl8t;+u ;Nnfx lng ;Sg]5
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
60
eGg] Joj:yf j:t'k/s x'g ;Sb}g To:tf] geO{ Ifdfbfg lbg' k"j{ cfof]un] kLl8t;+u
;Nnfx ug{ jf kLl8tsf] ;xdlt clgjfo{ ?kdf lng'kg]{ cj:yf ug'{ pko'{Qm x'g] lyof] .
Ifdfbfgsf] cffwf/ / dfkb08 kmf}hbf/L Gofok|0ffnLsf] ;f/e"t s'/f xf] o:tf] uDeL/
ljifodf klg cWofb]zdf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 egL cWofb]zdf /fVg' eg]sf] GofonfO{
kfvf nufpg' xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%! n] dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/df /fi6«kltn] h'g;'s} cbfnt, ljz]if cbfnt, ;}lgs cbfnt jf cGo s'g}
Goflos, cw{ Goflos jf k|zf;sLo kbflwsf/L jf lgsfon] u/]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL,
d'NtaL, kl/jt{g jf sd ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;+ljwfgn] g} Ifdfbfg lbg] clwsf/ /fi6«kltnfO{
k|bfg u/]sf]df ;f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ r'gf}tL lbb} k|:t't cWofb]zn] g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ Ifdfbfg lbg] clwsf/ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwdf yk :ki6tf h?/L
b]lvG5 .
o;af6 uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fw tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf 36gfdf
kLl8tsf] hLjgsf] xs, ;dfgtfsf] xs, oftgf lj?4sf] xs nufotsf df}lns Pj+
dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL xs lj?4 x'g] u/L s'g} klg k|sf/sf] dfkmL tyf Ifdfbfg x'g
g;Sg] x'G5 . uDeL/ ck/fwdf ;+nUg bf]ifLnfO{ ;d]t Ifdfbfg ug{;Sg] u/L] cWofb]zsf]
bkmf @# df ePsf] Joj:yfn] cfof]unfO{ clgolGqt thljhL clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]
b]lvof] . P]gsf] bkmf @-`_df plNnlvt ck/fwx¿sf] xsdf ;d]t ;fy} pQm bkmfsf]
Joj:yfn] kLl8tsf] ;xdlt a]u/ kL8snfO{ cfof]un] Ifdfbfg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvbf
ljjflbt cWofb]znfO{ cfof]unfO{ lbPsf] dfkmL ;DaGwL Joj:yf kLl8tsf] xs /
;+ljwfgdf Jojl:yt df}lns xsx¿sf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t ljj]s;Ddt / sfg"g;Ddt b]lvg
cfpFb}g . ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg"g / ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] dd{
cg's"n ;d]t b]lvg cfpFb}g .
lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ t];|f] k|Zg cWofb]zsf] bkmf @% df ePsf] Joj:yfn] uDeL/
ck/fwdf ;+nUg kL8sn] pGd'lQm kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 jf x'Fb}g pQm bkmf @%
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|lts"n 5, 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, l/6
lgj]bsn] bkmf @%-!_ df k|o'Qm bkmf @# adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;df gk/]sf
kL8snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yfn]
cfof]un] kL8snfO{ sf/jfxLsf] nflu l;kmfl/;ug]{ s'/f clgjfo{ gagfO{ :j]lR5s agfO{
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
61
kL8snfO{ s;"/af6 pGd'lQm lbg] 7fpF /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd eGg]
zJb /flvPsf] 5 To;sf] cy{ cWofb]z hf/L x'Fbfsf jvtdf ljBdfg sfg"g adf]lhd
eGg] dfq b]lvG5 . ;fdfGotof kmf}hbf/L d'2f eg]sf] tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd g}
x'g] xf] t/ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g ePsf] ljz]if cj:yfx¿df eg] ck/fwsf]
k|s[lt / Ifltsf] kl/0ffd x]bf{ sfg"gn] lgodg u/]sf] If]q ckof{Kt b]lvPdf / Gofo g}
k/f:t ePsf] cg'ej eO{ Gofo / Joj:yf sfod /fVg' ljz]if k|of]hgsf] nflu s;"/
x'Fbfsf] avtsf] cj:yfnfO{ nIo u/]/ kl5 klg sfg"g agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . To; ;DaGwdf
o; cWofb]zn] ljrf/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfpFb}g . ljkIfLtkm{sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd eGg] jfSof+zn] tTsfn ljBdfg sfg"gnfO{ dfq ghgfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf]
uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] 36gf jf dfgjtf lj?4sf] s;"/df gofF sfg"g agfP/ klg sf/jfxL
ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] bfjL cfwf/lxg 5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ cWofb]zsf]
k|fjwfgx¿n] ;f] sf] k'li6 u/]sf] b]lvg cfpFb}g .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @% df lgDg sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{G5 M–
@%= sf/jfxLsf]nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]M
-!_ cfof]un] o; cWofb]zadf]lhd 5fgljg ubf{ bkmf @# adf]lhd Ifdfbfgsf] nflu
l;kmfl/;df gk/]sf kL8snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jflx ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{
;Sg]5 .
