0602 Water Saving for Paddy Cultivation by SRI: Experience of Decentralized irrigation System Improvement Project in Eastern Region of Indonesia (DISIMP)

Water Saving for Paddy CultivationWater Saving for Paddy Cultivation

by SRIby SRI (System of Rice Intensification)(System of Rice Intensification)

Experience of Experience of Decentralized Irrigation System Improvement Decentralized Irrigation System Improvement

Project in Eastern Region of Indonesia (DISIMP) Project in Eastern Region of Indonesia (DISIMP) JBIC ODA LoanJBIC ODA Loan

7 March 20067 March 2006

by Shuichi SATOby Shuichi SATOTeam Leader of the Consultant for DISIMPTeam Leader of the Consultant for DISIMP

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.

Irrigation Development in Eastern IndonesiaIrrigation Development in Eastern Indonesia

Characteristics of Eastern Indonesia

Irrigation Development in Eastern Indonesia

Limited water resources Agriculture-based economy Remote location / poor transport infrastructure Less development / investment in the past

Government policies to develop eastern Indonesia started in the 1980s. Since 1990, SSIMP-DISIMP has continued to play a key role for water has continued to play a key role for water resources and irrigation development resources and irrigation development in eastern Indonesia.in eastern Indonesia.

SSIMP = SSIMP = Small Scale Irrigation Small Scale Irrigation Management ProjectManagement Project

DISIMP = DISIMP = Decentralized Irrigation Decentralized Irrigation System Improvement System Improvement

Project in Eastern Region Project in Eastern Region of Indonesiaof Indonesia(= SSIMP-IV)(= SSIMP-IV)

Outline of SSIMP-DISIMPOutline of SSIMP-DISIMP

Project ObjectiveProject ObjectivePoverty alleviationPoverty alleviation by improving agricultural by improving agricultural productivity and farmers’ income through productivity and farmers’ income through water resources and irrigation development / water resources and irrigation development / improvement and capacity building in Eastern improvement and capacity building in Eastern Region of IndonesiaRegion of Indonesia..

Performance of SSIMP-DISIMP Performance of SSIMP-DISIMP (JBIC Loan)(JBIC Loan)

Item unit SSIMP-I SSIMP-II SSIMP-III DISIMP

JBIC Loan Yen mil. 1,896 8,135 16,701 27,035

Implementaion 1990 - 94 1995 - 98 1998 - 03 2003 - 08

Province nos. 2 3 6 8

Sub-project nos. 3 11 40 27

Development Type New New New + Imp. Imp. + New

Irrigation Area ha 3,100 15,600 60,432 140,000

Water Supply persons 0 10,000 240,000 50,000

Water Source Facility

Large dam nos. 1 3 3 1

Small dam nos. 1 0 0 8

Weir nos. 0 6 12 15

Groundwater well nos. 248 192 310 250

Unique Points of SSIMP-DISIMPUnique Points of SSIMP-DISIMP

Comprehensive Project Management to Cover Comprehensive Project Management to Cover the Whole Project Cyclethe Whole Project Cycle (Project Formulation – Planning – Engineering – Guidance - Monitoring)(Project Formulation – Planning – Engineering – Guidance - Monitoring)

Continuous Learning Process by Project Continuity Made PossibleContinuous Learning Process by Project Continuity Made Possible by GOI and JBICby GOI and JBIC

Hard – Soft Integrated ApproachHard – Soft Integrated Approach

Flexible Project Formulation to Meet Local Flexible Project Formulation to Meet Local Needs (Bottom-up)Needs (Bottom-up)　　 　　 Component (hard) = Water source, Irrigation, Water supply, Component (hard) = Water source, Irrigation, Water supply,

Rural development,Rural development,

Component (soft) = Capacity building, Farm guidance, O&M guidance, Component (soft) = Capacity building, Farm guidance, O&M guidance, Special studySpecial study

Water source type = Water source type = Dam, Pond, Weir, Groundwater wellDam, Pond, Weir, Groundwater well

Development typeDevelopment type = = Improvement, New Improvement, New

Size of sub-project = 200 ha (groundwater) – 60,000 ha (Size of sub-project = 200 ha (groundwater) – 60,000 ha (improvementimprovement))

Stage-wise DevelopmentStage-wise Development

Strong Quality ControlStrong Quality Control (Task concept for supervision)(Task concept for supervision)

SSIMP-DISIMP = rapid realization of real benefits for the people.SSIMP-DISIMP = rapid realization of real benefits for the people.

