06 iiqka fl; ire l< W;=fuda .=Ke;s fmr l, · iiqka fl; ire l

fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oydh34

,lajeishka jk wm i;= j we;af;a wNsudkj;a §¾> b;sydihls' tu b;sydih ;=< furg my< jQ fYa%IaG meúÈ W;=uka rdYshla .ek wms wid we;af;uq' Wka jykafia,d fkdfhla wdldrfhka fkdueflk fufyjrla bgq l< ksid u lsis lf,l;a wmg wu;l l< fkdyels h'

fï w;r tn÷ fufyjrla wm fjkqfjka bgq l< .sys W;=uka .ek o b;sydifha i|yka fõ' fkdfhla me;sj,ska isÿ lr we;s uy fufyjr ksid u tu .sys W;=fuda o wurKSh;ajhg m;a j isá;s' tfia rg ±h iuh fjkqfjka uy;a lemùulska uy fufyjrla l< fY%aIaG ix> ms;Djrfhl= yd krm;shl= .ek idlÉPd lsÍu fuu mdvfuys wruqKhs' mdi,a isiqka jk wmg tu W;=ukaf.a cSjk prs; ;=<ska .; yels wdo¾Y fndfyda h' wm tu pß; ksr;=re j u isysm;a l< hq;= h' tu W;=ï u. u .re l< hq;= h'

je,súg wirK irK isß irKxlr ix>rdc udysñmdKka jykafia

uykqjr hq.h ^jH'j' 1480 - jH'j' 1815& ,la b;sydifha iqúfYaI ikaêia:dkhls' wE; wkqrdOmqr hq.fhka werfUk wfma ,la b;sydifha hq. .Kkdjla miq l< úg uE; uykqjr hq.h yuq fõ' tu hq.h ;=< úúO w¾nqo we;s jQ nj ft;sydisl f;dr;=rej,ska wkdjrKh fõ' mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais wd§ ngysr cd;Ska uqyqÿnv m%foaY w,a,d .ekSu fï w¾nqoj, tla wjia:djls' lkao Wvrg rdcOdksh kdhlal¾ jxYsl wfn!oaO rcjrekaf.A md,khg hg;a ùfuka ody;a jk ishjfia ueo Nd.h jk úg foaYSh fn!oaO ixialD;sh l%ufhka mßydkshg m;a jkakg úh' Ydiksl mßydksh o tys,d lemS fmkqKs' tla Wmiïmod NslaIqjla fyda fidhd .ekSu wiSre úh' je,súg irKxlr iÕrc ysñmdKka my< jQfha fun÷ mßydks hq.hlhs'

Wka jykafia Wvrg ;=ïmfka m%foaYfha je,súg kï .fï jH'j' 1698 cQks 18 jeksod ie±yej;a fy< fndÿ l=,hl Wm; ,enQy' tA mskaj;a l=, l=uref.a .sys ku l=,;=x. nKavdrhs' jhi wjqreÿ 16 § uykqjr iQßhf.dv úydrfha je,súg irKxlr kñka meúÈ nj ,enQ fï mskaj;a l=, l=urejd ;=< Wm;ska u fndfyda jdikd .=K we;s nj .=re fo.=rekag fmkS .sfha h'

iiqka fl; ire l<" W;=fuda .=Ke;s fmr l,

06

fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oydh 35

we;s ù ;snq ixialD;sl mßydksh ksid fmd;am;a fuka u .=rejreka o fidhd .ekSu b;d u ÿIalr jQ fï hq.fha irKxlr ysñmdKka jykafiag wjYH wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSu .eg¨jla úh' Wka jykafiag isÿ jQfha .=rejreka fidhd ÿr neyer m%foaYj,g f.dia fndfyda ÿIalr;d ueo md,s NdIdj yd O¾u úkh bf.kSughs' W;aidyh yd lemùu w;a fkdy< irKxlr ysñmdKkaa fndfydA foa W.;af;a iafjda;aidyfhks' isxy," md,s" ixialD;" nqoaO O¾uh" ldjH Ydia;%h yd ;j;a fndfyda úIhhka ms<sn| j yi< ±kqula ,nd .ekSug Wka jykafiag yels úh'

