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Semantic Web Technologies
LectureDr. Harald Sack
Hasso-Plattner-Institut für IT Systems EngineeringUniversity of Potsdam
Winter Semester 2012/13
Lecture Blog: http://semweb2013.blogspot.com/This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 (CC BY-NC 3.0)
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
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RDF
Semantic Web Technologies Last Lecture....
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
3 1. Introduction 2. Semantic Web - Basic Architecture
Languages of the Semantic Web - Part 1
3. Knowledge Representation and LogicsLanguages of the Semantic Web - Part 2
4. Applications in the ,Web of Data‘
Semantic Web Technologies Content
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SO ... WE NEED A WAY TO DEFINE RDF SCHEMATA FORCLASSES AND RELATIONS ?!
RDFS
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Semantic Web Technologies Content
2. Semantic Web Basic ArchitectureThe Languages of the Semantic Web - Part 1
• Uniform Resource Identifier - URI• Recapitulation: XML and XMLSchema• Resource Description Framework - RDF
• RDF Schema• How Do We Get Semantics into WWW?
• µFormats, schema.org, RDFa and GRDDL• Query Language SPARQL• Why RDF(S) is not enough
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2. Semantic Web - Basic ArchitectureLanguages of the Semantic Web - Part 1
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Why RDFSchema...?
• An application program can define and use RDF data• ….if the application program knows, which terms and classes to use, as e.g.
•name, title, year, … •name, blog, phone number…•author, cites, …
• But.....• Are all terms known?• Are all terms correct?• Are there (logical) relations among the terms?
• We need a language for data definition: RDF Schema
• officially called “RDF Vocabulary Description Language”
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• First W3C draft in April 1998, W3C Recommendation Feb. 2004.
• RDF Schema defines a data model for the creation of RDF statements• abstract data type (class)• hierarchical class model and class inheritance (subclasses)• Syntax for common data exchange
• = „Language for the definition of structured vocabularies.“
RDFSchema
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• RDFSchema allows:• Definition of classes
•Class instantiation in RDF via <rdf:type>• Definition of properties and restrictions • Definition of hierarchies
•Subclasses and superclasses
RDFSchema
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exv:isManagedByexv:SemanticWebTechnologies exv:HaraldSack
Lecture
Staff
Prof. Senior Researcher
Person
Course
Seminar
is managed by
domainrange
subClassOf
subClassOf
subClassOfsubClassOf
class
classclass class
classproperty
class
class
subClassOf
rdf:type rdf:typeRDF
RDFS
Example
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•Classes• rdfs:Resource
every entity of an RDF model is instance of this class• rdf:Property
Base class for properties• rdfs:Class
Concept of a class, defines an abstract object and is applied (with rdf:type)to create instances
• rdfs:Literal Class for literals
• and additionallyrdfs:Datatype, rdf:XMLLiteral, rdfs:Container, rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty
Vocabulary
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•Properties• rdfs:subClassOf
transitive property to define inheritance hierarchies for classes • rdfs:subPropertyOf
transitive property to define inheritance hierarchies for properties• rdfs:domain
defines the domain of a property concerning a class• rdfs:range
defines range of a property concerning a class
Vocabulary
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13 ■Properties□ rdfs:subClassOf
transitive property to define inheritance hierarchies for classes
(1)
(2)
(3)
Vocabulary
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
1415 ■Properties□ rdfs:subPropertyOf
transitive property to define inheritance hierarchies for properties
(1)
(2)
(3)
Vocabulary
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
s – subclass relationt – instance relation
rdfs:Resourcerdfs:Class
t
ts
rdfs:Literal
t s
rdf:Property
t s
rdfs:range rdfs:domain
tt
rdfs:subClassOf
t rdfs:comment
t
rdf:typet
rdfs:subPropertyOf
t
Language Model
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• Further Properties• rdfs:seeAlso
defines a relation of a resource to another, which explains it
• rdfs:isDefinedBysubproperty of rdf:seeAlso, defines the relation of a resource to its definition
• rdfs:commentcomment, usually as text
• rdfs:label „readable“ name of a resource (contrary to ID)
Vocabulary
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exv:isManagedByexv:SemanticWebTechnologies exv:HaraldSack
Lecture
Staff
Prof. Senior Researcher
Person
Course
Seminar
is managed by
domainrange
subClassOf
subClassOf
subClassOfsubClassOf
class
classclass class
classproperty
class
class
subClassOf
rdf:type rdf:type RDF
RDFS
RDF(S) Knowledge Base
A-BoxAssertional Knowledge
T-BoxTerminologcal Knowledge
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>.@base <http://hpi-web.de/ws1213>
:Course a rdfs:Class .:Lecture a rdfs:Class; rdfs:subClassOf :Course.:Seminar a rdfs:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Course.