-@_ cfof]un] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd sf/jfxLsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ bkmf @& adflhd
lbO{g] k|ltj]bg dfkm{t ug]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cfof]un] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -!_
adf]lhd k|ltj]bg lbg' cufj} Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;df gk/]sf kL8s pk/ d'2f
rnfpg dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf n]lv k7fpg ;Sg]5 .
dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g / dfgjtf lj?4sf] s;"/ h:tf uDeL/ ck/fwdf
ljZjJofkL If]qflwsf/ Universal Jurisdiction nfu" x'g] / To:tf] s;"/df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{
kZrftbzL{ sfg"g agfP/ ePklg sf/jfxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg ;lsg] eGg] ;DaGwdf
dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gdf l;4fGt ljsl;t eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g / dfgjtf lj?4sf ck/fwx¿ uDeL/ ck/fw x'g] x'Fbf To:tf
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
62
ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fleq Nofpg ljBdfg k|rlnt sfg"g ckof{Kt
ePsf] cj:yfdf gofF sfg"g ;d]t lgdf{0f u/L b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . åGå
sfndf ePsf ha/h:tL JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ ck/flws/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljBdfg
sfg"g kof{Kt g/x]sfn] gofF sfg"g agfpg o; cbfntn] /fh]Gb| 9sfn lj?4 g]kfn
;/sf/ ePsf] d'2fdf ;/sf/sf gfddf cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] xf] . cWofb]z oyfl:yltdf
sfof{Gjog ePdf bkmf @%-!_ df k|o'Qm k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd eGg] zAbn] gofF lgdf{0f
x'g] sfg"gnfO{ ;d]6\g g;Sg] x'Fbf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cg';f/ ulDe/ s;"/ u/]sf t/
tTsfn k|rlnt /fli6«o sfg"gsf] cefj ePsf] cj:yfdf kL8snfO{ pGd'lQm k|bfg ug{
;Sg] b]lvof] .
x'g t uDeL/ dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gf jf dfgjtf lj?4sf] s;"/df
k|efjsf/L 9+un] lgk6g / b08xLgtf x6fO{ Gofo k"0f{ cj:yf l;h{gf ug{sf] nflu ljz]if
cj:yfdf sfg"g / Gofosf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu 36gf ljz]ifnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L
kZrftbzL{ sfg"g ;d]t agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{ s'/f ;j{:jLs[t s'/f xf] / k|:t't d'2fdf
ljkIfLdWo]sf zflGt dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf /fh]Gb| 9sfnsf] d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt lgb]{zgnfO{ ;d]t :jLsf/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 / To; k|of]hgsf] nflu
cWofb]zn] g} yk sfg"g agfpg] k|s[ofsf] yfngL ug]{ lhDd]jf/L zflGt dGqfnonfO{
tf]ssf] klg Wofgfsif{0f u/fOPsf] kfOG5 . tyflk lt s'/fx? sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf dfq}
x]g{ ;lsg] ljifo ePsf]n] tTsfn lg/f]k0f ug{ ;Dej b]lvFb}g . a]kQf ;DaGwL s;"/sf]
ck/flws/0f ug]{ sfg"g kfl/t gu/L /fVg] clg k|:t't cWofb]zsf] ;+/rgfaf6 oyfj:yfdf
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ xf] eg] a]kQf ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] Gofo lg/f]k0f x'g
g;Sg] s7f]/ kl/l:ylt pQm ;+/rgfaf6 b]lvG5 . ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] ;xL / OdfGbf/
sfof{Gjog ug]{ xf] eg] ;Da4 ljifox?sf] sfg"gL, ;+:yfut, k|s[ofTds, pkrf/fTds /
/fxtd"ns sltko Joj:yfx?sf] Psd'i6 th'{df ug'{ / nfu" ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . abnfsf]
efj jf ck/fw af]wn] u|:t eP/ s'g} gLlt jf sfg"gsf] th'{df ug'{ jf ;f] ;xL ?kdf
aGg' kg]{ gLlt jf sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f jf sfof{GjognfO{ cj/f]w ug'{ lj8Dagfk"0f{ s'/f x'G5 .
lgtfGt Gofo / ljj]s;+ut Pj+ ;dfhdf d}qL / ;b\efjgfsf] pb\af]wg ug]{ lx;fan]
bL3{sflng nIo lnO{ sfg"g / Gofok|0ffnLsf] ;+rfng ug{ ;lsPg eg] ;dfh lg/Gt/
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
63
åGbdf km;L /xg] x'Fbf ljsf; / ;Eotfsf] dfu{df cu|;/ x'g c;Dej x'G5 . of] s'/f
ljz]if ?kn] dggLo 5 .
