04295715

Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Information AcquisitionJuly 9-11, 2007, Jeju City, Korea

Mine Fire Detection System Based on Wireless SensorNetwork*

Wei Tan, Qianping Wang, Hai Huang, Yongling Guo+,Guoxia ZhangSchool ofComputer Science and Technology, China University ofMining and Technology

Xuzhou 221008, ChinaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract - The issue of mine safety is quite outstanding Some or all the nodes in WSN may move in the network, sorecent years. Many shortages exist in mine safety systems the topology framework keeps changing as the nodes moves.supported by current technologies. The features of wireless WSN has the following features: limited hardware resources,sensor network determined that it well adapts the special needs limited power, center less, self-organize, multi-jump routerof the environment monitoring. This paper presents the design of and dynamic topology framework.a mine safety system based on wireless sensor network which iscalled WMSS. Considering the unsafe factors under the mine, a 3. MINE SAFETY MONITORING SYSTEMsensor network was designed which can gather and analyze theconcentration of gas under the mine. Thus, a system for real- Orebody under the ground is the main object in mining.time monitoring the environment under the mine is The environment is quite complex under the ground; there areaccomplished, and it can also provide the pre-warning for the geological faults around the orebody; the five systems forfire. This paper discussed the components of the system, the gathering, tunneling, airing, electro-mechanical and transporttopology of the network, hardware and software of the nodes. are deployed under the ground, the whole production isThe software design of the operating system is discussed detailed threatened by gas, carbon monoxide, coal dust, water flood,from the aspect of energy efficient. static electricity, airy and etc. The traditional method in China

Index Terms - wireless sensor network (WSN); mine safety; mostly depends on human beings. It's not so effective so new

monitoring; TinyOS. methods are expected. The system should include thefollowing functions: predict of accident, pre-alarming and

