01578-Peru coca survey 2005

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

1/62

Coca Cultivation Survey

Peru

June2006

Government of Peru

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

2/62

Peru Coca Survey for 2005

Abbreviations

ENACO National Coca EnterpriseGIS Geographical Information SystemsGPS Global Positioning SystemICMP UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring ProgrammeDIRANDRO Anti-Drugs Directorate, Peruvian National PoliceOFECOD Drug Control Office, Peruvian Ministry of Interior NAS Narcotics Affairs Section, United States EmbassyUNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeCONTRADROGAS Committee for the Fight Against Drug ConsumptionDEVIDA National Commission for Development and Life without DrugsCORAH Control and Reduction of Coca Leaf in Upper Huallaga

Acknowledgements

The following organizations and individuals contributed to the implementation of the 2005 cocacultivation survey in Peru, and to the preparation of the present report:

Government of Peru:National Commission for Development and Life without Drugs (DEVIDA)

UNODC:

Humberto Chirinos, Project Coordinator, PeruPaloma Lumbre, Digital Classification, Cartography and GIS Specialist, PeruAldo Gutarra, Multi-spectral Analysis Specialist, PeruGermn Galvez, Surveying, Cartography and GIS Specialist, PeruLorenzo Vallejos, Digital Classification, Cartography and GIS Specialist, Peru

Victor Rojas, Photo-Interpretation and Cartography Specialist, PeruCarlos Coello, Cartographic Technician, Peru

Aldo Lale-Demoz, UNODC Representative for Peru and Ecuador

Coen Bussink, Remote Sensing and GIS expert (UNODC Research and Analysis Section - ICMP)Denis Destrebecq, Regional Illicit Crop Monitoring Expert (UNODC Research and AnalysisSection - ICMP)Anja Korenblik, Programme Manager (UNODC Research and Analysis Section - ICMP)Thibault le Pichon, Chief (UNODC Research and Analysis Section)Thomas Pietschmann, Research Officer (UNODC-Research and Analysis Section)Martin Raithelhuber, Programme Officer (UNODC-Research and Analysis Section)

Javier Teran, Statistician (UNODC Research and Analysis Section ICMP)

The implementation of UNODCs Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme in the Andean countries andthe Peru survey in 2005 was made possible thanks to financial contributions from the Governmentsof the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, France and Austria.

This report and other ICMP survey reports can be downloaded from:

www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html

2

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

3/62


PREFACE

The total surface of coca cultivation in Peru in 2005 was estimated at 48,200 hectares, a 4%decrease compared to 2004 (50,300 ha).

This assuages concerns of the disturbing rise surveyed in 2004, which provoked fears of apossible return to the 1990s when Peru was the worlds leading coca producer. Indeed, it suggeststhat 2004 was an exception in a steady downward trend that has cut coca cultivation by more thanhalf in the past decade.

The downward trend is mainly due to resolute eradication campaigns in the Alto Huallaga region(San Martin) and in the San Gaban valley.

At the same time, as in other Andean countries, the sustainability of positive trends and socialprogress cannot be assured in the absence of viable alternatives.

Peru in partnership with key donors and UNODC has many commercially viable examples of

alternative development products. This is not aid. Coffee, cocoa, palm hearts, organic cotton, riceand other products are sold successfully in international and national markets. The farmersenterprises supported by UNODC alone sold nearly US$ 40 million worth of products in 2005,mostly in sophisticated export markets.

However, the number of farmers being assisted through such programmes is limited, probably toonly ten percent of those who need it. It is essential to expand these activities. Otherwise farmerswill not break their dependence on illicit crops and coca will remain economically attractive forfamilies in regions where poverty is very high and where there are no alternative livelihoods.

A word of caution. We know there have been improvements in techniques to increase coca leafand cocaine production yields. This means that reductions in coca surface could be undone by an

increase in yields. UNODC will soon be in a position to apply updated indicators to measure yieldsmore accurately.

UNODC calls on donors and international financial institutions to support Peru in the delivery ofintegrated drug control actions. This includes increasing and expanding the opportunities whichalternative development creates in coca growing areas to reduce supply and increase thedevelopment prospects of Perus impoverished farmers. It is equally important for the main cocaineconsuming markets in the Americas and Europe to strengthen their demand reduction efforts.