5fglagaf6 uDeL/ dfgjclwsf/ lj?4sf] ck/fwsf] bf]ifL b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
Ifdfbfgsf] l;kmfl/df gk/]sfnfO{ kL8snfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ k7fpg] ;DaGwL Joj:yf x]bf{
;f] sfo{ :j]lR5s geO{ clgjfo{ x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . Ifdfbfgdf gk/]sfnfO{ sf/jfxLsf] nflu
klg clgjfo{ gu/fO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yfn] Ifdfbfg lbg] sfo{nfO{ d"nsfo{
dfgL Ifdfbfgdf gk/]sf kL8snfO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cfof]usf] :j]R5fdf 5f8\g] xf]
eg] s;"/bf/n] b08 gkfO{ b08lxgtf x'g] / kLl8tx?n] Gofo gkfO{ emg kL8fdf a:g'kg]{
x'G5 . cWofb]zsf] bkmf @%-!_ n] sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/;ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] / bkmf @%-#_
sf] d'2f rnfpg dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf n]lv k7fpg ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yfn] Ifdfbfgdf
gk/]sfnfO{ sf/jfxLsf] l;kmfl/; clgjfo{ gu/L cfof]usf] :j]lR5s :jljj]sdf 5f8]sf]
x'Fbf pQm Joj:yf ;+ljwfg ;Ddt dfGg ldn]g . o;nfO{ ;+ljwfg, sfg"g / Gofo cg's"n
agfpg kl/dfh{g / kl/isf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] .
ca lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ rf}yf] k|Zg cWofb]zsf] bkmf @( df ePsf] Joj:yfaf6
dxfGoflwjQmfn] d'2f rnfpg lg0f{o ug{;Sg] clwsf/sf] ;+s'rg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g, ;fy}
d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq d'2f rnfpg ;lsg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf xbDofb gnfUg] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf] ljkl/t 5 jf 5}g
eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bgdf a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To
lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf
@(-!_ df ePsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] cf/f]kdf bf]ifL b]lvPsf] JolQm pk/
cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfpg dGqfnoaf6 n]lv cfPdf dxfGofoflwjQmf
jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;/sf/L jlsnn] To:tf] JolQm pk/ d'2f rNg] grNg] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]5
eGg] Joj:yfn] dxfGofoflwjQmfn] zflGt dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/; lagf d'2f rnfpg g;Sg]
cj:yf x'Fbf d'2f rnfpg] dxfGoflwjQmfsf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/df ;+s'rg u/]sf]n] pQm
bkmf vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLtkm{sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf cWofb]zsf]
bkmf @%-#_ df Joj:yf eP cg'?k Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;df gk/]sf kL8s pk/ d'2f
rnfpg dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf n]lv k7fpg ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf x'Fbf bkmf @(-!_ nfO{
bkmf @%-#_ ;+u ;fy} /fv]/ x']g'{kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ bkmf @(-!_ sf] Joj:yfn]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
64
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsfdf ;+s'rg u/]sf] gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg bfjLadf]lhd
cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fglag, ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf
Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]zsf] bkmf @( df lgDg sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 M–
@(= d'2f bfo/ ug]{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf M
-!_ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] cf/f]kdf bf]ifL b]lvPsf] JolQm pk/ cfof]usf]
l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfpg dGqfnoaf6 n]lv cfPdf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf
lghn] tf]s]sf] ;/sf/L jlsnn] To:tf] JolQm pk/ d'2f rNg] jf grNg] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o ug]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf-!_ adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmf jf ;/sf/L jlsnn] d'2f rnfpg] jf
grnfpg] lg0f{o ubf{ To;sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd bf]ifL b]lvPsf] JolQm pk/ d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ePdf
;DalGwt ;/sf/L jlsnn] ;f] JolQm pk/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf
k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] cbfntdf d'2f rnfpg' kg]{5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;/sf/L jlsnn] d'2f
rnfpg] lg0f{o u/]df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg To;/L
d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ePsf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq d'2f rnfpg ;lsg]5 .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @% pkbkmf -#_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cfof]un] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf
-!_ adf]lhd k|ltj]bg lbg' cufj} Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;df gk/]sf kL8s pk/
d'2f rnfpg dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf n]lv k7fpg ;Sg]5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#%-@_ df æg]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt
jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghsf] dftxtsf clws[tx¿af6
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ul/g]5 . o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPb]lv afx]s s'g}
cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/L ;dIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg]
eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 .
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
65
;j{k|yd cWofb]zsf] bkmf @%-#_ n] Ifdfbfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/;df gk/]sf kL8s
pk/ d'2f rnfpg cfof]un] dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf n]lv k7fpg ;Sg]5 egL kL8s pk/
d'2f rnfpg n]lv k7fpg] sfo{nfO{ clgjfo{ gagfO{ cfof]usf] :j]R5fdf 5f8L kL8snfO{
pGd'lQm lbg] cj:yf /x]sf] eGg] ljifodf dfly t];|f] k|Zgdf g} ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .
bkmf @(-!_ df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ cfof]un] bf]ifL pk/ d'2f rnfpg l;w}
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf gk7fO{ zflGt tyf k'g{lgdf{0f dGqfnodf l;kmfl/; u/L
dGqfnon] clgjfo{ geO{ :j]R5fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf n]lv k7fPdf dfq
dxfGofoflwjQmfn] d'2f rNg] grNg] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf dfgj
clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg kL8snfO{ cleof]hgsf] clgjfo{
;'lglZrttf ug'{kg]{df cfof]un] zflGt dGqfnodf l;kmfl/; u/L zflGt dGqfnon] cfˆgf]
:j]R5fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf n]vL k7fpg] ;Ddsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
dfkmLsf] nflu cfof]un] l;kmfl/; gu/]sf] cj:yfdf cfof]u :jon] d'2f rnfpg
n]vL k7fpg] bkmf @%-#_ sf] Joj:yf cGtu{t jf cfof]un] g} dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn+3gsf] cf/f]kdf bf]ifL b]lvPsf] JolQm pk/ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; ePsf] cfwf/df
dGqfnon] d'2f rnfpg dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;/sf/L jlsnnfO{ n]vL
k7fPsf] cj:yfdf dxfGofoflwjQmfn] bkmf @( sf] Joj:yf cGtu{t d'2f rnfpg jf
grnfpg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @%-#_ df cfof]un] dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ d'2f rnfpg n]vL
k7fpg] eGg] ;Dd 5, t/ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] s] ug]{ xf] eGg] k|i6 ub}{g eg] bkmf @(
cGtu{t cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; ePdf klg zflGt dGqfnoaf6 dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ d'2f
rnfpg n]vL k7fpg kg]{ clgjfo{tf tf]Sb}g, pQm dGqfnon] d'2f rnfpg
dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ n]vL k7fP klg d'2f rnfpg] g} lg0f{o u5{ jf d'2f rnfpF5 eGg]
lglZrttf k|bfg ub}{g . o;/L h:tf];'s} uDeL/ dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] 36gfdf klg
ck/flws/0f / cleof]hg ;'lglZrttfsf] cefj cWofb]zdf b]lvG5 . To:tf] clt pRr
:j]R5frf/L :jljj]ssf] cwLgdf /fVg] / dGqfno jf dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ;dsfnLg
/fhgLlts lxt;Fu ;DaGw x'g ;Sg] 7fpF /fVg] xf] eg] b08xLgtf x6fpg] /
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] ;'Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'/f skf]nslNkt dfq} x'g] ;+efjgf /xG5 .
j:t'tM kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg /fHosf] :jljj]sLo ljz]ifflwsf/ x'g}
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
66
;Qm}g . x/]s s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg u/L sfg"gadf]lhd Gofo lbg] lbnfpg] /fHosf]
cfwf/e"t sfg"gL bfloTj ;d]t xf] . s;"/sf] sfo{ x'g] t/ cg';Gwfg g} gug]{ jf u/]klg
c;kmn cg';Gwfg ug]{ jf glthfdf k'¥ofpg g;Sg] eg]sf] sfg"gL /fHosf c;kmntfsf
Bf]ts pbfx/0fx? x'g\ . ;kmn cg';Gwfg u/L :jR5 / j}w cleof]hg ug'{ / Gofosf]
clGtd laGb'df k'¥ofpg', sfg"g sfof{Gjog lgsfosf cfwf/e"t pQ/bfloTjsf s'/fx?
x'g\ . cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg gu/]sf] jf k|ToIf jf k/f]If 9+un] cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg
ug{ OGsf/ u/L b08xLgtfnfO{ k|>o lbPsf] kfOG5 eg] To:tf] x/]s 36gfsf] ;fj{hlgs
sfg"gdf kl/0ffdx? x'G5g\ / cbfntn] klg ;+ljwfg / Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtx?sf]
cfwf/df cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg lqmofzLn ug{ u/fpg afWo ug]{ hf] rflxg] cfjZos
clwsf/ /fv]sf] x'G5, To;f] ug'{ p;sf] st{Jo klg x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L
jf cleof]hgstf{n] cfkm\gf] st{Jo k'/f gu/L Gofo k/flht x'G5 jf kLl8tn] pkrf/
gkfPsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] x'G5 eg] To;df kLl8ts} pQ/bfloTjdf lghL cg';Gwfg jf
cleof]hgsf] j}slNks dfu{ ;d]t k|z:t ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . Gofosf] dfu{ Psfw s'g}
clwsf/L jf ;+:yfsf] c;kmntfsf] sf/0faf6 cj?4 x'g / pkfoljlxg cj:yfdf 5f]8\g
;lsFb}g . o; s'/fnfO{ klg Wofgdf /fv]/ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] kl/dfh{g ug{ h?/L
e};s]sf] 5 .
pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df jt{dfg cWofb]zsf] Joj:yfaf6 uDeL/ s;"/sf]
bf]ifLnfO{ ;d]t d'2f rnfpg] s'/fdf aflG5t dfqfdf lglZrttf gePsf] e} 36gfdf
kLl8t JolQm jf ;dfhn] cfkm\gf] xslxt ;+/If0fsf] nflu Gofo dfu ug]{ clwsf/df c;/
kg{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 . x'g t ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf
dGqfnosf] lgot af/] clu|d ?kdf s'g} k"jf{u|x /fVg ldNg] x'Fb}g . tyflk Gofodf
lglZrttfsf] dfqf a9fpg cWofb]zdf :ki6 Joj:yfx? x'g h?/L 5 .