:Person a rdfs:Class .:Staff a rdfs:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Person .:SeniorResearcher a rdfs:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Staff .
:isManagedBy a rdf:Property; rdfs:domain :Course ; rdfs:range :Staff .
:SemanticWebTechnologies a :Lecture .:HaraldSack a :SeniorResearcher .:SemanticWebTechnologies :isManagedBy :HaraldSack .
Turtle
Example
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
• RDFSchema defines a data model for the definition of simple ontologies (knowledge representations).
• Via RDFSchema ontologies RDF statements (facts) can be expressed
• More than XML:• (small) ontological agreement about modelling primitives• Possibility to define own vocabularies
• Next steps:• more logic• Constrains, dependencies, and rules
Summary
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How much knowledge
(semantics) has RDF(S)
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
How much knowledge (semantics) has RDF(S)
exv:SemanticWebTechnologies
exv:Lecture
rdf:type
exv:takes Place
exv:hasRoom
HS3
Tue 13.30-15.00
exv:hasDateSemantic Web Technologies
exv:hasName
exv:takesPlace exv:Event
rdf:type
rdfs:Class rdfs:Classrdfs:Property
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
How much knowledge (semantics) has RDF(S)
exv:SemanticWebTechnologies
exv:Lecture
rdf:type
exv:takes Place
exv:hasRoom
HS3
Tue 13.30-15.00
exv:hasDateSemantic Web Technologies
exv:hasName
exv:takesPlace exv:Event
rdf:type
rdfs:Class rdfs:Classrdfs:Property
• The semantics of a term from an RDF(S) ontology is given in terms of its properties and its values (instances)
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What Conclusions can we
deduce with RDF(S)?
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exv:SemanticWebTechnologies
exv:Lecture
exv:takes place
exv:takesPlace exv:Event
rdfs:Class rdfs:Classrdfs:Property
rdf:type
• Deduction of entity class membership from the domain of one of its properties
What conclusions can we deduce with RDF(S)?
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
exv:SemanticWebTechnologies
exv:Lecture
exv:takes place
exv:takesPlace exv:Event
rdfs:Class rdfs:Classrdfs:Property
What conclusions can we deduce with RDF(S)?
• Deduction of entity class membership from the range of one of its properties
rdf:typerdf:type
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exv:SemanticWebTechnologies
exv:Lecture
exv:takesPlace
exv:takesPlace exv:Event
rdfs:Class
rdfs:Classrdfs:Property
rdf:type rdf:type
exv:Course
rdfs:subClassOf
rdfs:Class
• Deduction of entity superclass membership froma class hierarchy.
rdf:type
What conclusions can we deduce with RDF(S)?
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
exv:Alice
exv:Person
exv:isMotherOf
exv:isMotherOf exv:Person
rdfs:Class
rdfs:Property
rdf:typerdf:type
rdfs:Class
exv:isParentOf
rdfs:Property
rdfs:subPropertyOf
exv:Person exv:Person
rdfs:Class
exv:Bob
• Deduction of new facts from subproperty relationships
exv:Aliceexv:isParentOf
exv:Bob
What conclusions can we deduce with RDF(S)?
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
Is RDF(S) sufficient for
Knowledge Representation
in the Semantic Web?
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Semantic Web Technologies Content
2. Semantic Web Basic ArchitectureThe Languages of the Semantic Web - Part 1
• Uniform Resource Identifier - URI• Recapitulation: XML and XMLSchema• Resource Description Framework - RDF
• RDF Schema• How Do We Get Semantics into WWW?