SRISRISystem of Rice IntensificationSystem of Rice Intensification

SRI SRI (System of Rice Intensification)(System of Rice Intensification)

SRI was developed in the 1980s in Madagaskar, SRI was developed in the 1980s in Madagaskar, but became widely known only after 1999.but became widely known only after 1999.

SRI is an innovative paddy cultivation method SRI is an innovative paddy cultivation method attaining attaining higher paddy yields with lower resources higher paddy yields with lower resources utilizationutilization (>40% reduction for water, 50% reduction for (>40% reduction for water, 50% reduction for chemical fertilizer and insecticide).chemical fertilizer and insecticide).

SRI is a set of principles for rice cultivation:SRI is a set of principles for rice cultivation: (1) (1) Unique transplanting methodUnique transplanting method

Single planting of younger seedling (7-14 days after seeding) Single planting of younger seedling (7-14 days after seeding) at wider spacing (30 cm x 30 cm for DISIMP)at wider spacing (30 cm x 30 cm for DISIMP)

(2) (2) Intermittent irrigationIntermittent irrigation SRI will increase the burdens of water management andSRI will increase the burdens of water management and

weeding, but this can accepted by farmers owing to aweeding, but this can accepted by farmers owing to astrong incentives from yield increases.strong incentives from yield increases.

Note: a) Application of organic fertilizers is recommended, Note: a) Application of organic fertilizers is recommended, but is not the “Must”. (Experience of DISIMP)but is not the “Must”. (Experience of DISIMP) b) Value of transplanting of younger seedling was confirmedb) Value of transplanting of younger seedling was confirmed

in Japan by many researchers by 1990.in Japan by many researchers by 1990.

SRI under DISIMPSRI under DISIMP

1. SRI was introduced in DISIMP in 2002. SRI area is: 2 ha in 2002, 15 ha in 2003, 365 ha in 2004, 982 ha in 2005, and >4,000 ha in 2006.

2. Yield of SRI paddy (2002-2005 average) was 7.23t/ha, 84% higher than non-SRI paddy of 3.92 t/ha.

3. Irrigation water use for SRI is 40% less thannon-SRI plots.

4. Water saving by SRI will contribute to: Equitable water distribution in weir irrigation

scheme by introducing SRI in the upstream areas Efficient use of expensive water by dam and pond Cost saving for groundwater schemes

5. Success with the SRI method needs good water management, which in turn needs strong farmer groups, which needs a high level of participation.

Comparison of Seedlings, SRI vs. Non-SRIComparison of Seedlings, SRI vs. Non-SRI

Non-SRI Seedlings Non-SRI Seedlings (30 days)(30 days)SRI Seedling SRI Seedling (10 days)(10 days)

Young Seedlings Transplanting in JapanYoung Seedlings Transplanting in Japan

In Japan, since 1980, research on translanting of young seedling In Japan, since 1980, research on translanting of young seedling has been done from viewpoint of has been done from viewpoint of cost savingcost saving..

Results of findings on use of younger seedlings were the same as SRI.Results of findings on use of younger seedlings were the same as SRI.

By 1990, mechanized trasnplating technology for younger seedlingBy 1990, mechanized trasnplating technology for younger seedling was estabsliched and a manual was published.was estabsliched and a manual was published.