x'g t dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;+:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] cleof]hgsf] Jofks
clwsf/ ;lxt :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . of] cWofb]zsf] s'g} Joj:yfn] p;sf] clwsf/ ;+s'lrt
x'G5 jf x'Fb}g eGg] k|Zg p7\g ;S5 . kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{
u/fpg' p;sf] cGt{lglxt bfloTj xf] / pQm ;+:yfsf] ;kmntf jf c;kmntfsf] k/LIf0f
To;}af6 x'g] xf], t/ sfo{kflnsfsf] ljefuLo lxt h'g /fhgLlts lxt ;Fu ;DaGw klg
x'g ;S5 To;af6 k|efljt eP/ dGqfnon] lbPsf] lgb]{zgsf] clwgdf /x]/ ;+ljwfg /
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
67
ljj]s;+ut cleof]hg ;DaGwL lg0f{o lng ;lsPg eg] sfg"gL /fHosf] cfwf/lznf
elTsg] cj:yf /xG5 . kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] /fd|f] k|zf;g ;+ljwfgsf /fd|f] sfof{Gjogs}
nflu klg k"j{ zt{ x'g] / ;f] sf] lglZrt ug'{ / d"n k|jfxsf] /fHosf] bfloTjsf] ljifo
/x]sf]n] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g / Gofosf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] ;+oGqsf]
clwg:y agfpg lbg ldNb}g . ljifoj:t' / ;Gbe{sf] cfwf/df kmf}hbf/L Goflos k|lqmof
/ d]nldnfksf] h:tf] k|lqmofnfO{ Pscfk;sf] k"/ssf] ?kdf ;+u ;+u} n}hfg'kg]{ /
cfjZostf cg';f/ leGg} Pj+ ljz]lifs[t ?kn] klg x]g'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#% adf]lhd ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf]
cleof]hg ;DaGwL clwsf/ ljlzi6 / :jfoQ k|s[ltsf] clwsf/ xf] . dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{
of] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgåf/f l;w} k|bfg ul/g'sf] k5fl8 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;+:yf Pp6f
Joj;flos / Goflos ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] / To:tf] ;+:yfn] s'g} vf; /fhg}lts p2]Zon]
s;} pk/ b'ef{jgfk"j{s cleof]hg nufpg jf s;}pk/ df]nflxhfa; jf /fhgLlts
:jfy{sf] sf/0fn] nufpg kg]{ cleof]hg gnufpg] cj:yf cfpg glbg / kmf}hbf/L s;"/
h:Tff] ljifo ;d]l6Psf] uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L cleof]u ljlzi6 sfg"gL Pj+ Goflos cfjZostf
cg'?k ;xL / lg:kIf ?kdf x'g ;sf]; eg]/ g} o:tf] ;+:yf v8f u/L cleof]hg ;DaGwL
;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] x'Fbf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cleof]hg ;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{
;+s'rg ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g .
To:t} lgj]bsn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf cWofb]zsf] bkmf @( df ePsf] d'2f bfo/ ug]{
xbDofb ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ r'gf}tL ;d]t lbPsf] b]lvof] . bkmf @( df d'2f bfo/ ug]{
;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L pkbkmf -$_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghn]
tf]s]sf] ;/sf/L jlsnn] d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o u/]df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvsf]
ePtfklg To;/L d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ePsf] ldltn] #% lbg leq d'2f rnfpg ;lsg] 5
eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm Joj:yfn] d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{osf] nflu
cjlw tf]lsPsf] b]lvFb}g egL d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] ldltn] #% lbg leq d'2f rnfpg
;lsg] 5 egL Dofb ls6fg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d'2f rnfpg lg0f{o u/]kl5 d'2f grnfO{ a:g
;Sg] cj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf ;fdfGotof ug{ ;lsb}g . t/ d'2f rnfpg lg0f{o ePklg
oyfy{ d'2f rnfpg #% lbgsf] Dofb gf3\of] eg] s] x'g] eGg] Pp6f hl6n kl/l:ylt
l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . xfnsf] pQm Joj:yf d'2f rnfpg] eP l56f] rnfpgsf] nflu ePsf]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
68
x'g ;Sb5 . t/ ToxL Joj:yfnfO{ b'?kof]u u/]/ Dofb g3fPsf] eGg] kl/l:ylt l;h{gf
eof] eg] To;n] Gofodf uDeL/ k|Zg p7\g ;Sb5 . o;nfO{ Jojxfl/s ?kn] ;d]t x]g{
h?/L 5 . uDeL/ ck/fwdf l;ldt xbDofb tf]lsG5 eg] Tof] s;"/bf/sf] kIfdf ul/Psf]
if8oGqsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . Gofosf] dfu{ k|z:t ug{ / /fHon] ;Ifdtfk"j{s cleof]hg
nufpg ;Sg] ug{sf] nflu v's'nf] xbDofb ck]lIft dflgG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn+3gsf] cf/f]kdf bf]ifL b]lvPsf] To:tf] JolQm pk/ ;fdfGo kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf ls6fg
u/]h:tf] l;ldt ?kdf tf]lsPsf] xbDofbsf] Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gaf6
kLl8t JolQmsf] Gofo k|fKt ug{ kfpg] cfwf/e"t xsnfO{ lg:t]h t'NofO dfgj clwsf/sf]
cjwf/0ff, d"No tyf dfGotfnfO{ gh/cGbfh ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g
h:tf] uDeL/ s;"/ / To:tf s;"/df ;+nUg s;"/bf/nfO{ kmf}hbf/L Gofosf dfGo
l;4fGtsf] clwgdf /xL cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg tyf Goflos sf/jfxL ul/g] :yflkt
dfGotfnfO{ g} r'gf}lt lbg] tyf :yflkt Goflos ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ g} lg:t]h kfg]{ u/L
xbDofb nfO{ ;Lldt ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] ljsl;t kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:q g} vl08t x'g hfg]
cj:yf ;[hgf x'g hfG5 . ljsl;t kmf}hbf/L sfg"gL k|0ffnL / o;sf] ljsf;df To:tf
k|fjwfgx?n] k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf c;/ k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf /lx/xG5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+34f/f kfl/t k|:tfj g+= ^)÷!$& sf] Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to
a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human
Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law sf] l;4fGt g+=
$ df Where so provided for in an applicable treaty or contained in other international
legal obligations, statutes of limitations shall not apply to gross violations of
international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian
law which constitute crimes under international law. eGg] Joj:yf u/L cGt/f{li6«o
dfgj clwsf/sf] ulDe/ pNn+3g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"gsf] ulDe/ pNn+3gsf
ck/fwx?sf] ;DaGwdf xbDofbsf] l;dfÍg ug{ g;Sg] u/L Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{,
cWofb]zsf] bkmf @( df ePsf] Joj:yfaf6 dxfGoflwjQmfn] d'2f rnfpg lg0f{o ug{;Sg]
clwsf/sf] ;+s'rg ePsfn]] / cWofb]zsf] bkmf @(-$_ df ePsf] d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o
ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq d'2f rnfpg ;lsg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf kmf}hbf/L
d'2fdf xbDofb gnfUg] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf] ljkl/t ePsf] b]lvof] .
