Energy Storage: Energy Storage: The Enabler of the Use of Solar and The Enabler of the Use of Solar and Wind Energy Wind Energy Joseph H. Simmons and Ardeth M. Barnhart Co-Directors AzRISE – The Arizona Research Institute for Solar Energy University of Arizona http://www.azrise.org
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Energy Storage:Energy Storage:The Enabler of the Use of Solar and The Enabler of the Use of Solar and
Wind EnergyWind Energy
Joseph H. Simmons and Ardeth M. Barnhart Co-Directors
AzRISE – The Arizona Research Institute for Solar EnergyUniversity of Arizona
http://www.azrise.org
The University of ArizonaIn alliance with
University of Phoenix
Overview
? Statement of the problemqWind EnergyqSolar Energy
? Useful Storage TechnologiesqBatteriesqCompressed Air Energy Storage
? Opportunities in ArizonaqGeology
The University of ArizonaIn alliance with
University of Phoenix
Hourly Wind Production is not Reproducible
Hours à
The University of ArizonaIn alliance with
University of Phoenix
Rated Power2,640 Watts peak
Solar has short-term intermittency due to weather
Data from TEP Test Yard – Alexander Cronin
The University of ArizonaIn alliance with
University of Phoenix
Sudden Drop in Wind Energy
February 2008 ‘Texas Event’: 1,200 MW drop in 3 hours
The University of ArizonaIn alliance with
University of Phoenix
Day-to-day Production Variation(Data from TEP Test Yard – Alexander Cronin)
Renewable Resource Capacity ProfileRenewable Resource Capacity ProfileTypical Summer Load Typical Summer Load Profile versus Profile versus Renewable AvailabilityRenewable Availability
Summer Load ProfileSummer Load Profile
AZ WindAZ Wind
NM WindNM Wind
Solar PVSolar PV
Solar 1Solar 1--AxisAxis
Solar 2Solar 2--AxisAxis
Solar CSPSolar CSP
Solar CSP 6 HourSolar CSP 6 Hour
8 HoursHours
System PeakEnergy Generation does not match load
Provided by Mike Sheehan - TEP
The University of ArizonaIn alliance with
University of Phoenix
Seasonal Mismatch Between Demand and Production
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Meg
aWat
t -ho
urs
Months of the Year
PV Production 5.2 GW
TEP Consumption
Solar PV
Energy Storage – A Critical Componentin the Development of a Solar America
? Energy storage is critical:q Supply side: Intermittent renewable energy sources – Solar and Windq Demand side: Large variations in demand (peak-load shaving)q Short term weather intermittencyq Day-to-day variations and sudden drop in powerq Load mismatchq Seasonal Mismatch
? Energy storage must be:q Inexpensive, Efficient, Rapid reaction to loss of powerq Available in sufficient capacityq Seasonal arbitrage, load shifting, regulation q National Energy Reserve
Compressed air in vesselsUnderground compressed airPumped hydroelectricThermal storageSuperconducting magnetic energy
Full power duration of storage technologiesDuration Biomass Hydrogen CAES Thermal Hydroelec Flow cell batteries Supercap
4 mos + + +3 weeks + + +3 days + + + + +6 hours + + + + + + +2 hours + + + + + + +40 min + + + + + +10 min + + + + +20 sec + + +1 second +
Sam Jaffe – ESA 09 (Energy Insights)Summary of Energy Storage approaches:
Ideal Combination of Storage Technologies
? Fast Response (expensive):q Supercapacitors (milliseconds)qBatteries (hundreds of milliseconds)
? Longer time response with higher capacity (lower cost):qCompressed air energy storage q Pumped hydroelectricq Thermal storage technologies
? Very long time response (lowest cost):qDemand response or load control
Compressed Air Energy Storage
? Generation/storage systems integration? Efficiency w/o heat recovery: 65%, with: 85%? Isothermal vs adiabatic pumping? Turbine vs vessel size? Costs and economics
? Air Storage:? Subsurface imaging to greater than 2,000 feet? Solution mined salt, drilled alluvium? Depleted natural gas wells, abandoned mines? Above-ground tanks, underwater tanks
Compressed air storage cavern/above ground vessel
Heat exchanger Gas heater
Gen 1 Gen 2
Gen 3 Gen 4
Bus
Solar Power GeneratorPV, Thermal,
ConcentratorsInverter
Step-upTrans-
former
Step-upTrans-former
WindGenerator
Step-downTrans-former
ACCompressor
DCCompressor
Electric transmission grid
Excess generation
Hot air
Hot air Hot air
Energy Storage – A Critical Componentin the Development of a Solar America
? Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)q Above ground (vessels)
Storage for a few hoursAutomotive applications
? Underground Compressed Air Storage (1,100 psi, 75 atmo.)q Needs salt deposits (primary)q High efficiency and low price (65-90%)q Needs additional fuel for operating the
turbine (natural gas or biofuels)q UA research –
? Adiabatic pump with heat recovery using molten salt storage? Hydrogen heating for additional fuel? Salt deposits and alluvium for underground storage? Mining sites and mine tailing banks? Demonstration site (Riverpoint Solar Research Park)
Load Shifting Function
Load Shifting Function – CAES Capacity
(500.000)
0.000
500.000
1,000.000
1,500.000
2,000.000
2,500.000
3,000.000
3,500.000
4,000.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Ene
rgy
in M
Wh
The University of ArizonaIn alliance with
University of Phoenix
Addition of CAES to Meet Seasonal Differences
-600,000
-400,000
-200,000
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Meg
aWat
t -ho
urs
Months of the Year
PV Production 5.2 GW
CAES Produced Electricity
TEP Consumption
CAES Stored Energy
Underground Compressed Air Storage in Salt Caverns
? Holbrook salt basin covers 3,500 square miles and is 300 feet thick.
? Holbrook basin has the capacity to store 30TW of electrical production –more that the US total energy demand (3.3 TW) or 30 times the electrical demand (1 TW).
? Many salt basins are distributed throughout Arizona
? Luke, Picacho and Holbrook are currently used to store natural gas or propane
Other Technologies
? Liquid Air? Thermal systems? Pumped hydroelectric? Flywheels? Supercapacitors? Other batteries:qDeep discharge, graphite enhanced lead acid