Antonio Maria CostaExecutive Director

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

3

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

4/62


4

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

5/62


TABLE OF CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 8

2 FINDINGS.................................................................................................................................................. 9

2.1 COCA CULTIVATION.............................................................................................................................. 92.1.1 Regional analysis......................................................................................................................... 14

2.1.1.1 Coca cultivation in Alto Huallaga......................................................................................... 162.1.1.2 Coca cultivation in Apurimac-Ene........................................................................................ 242.1.1.3 Coca cultivation in La Convencion y Lares.......................................................................... 302.1.1.4 Coca cultivation in Inambari-Tambopata............................................................................. 342.1.1.5 Coca cultivation in San Gaban ............................................................................................ 35

2.1.1.6 Coca cultivation in Maraon, PutumayoHuallaga Central and Bajo Huallaga .................... 36

2.1.1.7 Coca cultivation in Aguaytia..................................................................................................38

2.1.1.8 Coca cultivation in Palcazu-Pichis-Pachitea........................................................................ 39

2.1.2 Production coca leaf and derivatives........................................................................................... 432.2 PRICES OF COCA LEAF AND ITS DERIVATIVES ....................................................................................... 452.3 REPORTED OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION.............................................................................................. 482.4 REPORTED ERADICATION ................................................................................................................... 492.5 REPORTED SEIZURE........................................................................................................................... 51

3 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 52

3.1 COCA CULTIVATION............................................................................................................................ 523.2 OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION ................................................................................................................ 573.3 PRICES.............................................................................................................................................. 57

4 ANNEX .................................................................................................................................................... 58

Index of maps

Map 1: Coca cultivation density in Peru, 2005 ............................................................................................ 10

Map 2: Coca cultivation density in the Andean region, 2005 ...................................................................... 11Map 3: Coca cultivation by region in Peru, 2001 2005............................................................................. 13Map 4: Coca cultivation density in Alto Huallaga, 2005............................................................................... 15Map 5: Verification overflight with GeoVideo, Alto Huallaga ....................................................................... 22Map 6: Coca cultivation density in Apurimac-Ene, 2005 ............................................................................. 23Map 7: Verification overflight with GeoVideo, Apurimac.............................................................................. 28Map 8: Coca cultivation density in La Convencin y Lares, 2005............................................................... 29Map 9: Coca cultivation density in Inambari-Tembopata San Gaban, 2005............................................ 33Map 10: Coca cultivation density in Aguaytia and Palcazu-Pichis-Pichitea, 2005 ........................................ 37Map 11: Verification overflight with GeoVideo, Aguyatia, Palcazu Pichis Pachitea ................................ 42Map 12: Potential opium poppy cultivation(DIRANDRO)............................................................................... 47Map 13: Reported eradication of coca cultivation, Peru, 2005 ...................................................................... 50Map 14: Satellite images used for the coca survey, Peru 2005..................................................................... 54

5

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

6/62


FACT SHEET PERU COCA SURVEY FOR 2005

2004Variationon 2004

2005

Coca cultivation 50,300 ha - 4% 48,200 ha

Of which in Alto Huallaga 16,900 ha -5% 16,000 ha

Apurimac-Ene 14,700 ha + 6% 15,500 ha

La Convencion y Lares 12,700 ha - 2% 12,500 ha

Elsewhere 6,000 ha - 30% 4,200 ha

Weighted average sun-dried coca leaf yield 2,200 kg/ha 2,200 kg/ha

Potential production of sun-dried coca leaf 110,000 mt - 4% 106,000 mt

Potential production of cocaine hydrochloride 190 mt - 5% 180 mt

in percent of world illicit cocaine production 20 % 20 %

Average farm-gate price of sun-dried coca leaf US$ 2.8/kg US$ 2.9 /kg

Potential farm-gate value of sun-dried coca leaf US$ 304 million US$ 307 million

Farm-gate value of coca leaf production aspercentage of 2004 GDP (US$ 68.5 billion)

0.4% 0.4%

Average price of cocaine paste US$ 640/kg US$ 640/kg

Average price of cocaine hydrochloride US$ 890/kg US$ 890/kg

Reported eradication of coca cultivation 10,257 ha + 19% 12,232 ha

Reported seizure of cocaine paste 6,330 kg - 49% 3,199 kg

Reported seizure of cocaine hydrochloride 7,303 kg - 70% 2,199 kg

Reported opium poppy cultivation 1,447 ha n.a.