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
69
ca lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ clGtd k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsx¿n] p7fPsf] k|:t't a]kQf ePsf 5fglag,
;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u cWofb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf !#,@#,@%, @( g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_, !#-!_ / @$-(_ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n ePsf]n] wf/f
!)&-!_ adf]lhd ab/ u/L !)&-@_ adf]lhd sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug'{ egL ljkIfL g]kfn
;/sf/ ;d]tsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpg dfu u/]sf] b]lvof] .
g]kfnsf] åGbsf] ljlzi6 kl/l:ylt /x]sf] / To;sf] tfls{s lgisif{df k'¥ofO{
zflGtnfO{ lbuf] ?kdf ;+:yfut ug]{ P]ltxfl;s r'gf}tL dfem g]kfnL ;dfh u'lh|/x]sf] 5 .
åGbsf sf/0fx¿ / kl/0ffdx¿ clg ltgsf] pknlAwx¿sf] af/]df ljlzi6 cg';Gwfg /
lgisif{x¿ ;DalGwt If]qaf6 x'g] g} 5 . clxn] o; cbfnt ;dIf åGbsfndf ePsf]
36gfx¿sf] ;Gbe{df dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL uDeL/ ck/fwx¿ ePsf] eP ltgsf]
;Daf]wgsf] nflu ljjflbt a]kQf 5fglag tyf ;To lg?k0f Pj+ d]nldnfk cWofb]zsf]
dfWodaf6 ckgfOPsf] sfo{ljlw / sfg"gL k|fjwfgaf6 ;+ljwfg, cGt/f{li6«o dfgj
clwsf/ sfg"g, Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGtsf] pNn+3g ePsf] 5 jf 5}g / df}h'bf cj:yfdf
cWofb]zsf] sfof{Gjog ePdf kmf}hbf/L sfg"g Pj+ Gofo tyf ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf]
clei6x¿ ;fWo x'g ;S5g\ jf ;Sb}gg\ eGg] d'Vo k|Zgx¿ pkl:yt /x]sf 5g\ .
åGbsf] ;dfwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf Pp6f dfu{lrq ;lxt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# cfPsf] b]lvG5 . åGbsf] sf/0fsf] ;Daf]wg ub}{ åGbsf] k|efjaf6 d'Qm u/L zflGtdo
g]kfnL ;dfh l;h{gf ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] ;+:yfkg /
Joj:yfkg ug{ clt h?/L ePsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf ljutsf] ;+ljwfg;efdf cGtl/d
;+ljwfg / j[xQ zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf egL a]kQf 5fglag cfof]u
/ ;To lg?k0f Pj+ d]nldnfk cfof]u ;DaGwL 5'§f–5'§} ljw]osx¿ k|:t't ePklg ;f]
kfl/t x'g g;sL ljrf/flwg cj:yfdf g} ;+ljwfg;ef lj36g ePsf] / kl/0ffd :j?k
xfn ;Dd ljwfogsf] ?k u|x0f ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lgoldt ljwflosL k|s[ofaf6
kfl/t x'g g;s]sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljifonfO{ cWofb]z dfkm{t sfg"gsf] ?k lbOPsf]
b]lvG5 . h;nfO{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] ljleGg r'gf}ltsf cfwf/df o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^(.!@.!( df cGtl/d cfb]zsf] cfwf/df sfof{Gjog x'gaf6 /f]s nufOPsf]
cj:yf 5 .