YslaIdldó w,afmaÉP Ôú;hla .; lsÍug leue;s jQ je,súg irKxlr iajdóka jykafia meúÈ jQ od isg u hemqfKa ms`vqis`.d jeãfuka h' tneúka msKavmd;sl irKxlr ysñ hkqfjka o .ñka .ug jäñka oyï foiñka wirKhkag msysg jQ neúka wirK irK irKxlr ysñ hk kñka o Wka jykafia m%isoaO jQy' nqoaO Ydikh fuka u fn!oaO iudch o fï jk úg uqyqK § ;snQ lk.dgqodhl ;;a;ajh Ydikudul fndfyda fokdf.a wjOdkhg ,la jQjls' NslaIQ kñka fmkS isá we;eïyq wUq orejka fmdaIKh l<y¦ Okj;a ro, mjq,aj,g mKsúv f.k hdï wd§ fufyjr bgq l<y'

lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=ud úiska je,súg Y%S irKxlr kdysñhkag ix>rdc moúh msßkeóu

fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oydh36

Tjqyq O¾u úkh ms<sn| j ±kqfuka fuka u YslaIKfhka o msßyS isáfhda h' W.;a NslaIQka yd .syshka isáfha w;f,diails' Tjqka o úfgl pß;fhka msßyS isá nj i|yka fõ' l,ska mej;s wOHdmk wdh;k wNdjhg u f.dia ;sìK' Wmiïmodjlg wjYH NslaIQka fidhd .ekSug fkdyels ;rug Ydiksl ;;a;ajh my; jeà ;snqKs'

fï ld,fha § irKxlr udysñmdfKda fuu mßydksfhka iiqk k`.d isgqúh hq;= hehs wêIaGdk lr Ydikudul msßia ixúOdkh lr .;ay' tA wkqj is,aj;a iud.u kñka ixúOdkhla msysgqjd .kakd ,§' ÿis,aj;=kaf.a ndOl ysßyer ueo md .ukska .ï okõ isidrd jäñka O¾uh foaYkd lrñka" meúÈ ùug leue;s fndfyda msßila is,aj;a iud.ug tla lr .ekSug wm ysñmdKkag yels úh' tfia u irKxlr udysñfhda fndÿ orejkaf.a Ydikudul nj o ÈhqKq lsÍug l%shd l<y¦ O¾u{dkh fuka u j;a ms<sfj;a o m%.=K lr iiqfka Ñr meje;au leue;s NslaIQka jykafia,d ìys lsÍug lghq;= l<y'

Wm;ska jhi wjqreÿ mKy blaujqj o irKxlr idufKar ysñmdKka jykafiag Wmiïmodj ,nd .; fkdyels úh' Bg fya;=j Wmiïmkak NslaIQka tl, furg fkdisàuhs' irKxlr ysñmdfKda lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=udf.a Wojq we;sj Wmiïmod NslaIQka jykafia,d msßila furgg jevu lr .ekSu i`oyd ¥; msßila ishï ^;dhs,ka;h& rgg heùug lghq;= l<y' ishï rcf;fï Wmd,s uy f;reka jykafia m%uqL Wmiïmod,dNS NslaIQka jykafia,d úis kula ,laÈjg tù h' jH'j' 1753 § ishï ráka meñKs fï NslaIQka jykafia fj;ska irKxlr udysñmdKka we;=¿ yh kula Wmiïmodj ,nd .ekSfuka ,laÈj Ydiksl mqkreohla we;s úh' tys § irKxlr udysñhka jykafia uq,ska u Wmiïmodj ,nd fkdf.k is,aj;a iud.fï wfkla is,aj;=kag uq,a;ek ÿka nj i|yka fõ' ta Wka jykafia ;=< mej;s wk;sudks .=Kh ksid h' ishï uyd ksldh kñka ye¢kafjk NslaIQ mrmqr Y%S ,xldfõ we;s jQfha fuu Wmiïmodfjka miq j h' W.;alñka yd YslaIdldñ;ajfhka w.;ekam;a irKxlr iajdókaa jykafia úiska ,laÈj nqÿ iiqk k.d isgqùug lrk ,o iqúYd, fufyjrg Wmydr jYfhka lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=ud úiska i`.rc moúh msßkuk ,§' tfy;a tu moúh ksid Wka jykafia Woaoduhg m;a jQfha ke;' ish wdrduhg jeä jyd u ;,a m;la f.k ;udg u wjjdo jYfhka Wv`.= fkdj uyK hk jpk ;=k ,shd msúiqï fodrgqfjys w,jd ;enQy'