1. INTRODUCTION rescue assistant.Among the factors which influence the mine safety, the

Mine resource is one of the most important parts of the concentration of gas is one of the most important sign. Innatural resource which is concerned by every country in the cretsft oioigsses otgssnosue oworld.~~~~~~~~~~ ~Hoevrth.sufscrt nmnn sa nie cuffrent safety monitoring systems, most gas sensors used forworld. However, the issue of security inmining iS an unfixed mine take wire communication method, such as optic fiber,problem for all the countries. To monitor the mine is the way electric cable or others. But, it has essential defect; theto ensure the security of it. But how to build an effective deploym en of lineis. quite c exso thecot ofmonitoring system causes much work and effort. deployment an m ai nis high; sowhe ccdt o

* ~~~deployment and maintain iS high; as when accident do2. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK happen, the cable is always damaged completed, it can not

Under the improvement of sensor and computer network supply any information since then.Wireless sensor network is introduced into mine

technologies, wireless sensor network (WSN) has been monitoring system here. Various kinds of sensors forimproved quickly recently. It has already become a hot particular use collect the real-time information under ground;research point in the field of information technique. WSN has information which is processed by embedded system thenthe features of self-organized, flexible configuration, easy transmit through wireless network; all the collectedexpansion. 1-] It specially fits the environment which is information finally go to the monitoring end for managers todanger and we can not easily get in touch with. Under those judge the condition. This method can effectivelyconditions, we can deploy the nodes by tools such as counterbalance the defect of wire equipments. Besides, it isairplanes. Then, the nodes will self-organize into a network, cheap, convenient, high-reliability and easy-modification.collect, process and transmit the monitoring information. This paper gives the design of an system which is calledThus, WSN can be used in the projects of forest fire WMSS (WSN Based Mine Safety System) for the particularpreventing, habitat monitoring of living things, environment use of mine safety monitoring.monitoring, medical watching, and etc.

Sensors, objects and the observers are the basic three 4. WMSS SYSTEMfacts of sensor network. By using wireless communication, 4.1. WMSS system architecturesensors can cooperatively sense, collect, process and The statistical data indicates that 7000 of the mine safetyannounce the information with other nodes or observers, accident in China is caused by gas. Hence, WMSS system

Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province ofChina under Grant NO.BK2006039

1-4244-1220-X/07/$25.00 ©C2007 IEEE 148

works mainly on the monitoring and pre-alarming of gas minimum covering, that means use the minimum nodes butaccidents. The system contains three main functions. One is ensure the whole region can be monitored. Based on this,the real-time environment data collecting, processing and some redundant nodes are introduced in the region withtransmission. Another is the pre-alarming function if it is in complicated topography and bad condition considering of thedanger. The last function is the rescue assistant after the robust of the whole system.accident happens, history data can be used to analysis the 4.3. Abbreviations andAcronymspossible reasons. possible______reasons._____ There two kinds of nodes with different use in this

Data Data Monitoring system. But they have the similar hardware componentsgathering - processing center concluding sensor module, process module, wirelesssystem system system communication module and power, as fig 3 shows 4]. The

node controlling monitoring sensor module use gas sensors, the process module use themachine system micro embedded processor from ATMEL, the wireless

Wireless Wire communication module use 2.4GHZ wireless communicationcommunication communication method and batteries are mostly used for power supplying. As

there is particular requirements for electric under ground, soFig 1 The Suh systems ofWMSS Wireless

Sensor Processing communicationmodule module module

The system is consisted by three sub-systems: the data s AC DC po arncollecting sub-system, the data processing sub-system and the A _ _

monitoring sub-system. The data collecting system contains Energyproidingmodulethe sensor nodes and the wireless communication parts, usingfor real-time gas concentration under ground monitoring. The Fig 3 amewor of thenodecollecting nodes are divided into two parts, movable nodes we can only use battery as power for the nodes which are inand staticn nodes The movabe nodes are responsible for the the working region; however, wire electric resource can beand~~ ~ .sttinoes Th moal.oe r epnil oh

used as power where the nodes are close to the ground tocollecting of information within its region and transmit the use aowe whrehnouinformation with other nodes; the statistic nodes are used for insure long-tme working.the summarizing of the region data and then transmit the 4.4. software designfor WMSSsummarized data to the main controlling system above As the supporting technology for wireless sensorground. The data processing system contains the main networks, operating system must satisfy the specialcontrolling computer above ground and wire communication technological need brings by WSN. In order to achieve thenetwork using for the gathering, processing storing and gain of high-efficiency and flexible, it should be much smallertransmitting of the information from all the lanes. The main than traditional operating systems but to make the most of thecontrolling computer then transmits the final data to remote hardware devices at the same time. There are two outstandingmonitoring system. Remote monitoring system provides well features of a signal node in WSN; one is the concurrency,man-machine interface. It stores the information received and there may be several processors which need to be response, soshow it in web way to the users. the operating system should deal with the condition4.2. topology architecture ofWMSS effectively; the other is that it requires the operating system to