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
70
g]kfndf åGb Joj:yfkgsf] l;nl;nfdf hf/L /x]sf] ;+qmd0fsfn nlDag'n] zflGt,
Gofo / ljsf;sf] nflu sltko cy{df afws ePsf]n] To;sf] ljleGg cfoflds
k|of;x¿af6 zL3|fltlz3| ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . l9nf] u/L ePklg
;+qmd0fsflng Gofo Jojl:yt ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu k|:t't cWofb]z cfpg' :jo+df
;sf/fTds s'/f xf] t/ pQm åGb Joj:yfkg / Gofosf] ;+:yfkgfdf slt ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5
eGg] lrGtf k|s6 ePsf] 5 dfly 5nkmn ul/P em}+ ljjflbt cWofb]zdf plNnlvt
ljifox¿sf] Goflos lg?k0faf6 pko'Qm b]lvPsf] Joj:yfx¿df ;'wf/ u/L gofF ?kdf
sfGof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cg'e"t ePsf] 5 . åGbsfndf ePsf] 36gf kl/36gfsf]
clen]vg, ;To cGj]if0f / ;Tosf] ;fIffTsf/ -truth seeking and truth telling_, kl/k'/0f ,
Gofo lg/f]k0f, p4f/ / k'g{:yfkgf nufotsf ljleGg Gofosf] Joj:yfkgsf tTjx¿
;lDdlnt sfo{of]hgfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog gLlt / Ifdtf ;lxt sfof{Gjog ug]{
l;nl;nfdf a]kQfsf] vf]hL sfo{ tyf ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfksf] k|s[ofnfO{ x]g'{ kg]{
ePsf] 5 .
;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu uDeL/ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL
ck/fwx¿sf] xsdf Goflos k|s[of k|z:t ug]{ / cGo ljifox¿df zflGt k|j4{g ug]{
lx;fan] åGb/t kIfx¿aLr hg:t/df zflGtjftf{ hf/L /fVg], d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f
tof/ u/L d}qL / ;b\efj pb\af]wg ug]{ d'Vo b[li6sf]0f lnOg] ul/G5 . o; lx;fan] x]bf{
jt{dfg cWofb]zsf] k|:tfjgfdf plNnlvt /fd|f p2]Zox¿sf] cltl/Qm cWofb]zdf
cfwf/e"t ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf] kfOof] .
lgisif{df, dfly g} ljifo–ljifodf 5nkmn eP e}m ank"j{s JolQm a]kQf kfl/Psf]
36gfnfO{ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL uDeL/ ck/fwsf] ?kdf lnOg] cGt/fli6«o dfgj
clwsf/ sfg"gsf] b[li6sf]0f, oxL cbfntn] /fh]Gb| 9sfnsf] d'2fdf u/]sf] lg0f{o / lgb]{zg
clg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# Pj+ k"j{jtL{ ;+ljwfgn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf JolQmsf]
hLjg / :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'O{ uO{ 5'§} cfof]u u7g u/L /fh]Gb|
9sfnsf] d'2fsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/]sf] / Tolt dfq} xf]Og JolQm a]kQf
5fglag cfof]unfO{ ljz'4 kmf}hbf/L sfo{sf] ?kdf lng'kg]{df ;f] cg';f/ gu/]sf] /
d]nldnfksf] ljifo agfpg gx'g]df ;d]t ;f] agfO{ ;To lg?k0f Pj+ d]nldnfksf] c+u
agfOPsf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] sfg"g ;+ut gePsf]n] JolQm a]kQf ;DaGwL ljifo k|:t't
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
71
cWofb]zdf ;dfj]z ePsf hlt Joj:yfx¿ ;+ljwfg, sfg"g / o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt
sfg"gL l;4fGt k|lts"n b]lvPsf]n] ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] eO{ pQm
Joj:yf cdfGo eO{ cWofb]zaf6 x6fpg' kg]{ 7x5{ / oyfj:yfdf cWofb]z sfof{Gjog
ug{ u/fpg gldNg] 7x5{ .
pk/f]Qm cg';f/ ank"j{s JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] 5fglag ug{ / ;+ljwfg, sfg"g
Pj+ o; cbfntaf6 /fh]Gb| 9sfnsf] d'2fdf ePsf] lg0f{o Pj+ k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt
adf]lhd ;d]t 5'§} 5fglag cfof]u u7g ug{ cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ;lxt cljnDa
csf]{ cWofb]z hf/L ug]{ jf hf] rflxg] k|aGw ug'{ egL g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf k/dfb]z
hf/L x'g] 7x5{ .
cWofb]zsf cGo Joj:yfx¿ dWo] lgDg bkmfx¿df pNn]v eP em}+ ;+j}wflgs Pj+
Goflos k|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvPsf] / oyfj:yfdf cWofb]zsf] Joj:yfx¿ ;+ljwfg
/ Gofosf] l;4fGt ;+ut gb]lvPsf]n] lgDgadf]lhd ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] x'[Fbf ;f] adf]lhd u/L
u/fO{ ;+zf]wg / ;'wf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ dfq cWofb]z hf/L ug{ jf hf] rflxg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf u/L nfu' ug{ ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 .
-s_ cWofb]zsf] bkmf @# sf] Ifdfbfg dfkmL ;DaGwL Joj:yfn] cWofb]zsf] bkmf @-`_
df ;dfj]z ePsf s;"/x¿df ;d]t ;du|df Ifdfbfgsf] l;kmfl/; gug]{ k|Tofe"lt
lbPsf] gb]lvPsf] / dfkmLsf] k|s[ofsf] ljifo agfPsf] Pj+ dfkmL k|s[ofdf kLl8tsf]
;xeflutf / ;xdltnfO{ clgjfo{ gagfO{ uf}0f agfPsf] b]lvPsf]n] kLl8tsf] Gofo
;DaGwL df}lns xs cGt/ut, hLjg, :jtGqtf, ;"rgfsf] xs, oftgf lj?4sf] xs
nufot Pj+ Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt b]lvPsf]n] ;f] Joj:yfnfO{
k'g/fjnf]sg u/L pk/f]Qm adf]lhd kl/dfh{g / ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ .
-v_ bkmf @% / @( sf] Joj:yfaf6 dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] cf/f]ksf bf]ifL
b]lvPsf JolQm pk/sf] kmf}hbf/L cleof]hg lglZrt, ;xh / lgjf{w gagfO{
sfo{kflnsfsf] ljj]sflwg Pj+ clglZrt ?kdf /flvPsf] eO{ Gofodf cj/f]w k'Ug]
k|s[ltsf] b]lvPsfn] ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"g;+ut agfpg'kg]{ .
-u_ cfof]un] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] jf dGqfnosf] kqfg';f/ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] d'2f rnfpg'
kg]{ 7x/ u/]kl5 d'2f rnfpFbf d'2f rnfpg] xbDofb tf]lsPsf] / xbDofb #% lbg
tf]lsPsf] sf/0faf6 xbDofb leq d'2f grnfPdf Gofodf kg]{ k|efj Pj+ ;f]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
72
;DaGwL pQ/bfloTj ;d]t ls6fg u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] ;fy} To:tf] uDeL/ s;"/df
cNk xbDofb tf]Sbf dfgjclwsf/ sfg"gsf] pNn+3gsf] 36gfdf b08xLgtfsf]
cj:yf l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] x'gfn] ;d]t pQm Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns xs Pj+
Gofo ;DaGwL Joj:yf / ;+ljwfgn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf] Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGtsf]
ljk/Lt b]lvPsf]n] pk/f]Qm adf]lhd ;+ljwfg / Gofo;+ut x'g] u/L ;+zf]lwt /
kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ .
-3_ dfly plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm ;To lg?k0f Pj+ d]nldnfksf] a[xb
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu uDeL/ dfgjclwsf/ lj/f]wL kmf}hbf/L sfo{sf] ck/flws/0fsf]
nflu sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{, d]nldnfksf] efjgf k|jw{g ug{ Jofks cleofg
;~rfng ug{, kLl8t Pj+ kLl8tsf] kl/jf/sf] nflu oy]i7 cfly{s, sfg"gL Pj+
;+:yfut Joj:yf ;lxt kl/k"/0fsf] Joj:yf ug{, ;To lg?k0f Pj+ d]nldnfk
cfof]usf] :jfoQtf Pj+ lgZkIftfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu åGbsfndf ;z:q
ljb|f]xsf] kIfdf jf ;f] ljb|f]xsf] bdg jf k|zf;gdf ;+nUg eO{ s'g} ?kdf åGbsf
kIf/t jf ;DalGwt ePsf JolQmx¿ afx]ssf tyf dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf]
gsf/fTds clen]v gePsf JolQmx¿ ;lDdlnt x'g] u/L cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf :jLs[t
dfkb08 ;d]tsf] cfwf/df To:tf] cfof]usf] u7g ug]{, kLl8tx¿n] cfˆgf] ;To
eGg ;Sg] / k|efjsf/L 9+un] k|lt/Iff ug{ ;Sg] k|of]hgsf] nflu kLl8t Pj+ ;fIfL
;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd agfO{ nfu' ug{ / pgLx¿sf] JolQmut kl/rofTds
ljj/0fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, cfjZostf cg';f/ aGb Ohnfzaf6 ;''g'jfO{ x'g] jf
>Job[iosf] dfWodaf6 b"/ ;'g'jfO{ nufotsf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkg ug]{ u/L sfg"gsf]
kl/dfh{g ug]{ / sfof{Gjog r/0fdf Jojxfl/s pkfox¿ ckgfpg] .
-ª_ cfof]un] dfkmL nufotsf] ljifodf ckgfpg'kg]{ dfkb08sf] nflu sfg"gdf g}
cfwf/e"t s'/fsf] ls6fg ug]{ nufotsf Joj:yf ug{ åGb ljz]if1, kLl8t jf
kLl8tsf] lxt k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+:yf, dfgjclwsf/ sfg"g ljz]if1 Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnf
kIfx¿ ;lDdlnt ePsf] ljifo ljz]if1 6f]nLsf] ;xof]u lnO{ pQm cWofb]z
kl/dfh{g ug'{ .
dfly plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L ;Dkfbg tyf Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu ljkIfL
g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fpg' k|:t't cfb]zsf]
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l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^(–WS–))%&, )^(–WS–))%*
73
hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;DdfggLo
/fi6«kltsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbg' k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
GofofwLz
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .
GofofwLz GofofwLz
Olt ;Djt\ @)&) ;fn kf}if dlxgf !* ut] /f]h % z'ed\––––––––––––––––.
Ohnf; clws[t M pk–;lrjåo lzjk|;fb vgfn, lji0f'k|;fb uf}td
sDKo"6/ ;]l6Ë M /fg' kf}8]n, ljs]z u'/fufO{
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