Nursery Bed for Young SeedlingsNursery Bed for Young Seedlings

Transplanter of Young Seedling (3 hrs/ha)Transplanter of Young Seedling (3 hrs/ha)

Field Preparation for SRIField Preparation for SRI

Digging of filed drain in plot for SRI Intermittent IrrigationDigging of filed drain in plot for SRI Intermittent Irrigation

Drainage pipe at plot bundDrainage pipe at plot bund

Marking for Marking for transplanting transplanting (30 cm x 30 cm)(30 cm x 30 cm)

Preparation of Seedlings and SRI TransplantingPreparation of Seedlings and SRI Transplanting

Seeding on nursery plateSeeding on nursery plate

young seedlingyoung seedling(10 days after seeding)(10 days after seeding)

SRI Transplanting of SRI Transplanting of single young seedlingsingle young seedling(7 – 14 days after seeding) (7 – 14 days after seeding) at wider spacing at wider spacing (30 cm x 30 cm)(30 cm x 30 cm)

Nursery plate rackNursery plate rack

Weeding by WeederWeeding by Weeder

SRI Rotary WeederSRI Rotary Weeder Developed by DISIMP ConsultantDeveloped by DISIMP Consultant

ConventionalConventionalWeederWeederfrom Javafrom Java

WeederWeeder ( (for Muddy soil)for Muddy soil)

Rice Plant Growth (1)Rice Plant Growth (1)

10 DAT10 DAT

DAT = Day After TransplantingDAT = Day After Transplanting

21 DAT21 DAT

41 DAT41 DAT62 DAT62 DAT

Rice Plant Growth (2)Rice Plant Growth (2)

72 DAT72 DAT

89 DAT89 DAT105 DAT105 DAT

Paddy Yield of SRI in DISIMP (2002-05)Paddy Yield of SRI in DISIMP (2002-05)Area (ha) Farmers SRI Non SRI Ratio

South Sulawesi (Sulsel)1 Awo-1 0.20 3 DS 02/03 7.15 4.35 164.4%

Awo-2 5.00 18 DS 04/05 6.29 3.61 174.2%2 Salomekko-1 0.20 1 DS 02/03 7.92 3.32 238.6%

Salomekko-2 5.00 7 WS 2004 6.19 3.66 169.1%Salomekko-3 5.00 10 DS 04/05 6.69 3.48 192.2%

3 Kelara Karalloe-1 4.30 6 WS 03/04 7.45 4.41 168.9%Kelara Karalloe-2 2.00 1 DS 2004 8.18 4.17 196.2%Kelara Karalloe-3 217.90 145 WS 04/05 7.65 3.83 199.7%

4 Kiru Kiru-1 1.00 1 WS 03/04 8.76 3.19 274.6%Kiru Kiru-2 1.00 1 WS 04/05 6.80 3.53 192.6%

5 Sadang-1 5.00 12 WS 2004 8.11 4.55 178.2%Sadang-2 77.79 106 DS 04/05 8.99 4.80 187.3%Sadang-3 164.89 183 WS 2005 7.57 4.59 164.9%

6 Lanrae-1 3.00 4 DS 04/05 6.80 4.08 166.7%Lanrae-2 10.00 10 WS 2005 7.65 4.47 171.1%

502.28 508 7.79 4.25 183.5%West Nusa Tenggara (NTB)

1 Jurang Sate (Lombok) -1 4.37 11 WS 04/05 8.48 5.58 152.0%Jurang Sate (Lombok) -2 74.95 216 DS 2005 6.44 3.94 163.5%

2 Jurang Batu (Lombok) -1 5.06 12 WS 04/05 6.66 4.98 133.7%Jurang Batu (Lombok) -2 103.42 241 DS 2005 5.59 2.62 213.4%

3 Lombok (other 8 locations) 41.24 123 DS 2005 5.56 3.95 140.7%4 Tiu Kulit (Sumbawa) -1 1.50 2 WS 02/03 7.37 5.10 144.5%

Tiu Kulit (Sumbawa) -2 2.62 10 WS 04/05 9.00 4.49 200.4%Tiu Kulit (Sumbawa) -3 5.07 5 DS 2005 7.20 4.06 177.2%