In wireless sensor network, all the nodes are deployed support the applications as the interface of software andfreely among the monitoring region; the nodes compose the hardware.network by self-organization. WMSS system topologyarchitecture is given as figure 2 shows. It is designed for the Radioparticular environment under mine according to the traditional sensor jc ion

WSN --------------------- -- ----------------------- -

Controlling

machine groundo CDHcip

CD

0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CD

Hardware driver

nodabe noxde Fig 4 . Architecture of Software Design

According to the features of WSN, the design of operatingFig2 Architecture of WMSS system for WSN should meets for some demands: small

account of code, modularize, low consumption, eruptarchitecture. Movable nodes are deployed in the working side oprbltanrbu. 'under ground, while statistic nodes are placed in the wall of oprbltanrbu.lanes. The deployment of nodes satisfied the principle of

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TinyOS (Tiny Micro Threading Operating System) is an important. If the strategy is not suitable, it can cause moreopen source embedded operating system. The component consumption instead of save.based architecture can be quickly applied into various The principle of dynamic voltage scheduling is asapplications. As TinyOS has been designed modular, the core follows: when the computing load is low, the processorprogram is very small; it can run on the nodes with limited descends its working voltage and frequency to save thestorage resource effectively and do homologous work. energy[20].Because of the ripe technology for WSN, TinyOS is chose as 4.4.3. communication protocolsthe operating system for nodes. Some modifiers will be done The consumption of communication of a sensor node isto the core in order to fit the concrete situations. The software in a very large rate, the energy saving strategy has much to dosystems of nodes compose of operating system core and with the communication protocols. The normal energy savingapplication program interface. Figure 5 gives the architecture strategy of communication module is decreasingof the software system for nodes. The bottom layer of the communication discharge, adding dormancy time, multi-skipoperating system contains all the driven programs for the short-distance method and router selecting.hardware instruments on the nodes; it also provides the M\AC protocol deals with the using of communicationimplement method of simple but high effective scheduling road and the conflict caused by information broadcasting frommechanism, interrupt processing, consumption and neighboring nodes. In fact, MAC concerns mainly on energycommunications protocols for higher layers. efficiency problem in WSN. S-MAC is chosen as the M\AC4.4.1. scheduling mechanism protocol as the nodes' protocol in the system. During the

TinyOS is affaire-driven with two-grade scheduling: task broadcasting of data, the nodes which are neither theand hardware affair. Task is the kind of functions which can dispatcher nor the receiver turn to sleep. When they arebe interrupting. Once a task is scheduling, other tasks can not wakening up, they broadcast their data and receive the veryinterrupt it. But the hardware affair which is used to response data for them. The dispatching and receiving nodes pick thethe hardware interruption can rush to seize the processor. RTS and CTS mechanism to occupy the information road soTinyOS keeps a task scheduling array with the simple that conflict can be less. P]algorithm of first in first out. The scheduling process is given Routing protocol not only concerns on consumption ofby figure 5. Once if the task array is empty, the system turns a signal node but also concerns on balance consumption of theto a mode with extremely low consumption. The daily gas whole network. WSN is data centered; the nodes in theconcentration detection is set as task while the pre-alarm is set network are node addressed according to a unified method.as the affair. The selecting of the way is not based on the address of nodes,

Task queue awaking but according to the interested data. Energy multi-path routingscheduling Taskl protocol is picked. It builds many paths between the original

4.4. Interrupt- node and aim node. Then the data transmits in one path2. Taskn according to the consumption of communication and the

li + \ \energy left in the node. Every path with different energy leftcons Task return gets different selecting probability, so the energy of the wholeump implemenion return network can be balance, thus can extension the living cycle of

tion ~~~~~~~~processing the network.[1man Fig 5 Scheduling Method

5. CONCLUSIONagementTinyOS keeps the simple FIFO array with no prior. Once Due to the special working environment and complex

when the array is empty, it turns to sleep immediately unless a geological condition, mining is a industry with high-rate ofaffair awakes it. This mechanism can save the power of the accidents. With the restrains under ground, current safetysystem as much as possible. This is executing with two monitoring system are not effectively enough. Themethods. First is that every instrument can stop itself by the introduction of wireless sensor network technology makes itcommand 'StdControl.stop'. Secondly, HPL-Power possible to estimate the condition of mine both quantitativelyManagement component will turn the processor into a low and qualitatively. So, pre-alarm can be given before accidentscost state when it's needed through detecting the 1/0 pipe feet break out to minimize the loss of personnel and propertied asand the controlling register. great as possible. Focus on the working environment under

Dynamic consumption management and dynamic voltage ground, this paper gives a design of mine safety mentoring-schedule mechanism are used as the consumption saving WMSS. The software design of nodes is discussed detailedstrategy in this system. with the respect of energy effective.

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