Reported seizure of opium latex 451 kg + 12% 505 kg

6

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

7/62


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In 2005, the total area under coca cultivation in Peru was estimated at 48,200 ha. This representsa decrease of 4% over 2004 (50,300 ha). The decrease was mainly due to the eradicationcampaigns implemented in the department of San Martin in Alto Huallaga region and in the San

Gaban valley. In these two regions alone, coca cultivation decreased from 4,000 ha in 2004 to 670ha in 2005. This decrease was slightly offset by increases in others regions of Atlo Huallaga, andby relatively small increases in Apurimac-Ene and Aguaytia.

In 2005, the insecurity prevailing in the coca growing areas prevented further work on coca leafyields. Assuming an average sun-dried coca leaf yield of 2,200 kg/ha similar to the average yieldobtained in 2004, the total sun-dried coca leaf production in Peru was estimated at 106,000 metrictons for 2005. Of this amount, a study of the National Institute of Statistics and Computer Science(INEI) estimated that about 9,000 metric tons corresponded to the annual demand for coca leavesfor traditional, commercial or industrial uses. The balance is used for cocaine production.

Assuming a cocaine yield per hectare of 4.1 kg/ha similar to the average yield obtained in 2004 -,

the total potential cocaine production in Peru was estimated at 180 metric tons. Thus, potentialcocaine production in Peru decreased by 5% compared to 190 metric tons estimated for 2004.Potential Peruvian cocaine production represents 20% of world potential cocaine production.

The potential farm-gate value of the sun-dried coca leaf production amounted to about US$ 307million, estimated from the sale of 106,000 metric tons of coca leaf at 2.9 US$/kg in 2005. Thisrepresents about 0.4% of the 2004 GDP estimated at US$ 68.6 billion1.

The Peruvian government reported the eradication of 12,232 ha of coca fields in 2005, of which8,966 ha were eradicated by CORAH as part of its forced eradication programme and 3,266 hawere voluntary eradicated as part of DEVIDA-CADAs programme of voluntary eradication. Thiscorresponds to an increase of 19% compared to the 10,257 ha eradicated in 2004.

Between 2004 and 2005, according to the Peruvian anti-narcotics police (DIRANDRO), seizures ofcocaine paste and cocaine hydrochloride decreased. However, destruction and seizures of cocaleaves increased. Seizures of cocaine hydrochloride decreased from 7,3 mt in 2004 to 2,1 mt in2005, while seizures and destruction of coca leaves increased from 916 mt to 1,525 mt.

The monitoring system in Peru is part of UNODC global Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme. Thisprogramme has been assisting the Peruvian Government in the implementation and refinement ofa national coca monitoring system since 1998.

1World Bank, latest available estimate as of May 2006

7

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

8/62


1 INTRODUCTION

In response to the decisions of the 1998 United Nations General Assembly Special Session onDrugs, UNODC developed and implemented a global Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (ICMP).Through this programme, UNODC supports member states in establishing a crop monitoringsystem to monitor illicit cultivation of coca and opium poppy. The Programme is currently

operating in Afghanistan, Myanmar, Laos, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and Morocco.

In 1998, UNODC started working with DEVIDA to develop a national coca monitoring system inPeru. Using aerial photography, the project produced a detailed mapping (at 1/20,000 scale) of allthe coca cultivation areas in 2000. Every year since then, satellite images were used to update theestimates. This report presents the findings of the 2005 Survey.

In Peru, the General Law on Drugs enacted in 1978 prohibits the cultivation of coca and seedlingsin new areas within the national territory. This reference to cultivation includes the grafting andrenovation of existing coca bushes. In 1978, another law established the National Coca Enterprise(ENACO), which has a monopoly on the commercialization and industrialization of the coca leaves.Therefore, the selling of coca leaves to any party other than ENACO is considered illicit by national

law.

The Government also established in 1996 a Committee for the Fight Against Drug Consumption(CONTRADROGAS), renamed National Commission for Development and Life without Drugs(DEVIDA) in 2002. DEVIDAs objectives are to design, coordinate and implement policies andactivities aimed at national drug control.

Until the mid-1990s, Peru was the worlds main coca cultivating country. Today, it is the secondmajor producer of coca far behind Colombia.

The reduction in coca cultivation in Peru in the mid-1990s was linked to the sharp decline in boththe coca leaf prices and the demand for Peruvian coca leaf. In 1995, trade in coca leaf on the local

market ceased and, from 1995 to 1998, the prices of coca leaf remained lower than its productioncosts. Farmers abandoned their coca fields and coca cultivation dropped from 115,300 ha to38,700 ha, or 66%, between 1995 and 1999.