5 Batu Bulan (Sumbawa) -1 0.16 1 DS 2004 8.02 4.51 177.8%Batu Bulan (Sumbawa) -2 11.38 42 WS 04/05 8.45 4.73 178.6%Batu Bulan (Sumbawa) -3 61.55 128 DS 2005 8.30 3.95 210.0%

311.32 791 6.55 3.59 182.7%Central Sulawesi (Sulteng)

1 Karaopa -1 37.0 37 DS 04/05 8.10 4.00 202.5%Karaopa -2 493.0 493 DS 2005 6.90 3.70 186.5%

2 Sinorang -1 8.0 8 DS 04/05 6.10 4.10 148.8%Sinorang -2 12.0 12 DS 2005 5.60 3.60 155.6%

550.00 550 6.94 3.72 186.4%1,363.60 1,849 7.17 3.89 184.4%

Total/Weighted average

DISIMP Irrigation SchemeSRI Area

Grand Total/Weighted average

Paddy Yield (t/ha)*CroppingSeason

Total/Weighted average

Total/Weighted average

Note: * = Dry un-husked rice (14% moisture content)

Lessons Learned of SRI under DISIMPLessons Learned of SRI under DISIMP

SRI method can offer high paddy yield with less production costsSRI method can offer high paddy yield with less production costs (seeds, fertilizers, chemcals) as well as water saving.(seeds, fertilizers, chemcals) as well as water saving.

Labor burden increases by SRI, but farmers can overcome due Labor burden increases by SRI, but farmers can overcome due toto strong incentivestrong incentive of high productivity of paddy cultivation.of high productivity of paddy cultivation.

Without use of organic fertilizers (reduced chemical fertilizer only) Without use of organic fertilizers (reduced chemical fertilizer only) high yield of paddy can be obtained. Use of organic fertilizers ishigh yield of paddy can be obtained. Use of organic fertilizers ispreferable but not the “Must” for SRI.preferable but not the “Must” for SRI. If use of organic fertilizers is the must, expansion of SRI is difficult.If use of organic fertilizers is the must, expansion of SRI is difficult.

SRI is water saving attaining about 40% reduction in quantity in lotSRI is water saving attaining about 40% reduction in quantity in lot (variable by soil and filed conditions) due to intermittent irrigation.(variable by soil and filed conditions) due to intermittent irrigation.However,However, farmers will never agree to dry up their field without farmers will never agree to dry up their field without reliable water sourcereliable water source. . Therefore, introduction of SRI should be Therefore, introduction of SRI should be in irrigation area of relatively good conditions such as upstream in irrigation area of relatively good conditions such as upstream of the system.of the system.

For successful introduction of SRI, involvement of local governmentFor successful introduction of SRI, involvement of local governmentoffices as well as experts (consultant) is necessary for technical offices as well as experts (consultant) is necessary for technical

support and advice.support and advice.

Intermittent IrrigationIntermittent Irrigation

WetWet

DryDry

Wet-Dry Cycle is different by lot condition, soil type, and water availability.Wet-Dry Cycle is different by lot condition, soil type, and water availability.

Dry for 3 weeksDry for 3 weeks

Sambelia SRI Experimental Station, DISIMPSambelia SRI Experimental Station, DISIMP

5 m 5 m

0.60

m

5 m

0.60

m

5 m

0.60

m

5 m

0.60

m

5 m

0.60

m

5 m 5 m

5 m plot 11 plot 12 plot 13 plot 14 plot 15 plot 16

1.20 m

5 m plot 21 plot 22 plot 23 plot 24 plot 25 plot 26

1.20 m

5 m plot 31 plot 32 plot 33 plot 34 plot 35 plot 36

1.20 m

5 m plot 41 plot 42 plot 43 plot 44 plot 45 plot 46

5 m

2 Reservoir tank

Fibreglass, cap 2,200 liter

PVC H = 3 m PVC Tee 2" with reducer 2" to 1"

ball valve 2"PVC pipe 2" diameter

Valve 1" by-pass valve

5 drums each of 200 liters capacity PVC 2" dia

Outlet Box

Alfalva valve

Main supply

valve 2-1/2" dia valve H = 0.90 m

1" dia

GIP 2-1/2" or max 3" diameterDistributed to test plots

Mai

n su

pply

pip

e : P

VC

AW

2-1

/2"