Wvqkqjr kshu lkafoa msßfjkla msysgqùfuka yd wkqrdOmqr" oUq,a," fmdf,dkakrej wd§ fn!oaO isoaOia:dk m%;sixialrKh lrjd ksis mßÈ mqo mQcd meje;aùug Wka jykafia lghq;= l<y' fufia fn!oaO mqk¾Ôjkh i|yd úYd, fufyjrla je,súg irKxlr ix>rdc udysñmdKka úiska bgq lrk ,È' uykqjr meje;ajQ foajd, fmryerg Y%S oka; Od;+ka jykafiag Wmydr ±laùfï ud<s.dfõ uy fmryer o tla lrk ,oafoa Wka jykafiaf.a Wmfoia wkqj h'

fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oydh 37

O¾u úkh ms<sn| úYdrohl= jQ je,súg wirK irK isß irKxlr ix>rdchdKka jykafia úiska rÑ; O¾u Ydia;%Sh .%ka: /ils' 1' uqKs.=Kd,xldrh 2' idrd¾: ix.%yh 3' r;k;%h m%Kdu .d:d ikakh 4' i;r nKjr ikakh tajdhska lsysmhls' wjqreÿ wiQjla f,dal Ydik fiajfha fhÿKq Wka jykafia jH'j' 1778 wei< mqr mif<diajl fmdfyda Èk wmj;a ù jod<y' fufia furg .sys meúÈ fn!oaO ck;dj fjkqfjka uE; hq.fha wiuiu fufyjrla bgq lrñka mßydkshg m;a iïnqoaO Ydikh kej; m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍug je,súg wirK irK isß irKxlr ix>rdc udysñhka jykafia l%shd l<y' Wka jykafiaf.a pß;fhka wmg ,nd .; yels wdo¾Y lSmhla fufia h'

³ ;%súO r;akh ms<sn| j wmßñ; Y%oaOdfjka hqla; ùu

³ YslaIdldó j yd w,afmaÉP j Ôj;a ùu

³ úúO ÿIalr;d ueo jqjo wOHdmkh ms<sn| ±ä we,aula ±laùu

³ isiq orejkag Wojq lsÍug ;snQ leue;a;

³ ksryxldr nj

³ iaÓr wêIaGdkh

ÿgq.euqKq uy rc;=ud

—udf.a fï jHdhduh nqoaO Ydikfha ÑriaÓ;sh msKsi ñi lsis lf,l;a rc iem msKsi fkdjkafka h'˜ hkq ÿgq.euqKq rc;=udf.a wNS; igka mdGhhs' tys mrud¾:h jQfha oYl .Kkdjl isg úkdY uqLhg hñka meje;s foaYSh iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId lr .ksñka úfoaY md,kfhka rg" cd;sh" wd.u uqod .ekSuhs' úfoaYSh md,kfhka rg uqod f.k tlafiai;a lsÍu ksid t;=ud ft;sydisl hq. mqreIfhl= jQ nj m%lg h' tfia u t;=uka úiska iïnqoaO Ydikfha ÑriaÓ;sh;a ixj¾Okh;a Wfoid ±jeka; fufyjrla buy;a Y%oaOdfjka yd ́ kElñka bgq lrk ,È' t;=ud reyqKq rc fm<m;g wh;a ldjka;siai rc;=udf.a yd úydr uyd foaúhf.a jeäuy,a mq;%hd h' fyf;u ;u nd, fidfydhqre ;siai l=ure iu. foudmshkaf.a u. fmkaùu hgf;a uyd ix>r;akfha wjjdo wkqYdikd ,nd ye§ jevqfKa h'