After 1999, coca prices increased slowly while the prices of licit crops (coffee and cacao)decreased. Farmers started to re-activate their abandoned coca fields and coca cultivation roseagain in Peru. To some extent, the increase has been contained by the presence of alternativedevelopment projects, as well as the introduction of eradication measures, which include bothforced eradication conducted by CORAH (Ministry of Interior) and voluntary eradication schemesconducted by DEVIDA.

8

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

9/62


2 FINDINGS

2.1 COCA CULTIVATION

In 2005, the total area under productive coca cultivation in Peru was estimated at 48,200 ha. Thisrepresented a decrease of 4 % over the estimate for 2004 of 50,300 ha.

Figure 1. Coca cultivation in Peru, 1995 2005 (ha)

Sources United States Department of States National Monitoring System Supported by UNODC

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

110,000

120,000

130,000

Hectares

Hectares 115,300 94,400 68,800 51,000 38,700 43,400 46,200 46,700 44,200 50,300 48,200

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

The decrease in coca cultivation observed in 2005 was the results of the eradication campaignsimplemented by CORAH during that year. Eradication efforts were particularly important in twodepartments: the department of Puno in San Gabns valley, and the department of San Martin inAlto Huallaga region. As a result, in San Gabans valley, coca cultivation decreased from 2,700 haas of September 2004 to 300 ha as of July 2005, corresponding to a reduction of 91%. In thedepartment of San Martin, coca cultivation in the valleys of Mishollo and the region of Pizana-

Polvora, where most the eradication campaign took place, totalled 1,316 ha in 2004, but only 369ha in 2005, corresponding to a decrease of 72%.

The decrease in coca cultivation in San Gaban and Mishollo/Pizano-Polvara was offset by smallincreases in others regions of Atlo Huallaga, and by increases in Apurimac-Ene and Aguaytia.

9

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

10/62

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

11/62

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

12/62


Despite the decrease between 2004 and 2005, coca cultivation in Peru remained the secondlargest after Colombia. It represented 30% of the 2005 global coca cultivation, compared to 33% in2004. A percentage that remained much lower than ten years ago, when coca cultivation in Peruaccounted for 54% of the cultivation in the world.

The decreases in Peru and Bolivia were offset by the increase in coca cultivation in Colombia, andthe global level of coca cultivation remained unchanged between 2004 and 2005.

Figure 2. Coca cultivation in the Andean region, 1995 2005 (ha)

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

h

ectares

B ol ivi a Colombi a P eru

Table 1: Coca cultivation in the Andean region, 1995- 2005 (ha)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

%change2004-2005

Bolivia 48,600 48,100 45,800 38,000 21,800 14,600 19,900 21,600 23,600 27,700 25,400 - 8 %

Peru 115,300 94,400 68,800 51,000 38,700 43,400 46,200 46,700 44,200 50,300 48,200 - 4 %

Colombia 50,900 67,200 79,400 101,800 160,100 163,300 144,800 102,000 86,000 80,000 86,000 + 8 %

Total 214,800 209,700 194,000 190,800 220,600 221,300 210,900 170,300 153,800 158,000 159,600 + 1%

Sources United States Department of States National Monitoring Systems Supported by UNODC

12

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

13/62

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

14/62


2.1.1 REGIONAL ANALYSIS

In Peru, most coca cultivation is concentrated in 14 large valleys and 8 smaller valleys. Thesevalleys can be grouped in three main regions, making up 91% of the total cultivation in 2005: AltoHuallaga, Apurimac-Ene and La Convencin y Lares. Each region has its own characteristics:While La Convencin y Lares is the main supplier of the domestic consumption of coca leaf, cocacultivation in Apurimac-Ene and Alto-Huallaga are almost exclusively oriented for the production ofcocaine for domestic and international markets.

Coca cultivation in others areas like San Gaban and Inambari-Tambopata at the border with Bolivia,Aguayta and Palcazu- Pichis- -Pachitea in the central part of the country, Maraon in the northernarea close to the border with Ecuador and Putumayo of Loreto department close to Colombia, onlyaccounted for 9% of the 2005 total. Coca cultivation in these areas has mainly been orientedtowards the production of cocaine.

Altogether, in 2005 coca cultivation could be found at various levels in 12 out of the 24departments of Peru (Cajamarca, Amazonas, La Libertad, San Martn, Loreto, Huanuco, Ucayali,Pasco, Junin, Ayacucho, Cusco and Puno).

