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This document consists of 12 printed pages.

DC (AC/DJ) 16493/4

UCLES 2010 [Turn over

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSInternational General Certificate of Secondary Education

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/11

Paper 1 October/November 2010

1 hour 30 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.Additional Materials: Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer all questions.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiners Use

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Total

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1 (a) (i) In the axes below, draw a sketch line graph to show the way in which worldpopulation has grown over the last 200 years.

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1800 1850 1900

year

1950 2000

population

in billions

[2]

(ii) Eventually, as a country becomes more economically developed its populationstops growing. Look at the diagram below which shows the Demographic TransitionModel (DTM) of populations.

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5

10

15

20

Death

rate

time

Birth

rate

Total

population

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stage 1 2 3 4

dea

th

rate

per1000

population

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Diagrams A to D are sketches of the age pyramids for the stages in the DTMgraph.

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age

15

A B C D

Complete the table below to show the correct pyramid, A, B, C or D, for each stageof the DTM graph.

stage pyramid letter

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2

3

4

[4]

(b) (i) Population size can change due to migration. Migration is caused by push and pullfactors.

Give an example of a health care service that is a push factor.

..................................................................................................................................

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Give an example of a different health care service that is a pull factor.

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............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Other than health care services, state two other pull factors causing rural to urbanmigration.

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..............................................................................................................................[2]

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2 Look at the cartoon and food web diagram below.

Antarctic Ocean Food Web

smaller toothed

whales

baleen

whale

penguins

leopard seal

fish

other herbivorouszooplankton

squid

elephant seal

sperm whales

other birds

krill

phytoplankton

carnivorous

zooplankton

other seals

(a) (i) If the penguins cannot get enough fish to eat, what else could they feed on?

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............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) What organism in the food web would cause greater problems to the penguins ifhumans removed it?

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Apart from humans, what four other organisms compete with penguins for fish?

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..............................................................................................................................[3]

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(b) (i) Interference with food webs can have serious consequences. For example, poisonssuch as pesticides are put into the environment. A pond near a crop field is infestedwith harmful insects. The farmer sprays the field with a pesticide. Wind blows someof the pesticide onto marsh plants. Each plant receives 1 unit of pesticide whichstays on it. A minnow that eats 100 marsh plants in one year ends up with 100 unitsof pesticide. A perch that eats 50 minnows in one year ends up with 5000 units.

Calculate how much pesticide will end up in the body of a hawk which consumes20 perch in one year. Show your working.

.................................................. units [2]

(ii) A build up of pesticide can cause problems to the animals at or near the top of the

food chain, like the hawk. State and describe one way in which a farmer can controlpests without using pesticides.

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..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

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3 (a) (i) The diagram shows a section through the Earth.

CB

A

Name the layers labelled A, B and C on the diagram.

A .....................................

B .....................................

C .....................................

[3]

(ii) The earth consists of many kinds of rock, but they can be divided into three types.Complete the table.

type sedimentary metamorphic

how formedby cooling and

solidification of moltenrock

by heat and pressure

example granite

[4]

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(b) The rocks of the Earth contain reserves of many minerals, such as iron, coal andbauxite. The graph shows the life expectancy of some minerals (how long they will lastat present rates of use).

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200

150

life

expectancy

in

years

100

50

0coal crude

oil

natural

gas

bauxite copper iron

mineral

Life expectancies of selected minerals

lead nickel silver tin zinc

(i) The life expectancy for bauxite is 202 years and for nickel 41 years.

Complete the graph for nickel and bauxite. [2]

(ii) Name the mineral which is likely to run out first.

............................................................................................................................. [1]

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4 (a) (i) What is weather?

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(ii) Choose two elements of weather and explain how they can be measuredaccurately.

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(b) (i) The table below gives climate data for Lusaka in Kenya. Use the data to completethe two graphs on the opposite page.

monthJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

temperaturein C

22.5 22.5 22.5 20.5 18.5 16.5 16 18.5 22 24.5 23.5 22

rainfallin mm

186 155 100 31 4 0 0 0.3 20 22 87 156

[2]

(ii) State the type of climate found in Lusaka. Give a reason for your answer.

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Jan0

20

40

60

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100

r

ainfall(mm)

120

140

160

180

200

Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

month

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan0

5

10tem

perature(C)

15

20

25

Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

month

Rainfall in Lusaka Temperature in Lusaka

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

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5 Look at the pie graph.

Pollutants Entering the Oceans

air pollutants

farm runoff

sewage

litter

offshore oil

industrialwaste water

shipping

20%

%

%

30%

5%

6%

10%

(a) (i) The percentage figures for air pollutants and shipping are missing. The figure forair pollutants is double that for shipping. Work out the missing figures and completethe chart. [2]

(ii) Sewage and farm runoff have similar effects on the ocean. Describe and explainthese effects.

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(b) (i) Why is marine pollution considered to be an international problem?

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(ii) State one way of preventing oil spills at sea.

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(iii) State one way of dealing with oil spills from ocean-going tankers.

..............................................................................................................................[1]

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6 Look at the following diagram showing how the Suns rays strike the Earth at the equator, A,and near the poles, B.

Sun Sun

342 W/m2

342 W/m2

342 W/m2

242 W/m2

1 m2 1.42 m2

A B

Earths surface

W/m2 represents the amountof energy hitting every

square metre of the Earths

surface in watts (W)

(a) (i) What is insolation?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) How much more energy, as a percentage, strikes the Earths surface at A ratherthan at B? Show your working.

................................................ % [2]

(iii) Because more energy is received at A, temperatures are higher. State two factors,other than distance from the equator, which can affect the temperature of a place.

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..............................................................................................................................[2]

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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Everyreasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the

publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of

Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

(b) (i) Solar energy can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels. Why is it a good idea tofind substitutes for fossil fuels such as coal and oil?

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(ii) Apart from solar power, describe another source of energy that could be used asan alternative to fossil fuels.

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