• µFormats, schema.org, RDFa and GRDDL• Query Language SPARQL• Why RDF(S) is not enough
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2. Semantic Web - Basic ArchitectureLanguages of the Semantic Web - Part 1
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
Semantic Annotation in the Web
• RDF/XML can directly be embedded in an HTML document via <head> and <script>
• RFC 3870 defines Mime-Type application/rdf+xml
<head> <title>My Document</title> <script type="application/rdf+xml"> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/" dc:title="W3C Homepage"/> </rdf:RDF> </script></head>
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• W3C recommends linking of external RDF documents via HTML <link> element in HTML <head>
• RDF documents can also embedded via <a href=...> and additionalmarkup (e.g. RDF logo) withinin HTML <body>
<link rel="meta" type="application/rdf+xml" href="Meta-Data-for-Web-Page.rdf"/>
Semantic Annotation in the Web
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• Problem: HTML and RDF data are separate
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
Semantic Annotation in the Web
wep pageHTML
<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#title> "Plan 9 from Outer Space - DVD" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#type> "product" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#url> "http://www.bestbuy.com:80/site/Plan-9-from-Outer-Space---DVD/6429224.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#image> "http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/images/products/6429/6429224s.jpg" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#site_name> "Best Buy" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbmlapp_id> "125188000891129" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#description> "Plan 9 from Outer Space - DVD" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#upc> "025493070026" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/global-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/pdp-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/product_image_headers.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/google-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/tabs-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/buttons-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/softgoods-icons.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/commerce-capability-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/main_icon_sprite-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://bestbuy.ugc.bazaarvoice.com/static/3545w/bazaarvoice.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/js/busops-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/global-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/pdp-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/product_image_headers.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/google-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> 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RDF dataTurtle
• Maintenance• Verification• Consistency
Dienstag, 30. Oktober 12
Page 34
• ,Embed‘ RDF into HTML
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
Semantic Annotation in the Web
wep pageHTML
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<http://bestbuy.ugc.bazaarvoice.com/static/3545w/bazaarvoice.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/js/busops-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/buttons-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/commerce-capability-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/global-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/google-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/main_icon_sprite-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/pdp-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/product_image_headers.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/softgoods-icons.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#stylesheet> <http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/store/styles/tabs-min.css> .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbmlapp_id> "125188000891129" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbmlapp_id> "125188000891129" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#description> "Plan 9 from Outer Space - DVD" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#description> "Plan 9 from Outer Space - DVD" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#image> "http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/images/products/6429/6429224s.jpg" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#image> "http://images.bestbuy.com:80/BestBuy_US/images/products/6429/6429224s.jpg" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#site_name> "Best Buy" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#site_name> "Best Buy" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#title> "Plan 9 from Outer Space - DVD" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#title> "Plan 9 from Outer Space - DVD" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#type> "product" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#type> "product" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#upc> "025493070026" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#upc> "025493070026" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#url> "http://www.bestbuy.com:80/site/Plan-9-from-Outer-Space---DVD/6429224.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941" .<http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Plan+9+from+Outer+Space+-+DVD/7167941.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941&st=plan%209%20from%20outer%20space&lp=6&cp=1> <http://ogp.me/ns#url> "http://www.bestbuy.com:80/site/Plan-9-from-Outer-Space---DVD/6429224.p?id=23883&skuId=7167941" .
RDF dataTurtle
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
Semantic Annotation in the Web
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
• In principle there are three ways to embed structured datawith explicit semantic annotations within HTML documents
• Domain specific microformats
• Generic RDFa and embedded RDF
• HTML5 Microdata including
Semantic Annotation in the Web
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
• Microformats (µformats) emerged about 2005• (X)HTML Markup to express (limited) semantics in an HTML
document• designed to solve simple, specific problems• designed for humans first, machines second• used in web pages to describe a specific type of information,
as e.g. a person, an event, a product, a review, etc.
• Applications can easily extract data from HTML documents
• In general, Microformats use the class attribute in HTML tags (most times <span> or <div> tags)and assign brief and descriptive names to entities and their properties
Microformats
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
• Microformats reuse of the following (X)HTML tag attributes:•class
•rel
•rev• Predefined standard microformats:
• hCard - personal data (vCard, RFC2426)• hCalender – calendars and events• rel-Tag – tags, keywords, categories• XFN – XHTML friends network• hReview, VoteLinks -- opinions, ratings, and reviews• XOXO – lists and outlines• ...