Figure 3. Coca cultivation estimates by region, 2001 2005 (ha)

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

Alto Huallaga Apurimac-Ene La Convencin -

Lares

Inambari -

Tambopata

Aguayta Maraon,

Putumayo

San Gaban Palcazu -

Pichis -

Pachitea

hectares

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Table 2: Coca cultivation estimates by region, 2001 2005 (ha)

Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Change2004

2005

% of 2005

totalAlto Huallaga 14,481 15,286 13,646 16,900 16,039 -861 33%

Apurimac-Ene 12,600 14,170 14,300 14,700 15,530 830 32%

La Convencin - Lares 13,980 12,170 12,340 12,700 12,503 -197 26%

Inambari - Tambopata 2,520 2,430 2,260 2,000 2,250 250 5%

Aguayta 1,051 1,070 510 500 917 417 2%

Maraon, Putumayo 1,250 1,250 450 500 500 0 1%

San Gaban n.a. n.a. 470 2,700 292 -2,408 1%

Palcazu - Pichis -Pachitea 350 350 250 300 211 -89 0%

Rounded Total 46,200 46,700 44,200 50,300 48,200 -2,100 100%

Source: National monitoring system supported by UNODC

14

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

15/62

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

16/62


2.1.1.1 Coca cultivation in Alto Huallaga

The Alto Huallaga region is located on the Eastern side of the Andes mountain range, in the hightropical or subtropical forests of the departments of San Martin and Huamuco. In this region, cocabush is cultivated between 400 and 1,400 meters above sea level. Deforestation is important in theregion and mostly due to agricultural exploitation of land that should rather be protected or devotedto forest or forestry activities.

The Alto Huallaga is one of the three main coca growing regions of Peru where coca cultivationhas long been established. The 16,039 ha estimated in 2005 accounted for 33% of the nationaltotal. It represented a 5% decrease compared to 2004, but despite this decrease, Alto Huallagaremained in 2005 the main centre of coca cultivation in Peru, ahead of Apurimac and LaConvencin y Lares.

Between 2004 and 2005, a decrease of 5% was noted in Alto Huallaga. The decrease is mostly theresult of intense eradication campaigns implemented by CORAH and that took place throughout2005. The eradication campaigns targeted in particular the lower valley of the Mishollo river, thecoca fields around the villages of Pizana, Yanjanca and Huamuco, as well as the lower valley of

the Tocache river (on the left bank). The eradication implemented by CORAH eliminated seedbeds,new fields that had not yet been harvested, as well as coca fields in full production.

Eradicated coca fields, sector Mishollo, March 2006 Eradicated coca fields, sector Pizana, March 2006

Table 3: Coca cultivation in the valleys of the Alto Huallaga region, 2002 2005 (ha)

Coca growing areas 2002 2003 2004 2005% change2004-2005

% of2005total

Monzon 10,935 10,659 11,325 11,230 -1% 70%

Tulumayo 1,438 1,188 1,507 1,507 0% 9%

Pendencia Aucayacu 1,147 560 711 632 -11% 4%Aspuzana 488 373 335 469 40% 3%

Cuchara - Madgalena - S. Marta -Camote Frijol Yanajanca Huamuco

587 510 1,080 1,278 18% 8%

Tocache Chontayacu 691 356 677 554 -18% 3%

Mishollo 408 187 -54% 1%

Puerto Pizana 908 182 -80% 1%

Rounded total for Alto Huallaga 15,300 13,600 16,900 16,039 -5% 100%


16

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

17/62


Figure 4. Coca cultivation in the valleys of the Alto Huallaga region, 2002 2005 (ha)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

Monzon Tulumayo Pendencia -

Aucayacu

A spuz ana Cuc hara -

Madgalena -

S. Marta -

Comote -

Frijol

Tocache -

Chontayacu

Mishollo Puerto

Pizano

hectare

2002 2003 2004 2005

Beside the decrease in coca cultivation in the areas mentioned above, coca cultivation actuallyincrease in other areas like in the small valleys of the Aspuzana, Cuchara, Magdalena, SantaMartha, Camote, Frijol, Huamuco and on the leaf bank of the Huallaga river. In these areas, cocacultivation increased by about 13% between 2004 and 2005. During the verification over flight, itwas also noted that farmers were preparing new fields, of the size and in environment usuallysuitable for coca cultivation. This could be an indication that there could be more coca cultivation inthese areas in 2006.