fï jljdkqfõ wkqrdOmqrh w.k.rh fldg ,laÈj md,kh lf<a t<dr kï øúv rc flfkls' uydjxYfha i|yka mßÈ t<dr rcq idOdrK ±yeñ md,lfhls' Tyqg fmr furg n,h w,a,df.k isáfha fiak" .=;a;sl hk ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq wdl%uKslhka h' fï wjdikdjka; ;;a;ajfhka rg fírd f.k nqÿ iiqk wdrlaId lsÍu hq.fha wjYH;djla jQfha h'

fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oydh38

úfoaY n,fõ. yuqfõ igka fldg rg ±h iuh fírd .ekSug .euqKq l=ure buy;a lemùfuka yd Wkkaÿfjka l%shd lf<a h' l=uref.a fï wfmalaIdjkag msh rc;=ud uq,ska wleue;s jQfha ta i|yd iqÿiq ld,h fkdjk nj m%ldY lrñks' msh;=udf.a tl`. fkdùu ksjglulehs .euqKq l=urd is;=fõ h' fï msh mq;= .egqfuys m%;sM,hla f,i .euqKq l=ure ld,hla mshdf.ka wE;a j fld;auf,a m%foaYfhys úiqfõ h'

msh rcqf.a wNdjfhka miq reyqfKa md,lhd jQ ÿgq.euqKq l=urejdfKda ;u ujf.a o" NslaIQka jykafiaf.a o wdYS¾jdo ,nd fiakd ikakoaO j f.dia m%dfoaYSh kdhlhka mrdch lrñka l%ufhka wkqrdOmqrhg ióm jQy' úð;mqr kï ia:dkfha § lrk ,o ;SrKd;aul igfkka ch .;a ÿgq.euqKq l=urejdfKda ;%sisxy,h tla fiai;a fldg rcq njg m;a jQy' fyf;u igfkys § ñh .sh t<dr rcq rdclSh f.!rj iys; j wdodykh fldg iEhla o ;kjd ksYaYío;dj olajd thg .re lrk f,i ck;djf.ka b,a,d isáfha h' hqoaOfha § m%;sjdÈfhl= jQ fudyqg lrk ,o fuu f.!rjh úYsIaG wdo¾Yhls'

fu;=udf.a m%Odk;u Ydiksl fufyjr jQfha fn!oaO f,dalfha uqÿka u,alvla n÷ rejkaje,siEh bÈ lsÍu h' uydiEh hkqfjka ye¢kafjk tu iqúi,a ffp;Hhg uq,a ., ;eîfï ux., wjia:dj i|yd f,dalfha kkafoiska ry;ka jykafia,d oioyia .Kkla jeäh nj i|yka fõ' bka meyeÈ,s jkqfha iuia; fn!oaO f,dalhg u fï isoaêh jeo.;a jQ nj h' fï od.en f.dvke.Sfï fhÿKq ish¨ u ld¾ñlhkag wdydrmdk" we÷ï me<÷ï" jegqma msßkeuQ nj uydjxYfha i|yka fõ' uyd ix>r;akh flfrys w;suy;a f.!rjhlska hqla; j yeÿKq jevqKq rcq lsis úfgl NslaIQka jykafia,dg fkdms<s.kajd wdydr fkd.;a nj i|yka fõ' ñßia jHxckhla i`.rejkg mQcd fkdlr wdydrhg .ekSu .ek ;udg u o`vqjï fokq msKsi rc;=ud iEojQ ffp;Hh ñßijeáh kï fõ' óg wu;r j ;j;a fjfyr úydr yeg wgla Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj, lr jQ nj i|yka fjhs'

ÿgq.euqKq rcqf.a wkqiaurKSh Ydiksl bÈlsÍï w;r f,dajduyd m%didoh hkqfjka ye¢kafjk wisßu;a f.dvke`.s,a, uyd iEhg muKla fofjks jkakls' wkqrdOmqr uyfujqkd Whfkys ñys÷ udysñhka oji foajdkï msh;siai uy rc;=udf.ka werUqKq uyd úydrh jvd;a wx. iïmQ¾K f,i úúO f.dvke`.s,sj,ska hqla; j ±l=ïl¨ iqúi,a fn!oaO uOHia:dkhla njg m;a lrk ,oafoa o fuu rc;=uka úisks'