Test Plot (5 m x 5 m, 24 plots)General Layout of Sambelia SRI Experimental Station

Water Measurement System

To Mataram(2 hours)

SRI Trial in Sambelia Station, DISIMPSRI Trial in Sambelia Station, DISIMP

First Planting Test 2005/2006

Land Preparation (30-Sep-05)

3 DAT (14-Oct-05)

27 DAT (7-Nov-05)

43 DAT (23-Nov-05)

72 DAT (22-Dec-05)

115 DAT (4-Feb-06)

DAT = Days After Transplanting

Field Test for Intermittent IrrigationField Test for Intermittent Irrigation

Case-1:Case-2:Case-3:Case-4:

SRI Transplanting (10-day seedling, 30cm x 30 cm, 1 each) + Intermittent Irrigation SRI Transplanting (10-day seedling, 30cm x 30 cm, 1 each) + Intermittent Irrigation Non-SRI Transplanting (25-day seedling, 20cm x 25 cm, 4 each) + Continuous Irrigation Non-SRI Transplanting (25-day seedling, 20cm x 25 cm, 4 each) + Intermittent Irrigation

Field Test

Test Results

Case-1:Case-2:Case-3:Case-4:

Total Irrigation Supply = 816 mmTotal Irrigation Supply = 1,152 mmTotal Irrigation Supply = 1,368 mmTotal Irrigation Supply = 1,136 mm

Paddy Yield = 5.12 t/haPaddy Yield = 4.46 t/haPaddy Yield = 2.95 t/haPaddy Yield = 3.40 t/ha

Case-1:Case-2:Case-3:Case-4:

Oct. 2005 Nov. 2005 Dec. 2005 Jan. 2006 Feb. 2006

11 Oct.

11 Oct.

26 Oct.

26 Oct.

3 Feb.

4 Feb.

3 Feb.

4 Feb.

HarvestTransplanting

Rice Variety = Cihereng

Irrigation stopped on 1-Jan-06 due to rainfall

Irrigation Practice

Water Savings by SRI MethodsWater Savings by SRI Methods

Field water measurement using V-notchField water measurement using V-notch has started in DISIMP schemes in 2006.has started in DISIMP schemes in 2006.

Less water for 2Less water for 2ndnd land preparation land preparation

Less water for nursery bedLess water for nursery bed

Less irrigation during plant growing under intermittent irrigationLess irrigation during plant growing under intermittent irrigation

Water-Saving Effects of SRIWater-Saving Effects of SRI

Field observation shows an amount of irrigation water use Field observation shows an amount of irrigation water use for SRI is about 40% less than non-SRI (continuous ponding).for SRI is about 40% less than non-SRI (continuous ponding).

Water-Saving Effects of SRIWater-Saving Effects of SRI

Contribution to mitigate upsteam-downstream problem in Contribution to mitigate upsteam-downstream problem in a scheme by introducing SRI in the upstream areas and increase a scheme by introducing SRI in the upstream areas and increase water for downsteam areas for equitable water diestribution. water for downsteam areas for equitable water diestribution.

=> Sustainable Participatory Water-saving=> Sustainable Participatory Water-saving

Cost saving for groundwater irrigationCost saving for groundwater irrigation

Effective use of impounding water by dam and pondEffective use of impounding water by dam and pond

Benefits of SRI Water-SavingBenefits of SRI Water-Saving

The EndThe End

SRI will contribute to mitigate SRI will contribute to mitigate present and future global issues ofpresent and future global issues of

FoodFood, , PovertyPoverty, , WaterWater, &, & EnvironmentEnvironment