http://microformats.org/
Microformats
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Microformats
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
• Simple Example: HTML marked up with hCard microformat
<div class="vcard"> <span class="fn">Joe Blow</span> <span class="title">Senior Manager</span> <span class="org">The Example Company</span> <span class="adr"> <span class="street-address">Hauptstr. 123, </span> <span class="postal-code">14482</span> <span class="locality">Potsdam</span> </span> Tel.<span class="tel">604-555-1234</span> <img class="photo" src="www.example.com/JoeBlow.jpg" /></div>
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
• Microformats reuse existing (X)HTML attributs to encode structured data
• Microformats can easily be transcoded to RDF via XSLT• New microformat vocabularies first must be consolidated by
the community, while always a new XSLT stylesheet has to be developed for extraction
• By using more than one microformat vocabulary in a single (X)HTML document the processing complexity increases rapidly
• Conflicts with used (X)HTML attributes might be possible
Microformats
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität PotsdamDienstag, 30. Oktober 12
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
RDFa
•RDFa = RDF in HTML attributes•enables generic RDF annotation in (X)HTML documents by
reusing existing (X)HTML attributes
•RDFa 1.0 based on XHTML (W3C Recommendation 2008)
•RDFa 1.1 based on HTML5 (W3C Recommendation June 2012)
•RDFa Lite 1.1•RDFa 1.1
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•RDFa Lite reuses existing HTML attributes•vocab, •typeof, •property, •resource, •prefix
RDFa
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•First we need a vocabulary to talk about things
<p vocab="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"> My name is Harald Sack and you can give me a ring via 1-800-555-0527.</p>
RDFa
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•Then we have to define the type of thing we are talking about
<p vocab="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" typeof="Person"> My name is Harald Sack and you can give me a ring via 1-800-555-0527.</p>
RDFa
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•Now we can define all properties of the thing we are talking about
RDFa Lite
<p vocab="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" typeof="Person"> My name is <span property="name">Harald Sack</span> and you can give me a ring via <span property="phone">1-800-555-0527</span>. <img property="img" src="http://hpi-web.de/images/harald.jpg" /></p>
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RDFa Lite
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•We can create identifiers for the things we are talking about
•resource bezieht sich hier auf Basis-URL der Webseite
<p vocab="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" resource=“#harald“ typeof="Person"> My name is <span property="name">Harald Sack</span> and you can give me a ring via <span property="phone">1-800-555-0527</span>. <img property="img" src="http://hpi-web.de/images/harald.jpg" /></p>
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RDFa Lite
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•And if the vocabulary is not sufficient to describe all properties, we can use additional vocabularies by using prefixes
<p vocab="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" prefix=“ov: http://open.vocab.org/terms/“ resource=“#harald“ typeof="Person"> My name is <span property="name">Harald Sack</span> and you can give me a ring via <span property="phone">1-800-555-0527</span>. My favorite beverage is <span property="ov:preferredBeverage">Green Tea </span>.</p>
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RDFa
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•With RDFa you have can add additional functionality•separate content from presentation
<p vocab="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" > <h2 property="title">Syllabus SWT 2012/13</h2> <h3 property="creator" resource="#me">Harald</h3> Creation Date: <span property="created" content="2012-10-28"> 28.10.2012 </span></p>
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RDFa
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•With RDFa you have can add additional functionality•use datatypes from XML Schema Definition
•alternatives:•resource <> about and property <> rel
<p vocab="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" > <h2 property="title">Syllabus SWT 2012/13</h2> <h3 property="creator" resource="#me">Harald</h3> Creation Date: <span property="created" datatype="xsd:gYear"> 2012 </span></p>
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RDFa
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•Difference between resource and about
•The resource attribute in the <div> element sets the context, i.e. the subject for all subsequent statements.
•Also, when combined with the property attribute, resource can be used to set the object for the statement
<div resource="/alice/posts/trouble_with_bob"> <h2 property="title">The trouble with Bob</h2> <h3 property="creator" resource="#me">Alice</h3> ...</div>
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RDFa
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•Difference between resource and about
•...works, but its a bit convoluted
<ul resource="/alice/posts/trouble_with_bob"> ... <li resource="/alice/posts/trouble_with_bob"> <span property="title">The trouble with Bob</span> </li> <li resource="/alice/posts/jos_barbecue"> <span property="title">Jo's Barbecue</span> </li> ...</ul>
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•Difference between resource and about
•not correct; the combination of property and resource would generate a different statement than originally intended.