rc;=ud O¾u Y%jKhg ±ä leue;a;la ±laù h' tneúka iEu .ul u O¾u foaYlhka jykafia,d ,jd O¾u foaYkd meje;aùug i,iajd Wka jykafia,dg O¾u mQcd isÿ lsÍug o lghq;= ie,iS h' t;=ud rdcHh l< iQúis wjqreoao ;=< fjila W;aij úis y;rla meje;a jQ nj uyd jxYfha i|yka fõ' wdfrda.HYd,d msysgqjd .s,kay,a fiajdjla wdrïN lsÍu o ÿgq.euqKq rc;=udf.a ;j;a fufyjrls' ;ud úiska lrk ,o ish¨ hym;a ls%hd ish mska fmdf;ys igyka lsÍug t;=ud wu;l fkdlf<a h' tn÷ mqKH l%shd w;r msßia n,fhka f;dr j yqol,dj isá wjia:djl ;uka i;= j

fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oydh 39

;snqKq tl u wdydr fõ, NslaIQka jykafia,dg mQcd lsÍu úfYaIfhka i|yka l< yels h'

fufia f,da iiqka flfrys wkqmfïh fiajhla l< rcf;fï yÈisfha frda.d;=r úh' ta jk úg;a ksu fkdjQ rejkaje,s od.efí lghq;= iïmQ¾K lsÍug fidfydhqre ioaOd;siai rc;=udg mjrk ,È' t;=ud fld;ale/,a, yqKo`vqj,ska idod iqÿ frÈj,ska wdjrKh fldg ffp;Hfha jev wjika jQ f,ig" urK u[aplfha yqka ÿgq.euqKq rc;=udg fmkaùh' iajlSh mska fmd;g ijka foñka rejkaje,siEh foi i;=áka n,d isáh § ld,l%shd l< ÿgq.euqKq rc;=udf.a kduh YS% ,xld fn!oaO b;sydifha rka wl=ßka ,sheù we;af;a h'

idrdxYh

je,súg wirK irK isß irKxlr ix>rdc udysñmdfKda ,laÈj Ydiksl" idudðl wOHdmk yd Ydia;%Sh ÈhqKqjg úYd, fiajhla l< fY%aIaG ix> ms;Djrfhla jQy' Wkajykafia úfoaYSh wdl%uK ksid" úkdY ù .sh nqÿ iiqk m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍfuys ,d mqfrda.dó j l%shd l<y' is,aj;a iud.u msysgqùu" Wmiïmodj h<s wdrïN lsÍu" fn!oaO isoaOia:dk m%;sixialrKh lsÍu fuka u jákd O¾u .%ka: rpkd lsÍu ;=<ska Wka jykafia nqÿ iiqfka Ñr meje;au i`oyd úYd, fiajhla l<y'

ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud úfoaYSh wdl%uKslhkaf.ka rg cd;sh fírd nqÿ iiqk fkdfhla whqßka k.d isgjQ fYa%IaG md,lfhls' rejkaje,s iEh" f,dajduydmdh yd ñßijeáh ks¾udKh lsÍu o uyd úydr ixj¾Okh o rc;=udf.a Ydiksl ld¾hhka w;r m%Odk fjhs' —udf.a fï jHdhduh nqoaO Ydikfha ÑriaÓ;sh msKsi ñi lsis lf,l;a rc iem msKsi fkdjkafka h'˜ hk m%ldYfhka hqo je§fï mrud¾:h ck;djg meyeÈ,s lf<a h'

fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oydh40

l%shdldrlu

1& je,súg wirK irK isß irKxlr ix>rdc udysñmdKka jykafia Ydiksl ÈhKqj Wfoid isÿl< ld¾hhka ms<sn| ,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'

2& je,súg wirK irK isß irKxlr ix>rdc udysñmdKka jykafiaf.a yd ÿgq.euqKq rcqf.a pß;fhka Tfí Ôú;hg .; yels wdo¾Y fol ne.ska ,shkak'

mejreu

fjk;a meúÈ W;=ful=f.a yd .sys W;=ful=f.a pß; l:d folla jeäysáhkaf.ka wid ,shd ;nkak'