02 Bio Ch 35 notes ver2 - blogs.4j.lane.edublogs.4j.lane.edu/sanderson/files/2016/06/02_Bio-Ch-35-notes-ver2.pdf · Section 35-1 Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part IOrgan Systems

Animal PhysiologyCh 35

EQ: How do animals Maintain Homeostasis?

Levels of Organization

• Cells

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

• Organism

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Organs make up Organ Systems• Carry out the major body functions of most

animals

Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part IOrgan SystemsCarry out most of the major body functions

EQ: What does each system do?

Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part IOrgan Systems

Carry out most of the major body functionsEQ: What does each system do?

Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part IOrgan Systems

Carry out most of the major body functionsEQ: What does each system do?

Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part IOrgan Systems

Carry out most of the major body functionsEQ: What does each system do?

Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part IOrgan Systems

Carry out most of the major body functionsEQ: What does each system do?

Respiratory System Digestive System Excretory System

Endocrine System Reproductive System Lymphatic/Immune Systems

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part 2EQ: What does each system do?

Types of tissues

• epithelial

• connective

• muscle

• nervous

Homeostasis

▪ Organisms use homeostasis to maintain a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment

▪ negative feedback vs positive feedback

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Sensor/ control center: Thermostat turns heater off.

Sensor/ control center: Thermostat turns heater on.

Stimulus: Room

temperature increases.

Stimulus: Room

temperature decreases.

Room temperature increases.

Room temperature decreases.

Set point: Room temperature

at 20°C

Response: Heating stops.

Response: Heating starts.

▪ Regulation of room temperature by a thermostat is analogous to homeostasis

Chapter Nervous Systems

EQ: How do animals sense and respond to the world around them?

The Nervous System• Function?

• coordinate actions, transmit signals • Which animals have nervous systems?

• all except:____________ • What are the basic components of a NS?

• circuit of neurons + supporting cells • What differentiates one animal’s NS from another?

• arrangement of the circuitWhat kind of fish performs

brain operations?

Neuron - basic unit NS

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Figure 37.2

Dendrites

Nucleus

Stimulus

Axonhillock

Cellbody

Axon

Signaldirection

Presynapticcell

Synapse

Neurotransmitter

Synaptic terminals

Postsynaptic cell

Synapticterminals

Neuron

The Action Potential• brief, all or none depolarization o/t plasma membrane

• uses Na+ and K+ ion channels

• Sequence:

• stimulus => Na+ channels open

• if threshold is reached: AP!!!

• AP subsides and K+ channels open

• refractory period

A Look at the Membrane Proteins

Neuron at resting potential = Negative inside the cell and positive outside the cell

Section 35-2

Figure 35-7 An Impulse

Section 35-2

Figure 35-7 An Impulse

Section 35-2

Figure 35-7 An Impulse

Section 35-2

Figure 35-7 An Impulse

The longest neurons ever

Supersaurus

The longest neurons ever

The Chemical Synapse• AP ---> terminal =>

• neurotransmitters ---> synaptic cleft • NT: pass signal from one neuron to the next

1

Presynapticcell

Postsynaptic cell

Synaptic vesiclescontaining

neurotransmitter Presynapticmembrane

Postsynaptic membrane

Voltage-gatedCa2+ channel

Synaptic cleft

Ligand-gatedion channels

Na+

K+

Ligand-gated

ion channel

Postsynaptic membrane

Neuro-transmitter

Ca2+

2

3

4

5

6

Divisions of Vertebrate NS

• CNS:

• brain, spinal cord

• integration

• PNS:

• sensory and motor

• sense

• respond

CNS:• The Brain

• function: • brain stem • thalamus & hypothalamus • cerebellum • cerebrum

• Spinal Cord • function: • reflex

Peripheral Nervous SysCentral Nervous Sys (CNS) Peripheral Nervous Sys (PNS)

Motor DivisionSensory Division

•Skeletal muscles • Smooth & cardiac muscles

•Hearing •Taste •Smell •Touch •Sight •Proprioception

Somatic Autonomic

Sympathetic system Parasympathetic system•speeds up •slows down

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Frontal lobe

Temporal lobeOccipital lobe

Parietal lobe

Cerebellum

Motor cortex (control of skeletal muscles)

Somatosensory cortex (sense of touch)

Wernicke’s area (comprehending language)

Auditory cortex (hearing)

Broca’s area (forming speech)

Prefrontal cortex (decision making, planning)

Sensory association cortex (integration of sensory information)

Visual association cortex (combining images and object recognition)

Visual cortex (processing visual stimuli and pattern recognition)

Cerebrum

Medulla

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Tongue

Taste buds

Sensory receptor cells

Key

Sensory neuron

Taste pore

Food molecules

Taste bud

Papillae

Papilla

UmamiBitterSourSaltySweet

Taste

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Outer ear Inner earMiddle

ear

Malleus

Skull bone Incus

Stapes Semicircular canals

Auditory nerve to brain

Auditory canal

Tympanic membrane

Oval window

Round window

Eustachian tube

Cochlea

Pinna

Auditory nerve

Cochlear duct

Organ of Corti

Vestibular canal

Tympanic canal

Bone

To auditory nerve

Tectorial membrane

Basilar membrane

Axons of sensory neurons

Hair cells

Bundled hairs projecting from a hair cell (SEM)

1 µ

m

Hearing

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Semicircular canals

Vestibular nerve

Vestibule

Saccule

Utricle

Fluid flow

Nerve fibers

Hair cell

Hairs

Cupula

Body movement

PERILYMPH

Proprioception

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Sclera Choroid

Fovea

Cornea

Suspensory ligament

Aqueous humor

Optic disk

Vitreous humor

Central artery and vein of the retina

Retina

Optic nerve fibers

NeuronsPhotoreceptors

Ganglion cell

Amacrine cell

Bipolar cell

Horizontal cell Pigmented

epithelium

Lens

PupilIris

Retina

Optic nerve

Rod Cone

Eye imperfections: •retina backwards •blood vessels obscure retina •blind spot •retina can detach

The Vertebrate Eye