RDFa
<ul resource="/alice/posts/trouble_with_bob"> ... <li resource="/alice/posts/trouble_with_bob" property="title">The trouble with Bob</li> <li resource="/alice/posts/jos_barbecue" property="title">Jo's Barbecue</li> ...</ul>
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RDFa
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•Difference between resource and about
•about is only used to set the context
<ul resource="/alice/posts/trouble_with_bob"> <li about="/alice/posts/trouble_with_bob" property="title">The trouble with Bob</li> <li about="/alice/posts/jos_barbecue" property="title">Jo's Barbecue</li> ...</li>
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RDFa
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•Difference between property and rel
•rel never considers the textual content of an element•parser is always looking for a target (object)
<div vocab="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" resource="#me"> <ul rel="knows"> <li resource="http://example.com/bob/#me" typeof="Person"> <a property="homepage" href="http://example.com/bob/"> <span property="name">Bob</span></a> </li> <li resource="http://example.com/eve/#me" typeof="Person"> <a property="homepage" href="http://example.com/eve/"> <span property="name">Eve</span></a> </li> <li resource="http://example.com/harald/#me" typeof="Person"> <a property="homepage" href="http://example.com/harald/"> <span property="name">Harald</span></a> </li> </ul></div>
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RDFa
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
• Distinguish two different sorts of RDF triples•Triple with resource as object•Triple with literal as object
Subjekt Property Objekt
Object is Literal resource/about propertycontent or #PCDATA
Object is Resource (URI)
resource/about property/relhref or
resource
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
Differences with RDFa 1.0
<html>
...
<div xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> I'm currently reading
<span about=”urn:ISBN:0-596-00027-8”>
<span property="dc:title">
Programming Perl
</span>
by
<span property="dc:creator">Larry Wall</span>
</span>.</div>...</html>
Namespace
Subject
Property
Object(Literal)
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RDFa
Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" version="XHTML+RDFa 1.0" xml:lang="en"> <head>...</head> <body>...</body> </html></xml>
<!DOCTYPE html><html version="HTML+RDFa 1.1" lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">
HTML5
XHTML
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
RDFa
RDFa is already applied by• Google, Yahoo• Facebook, MySpace,
LinkedIn• Best Buy, Tesco, O’Reilly• SlideShare, Digg• WhiteHouse.gov, Library of
Congress, UK government• Newsweek, BBC• ...
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
...but how does HTML + RDFa become RDF?
RDFa
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•Gleaning
•Resource Descriptions
•from Dialects of Languages
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cho45/1402634073/
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages
• GRDDL provides a simple way to extract RDF from (X)HTML documents
• GRDDL applies transformations (XSLT Stylesheets) to extract •RDFa•Mircoformats•RSS
• from (X)HTML documents
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cho45/1402634073/
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
• To extract semantic anotation from a document, GRDDL does1.Detect GRDDL Profile metadata2.Link/Fetch transformation data (Extraktors)3.Apply transformations to convert into RDF
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cho45/1402634073/
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/2003/g/data-view"> <link rel="transformation" href="http://ns.inria.fr/grddl/rdfa/2008/09/03/RDFa2RDFXML.xsl"/> </head> ... Title: <span property="dc:title"> Digitale Kommunikation: Vernetzung, Multimedia, Sicherheit </span> Category: <span property="dc:subject">Computer Science</span> ...</html>
GRDDL Profildata (XHTML only)
GRDDL Transformation
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cho45/1402634073/
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/2003/g/data-view"> <link rel="transformation" href="http://ns.inria.fr/grddl/rdfa/2008/09/03/RDFa2RDFXML.xsl"/> </head> ... Title: <span property="dc:title"> Digitale Kommunikation: Vernetzung, Multimedia, Sicherheit </span> Category: <span property="dc:subject">Computer Science</span> ...</html>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">... <rdf:Description rdf:about=""> <dc:title> Digitale Kommunikation: Vernetzung, Multimedia, Sicherheit </dc:title> <dc:subject>Computer Science</dc:subject> </rdf:Description>...</rdf:RDF>
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cho45/1402634073/
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
...more RDFa ExtractorsRDFa
http://rdfa.info/play/Dienstag, 30. Oktober 12
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
•HTML5 Microdata extends microformats and addresses its shortcomings•schema.org is the most prominent microdata vocabulary
HTML5 Microdata
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
schema.org
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
schema.org
•Initiative started by Bing, Google, Yahoo! on June 2, 2011.
•Goals: •Semantic markup for web page content based on proprietary
HTML5 microdata schemata
•Search engines, web crawler, and Browser recognize and understand schema.org markup
•small number of formats (extensible)
•RDF mapping available
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Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam
schema.org and Rich Snippets
• Snippets = The few lines of text that appear under every search result• Designed to give users a sense for what’s on the web page and why
it’s relevant to their query
• If Google understands the content on the web page, it can create “Rich” Snippets• = detailed information intended to help users with specific queries• You can help Google find this relevant information by adding
additional microdata as HTML markup
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• Microdata extends microformats and addresses its shortcomings • Microdata annotates the DOM with scoped name/value pairs from
custom vocabularies• centered around custom vocabularies:
anyone can define a microdata vocabulary and start embedding custom properties in their own web pages
• works with name/value pairs: every microdata vocabulary defines a set of named properties
• applies concept of “scoping”: microdata re-use the hierarchical structure of the DOM itself to provide a way to say “all the properties within this element are taken from this vocabulary”
HTML5 Microdata
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• HTML5 microdata specification comprises•microdata Vocabularies (http://data-vocabulary.org/)
• Persons, Events, Organisations, Products, Reviews, Breadcrumbs, Ads, agreggated Reviews/Ads
•microdata Global Attributes• itemscope (creates resource)
• itemtype (applied vocabulary)• itemid (identifies resource)
• itemprop (property of a resource)• itemref (references on other resources)
HTML5 Microdata
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<section itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Person"> Hello, my name is <span itemprop="name">John Doe</span>, I am a <span itemprop="title">graduate research assistant</span> at the <span itemprop="affiliation">University of Dreams</span>. My friends call me <span itemprop="nickname">Johnny</span>. You can visit my homepage at <a href="http://www.JohnnyD.com" itemprop="url">www.JohnnyD.com</a>. <section itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Address"> I live at <span itemprop="street-address">1234 Peach Drive</span> <span itemprop="locality">Warner Robins</span> , <span itemprop="region">Georgia</span>. </section></section>
http://yovisto.com/labs/swt1112/microdata01.html
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http://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/richsnippets
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schema.org
http://schema.org/docs/full.html
movies
people
recipes
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schema.org
http://schema.org/docs/full.html
products
music
events
...
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schema.org
•extends microdata vocabulary with proprietary category hierarchies:•Creative works:
•CreativeWork, Book, Movie, MusicRecording, Recipe, TVSeries ...
•Embedded non-text objects: •AudioObject, ImageObject, VideoObject
•Event•Organization•Person•Place, LocalBusiness, Restaurant ...•Product, Offer, AggregateOffer•Review, AggregateRating
•and according properties (relations) with different domain and range
•
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schema.org
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schema.org
vs.
RDFa
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schema.org - RDFa Mapping
1.<div vocab="http://schema.org/" typeof="Product">2. <img rel="image" src="dell-30in-lcd.jpg" />3. <span property="name">Dell UltraSharp 30" LCD Monitor</span>
5. <div rel="hasAggregateRating" >6. <div typeof="http://schema.org/AggregateRating">7. <span property="ratingValue">87</span>8. out of <span property="bestRating">100</span>9. based on <span property="ratingCount">24</span> user ratings10. </div>11. </div>
13. <div rel="offers" >14. <div typeof="http://schema.org/AggregateOffer">15. <span property="lowPrice">$1250</span>16. to <span property="highPrice">$1495</span>17. from <span property="offerCount">8</span> sellers18. </div>19. </div>20....21.</div>
http://schema.org/docs/datamodel.htmlhttp://schema.rdfs.org/
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Microdata Usage
http://tripletalk.wordpress.com/2011/01/25/rdfa-deployment-across-the-web/
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Semantic Web Technologies Content
2. Semantic Web Basic ArchitectureThe Languages of the Semantic Web - Part 1
• Uniform Resource Identifier - URI• Recapitulation: XML and XMLSchema• Resource Description Framework - RDF
• RDF Schema• How Do We Get Semantics into WWW?
• µFormats, schema.org, RDFa and GRDDL• Query Language SPARQL• Why RDF(S) is not enough
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via http://www.snee.com/bobdc.blog/2008/10/learning-more-about-sparql.html
SPARQL
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Bibliography
• P. Hitzler, S. Roschke, Y. Sure: Semantic Web Grundlagen, Springer, 2007.
• P. Hitzler, M. Krötzsch, S. Rudolph:Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies,CRC Press, 2009.
2. Semantic Web Basic Architecture2.4 RDF Schema2.5 How Do We Get Semantics into WWW?
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85
□Bloghttp://semweb2013.blogspot.com/
□Webseitehttp://www.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/studium/lehrangebot/itse/veranstaltung/semantic_web_technologien-3.html
□bibsonomy - Bookmarkshttp://www.bibsonomy.org/user/lysander07/swt1213_03
2. Semantic Web Basic Architecture2.1 Uniform Resource Identifier2.2 XML und XMLSchema2.3 Resource Description Framework
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