As was the case in previous years, most of Alto Huallagas coca cultivation took place in theMonzon valley. Monzon accounted for 70% of the coca cultivation of the Alto Huallaga, and 23% ofthe national total with 11,230 ha. This amount of coca cultivation was roughly similar to the 11, 325

ha registered in 2004. As there were no eradication efforts conducted in this valley in 2005, nor anyalternative development activities, and that prices of coca leaf and its derivatives remained high,the difference between 2004 and 2005 was mainly attributed to the different type of satelliteimages used for both years. Indeed, in 2005, it was not possible to cover the whole Alto Huallagawith SPOT5 images like in 2004 because of intense cloud cover and it was therefore decided touse a combination of IKONOS (more precise but smaller than SPOT images) and Landsat5images (less precise but larger than SPOT images).

17

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

18/62


18

Com parison of Landsat5, SPOT5, and IKONOS satellite im ages over coca growing areas of Peru.

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

19/62


19

Although coca cultivation rem ained relatively stable between 2004 and 2005 in M onzon area, it

was noted during the verification flights that farm ers were preparing new fields suitable for coca

cultivation, and even new fields of less than one year old which were not counted in the 2005

census, but that will be productive in 2006.

Coca fields have long been established in M onzn valley and m ost of them are over 20 years old.

Typically, coca fields in M onzn valley are less productive than in other parts of Alto Huallaga.

However, there were recent reports over the past three years of farm ers interspersing new cocaplants am ong older coca plants to increase the density and thereby their coca leaf yield.

The econom y of M onzn valley is alm ost exclusively dependent on coca cultivation for the cocaine

m arket. Up-to-date data on the num ber of persons living in this valley does not exist. However

local authorities usually m entioned about 35,000 inhabitants living in the valley, but this does not

take into account the external labour recruited for harvesting of coca leaf and processing of coca

paste. The coca farm ers organizations of M onzn strongly opposed the efforts of the governm ent

to reduce coca cultivation, and the insecurity and violence brought by these organizations were

constant in 2005. These tense conditions, which prevailed for the past three years, have prevented

the local authorities and the personnel of alternative developm ent projects from entering the valley

and working with the 1,200 people registered as beneficiaries of Alternative Developm ent projects

in M onzn.

Although there was no eradication of coca fields in M onzon valley in 2005, the anti-narcotic police,

DIRANDRO, conducted a num ber of operations aim ed at the destruction of m aceration pits,

seizures of m aterials and destruction of clandestine laboratories.

High density of coca fields and deforestation, Coca fields in various developm ent stages

Cuyacu - M onzon, M arch 2006 Cashapampa - M onzon, M arch 2006

High density of coca fields in strong slope, Panoram ic view of a sm all valley with coca fields,

Caunarapa - M onzon, M arch 2006 Shipaco- M onzon, M arch 2006

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

20/62


20

Recently planted coca fields. Coca plants are grouped and put in sm all holes

Caunarapa - Monzon, M arch 2006

The second m ost im portant areas of coca cultivation in Alto Huallaga, but far behind M onzon valley,

is the valley of Tulum ayo. In 2005, coca cultivation in this region represented 9% of the coca

cultivation in Alto Huallaga, but only 3% of the national level. Between 2004 and 2005, the level of

coca cultivation rem ained stable at 1,507 ha. However, it was noted during field visits and

overflights that farm ers w ere preparing new fields, suitable for coca cultivation, an indication that

coca cultivation could increase.

High density of coca fields in production and recently Coca fields in production and recently planted,

harvested, M aronas, M arch 2006 Supte, M arch 2006

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

21/62


Snapshots of the video taken during the verification flights.

A camera video linked to a GPS was used to verify the initial interpretation of the satellite images.The yellow dots represent the flight path, the blue arrow the position of the plane when the videowas paused. The white line matches a coca field spotted on the video and the corresponding fieldon the satellite image. The verification flights were conducted jointly by UNODC and CADA.

Snapshot of the video taken over Monzon region

Snapshot of the video taken over Tulumayo, Alto Huallaga.

Snapshot of the video taken over Aucayacu, Alto Huallaga.

21

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

22/62

Alto Biavo

Cholon

Polvora

Monzon

ShunteTocache

Jose Crespo y Castillo

Uchiza

Marias

Cochabamba

Nuevo Progreso

Jircan

Huavaybamba

Rupa-Rupa

Mariano Damaso Beraun

SingaTantamayo

Puos

Arancay

Luyando

Miraflores

Hermilio Valdizan

Punchao

7630'W

7630'W

760'W

760'W

930'S

930'S

90'S

90'S

830'S

830'S

80'S

80'S

Verification overflight wiht geovide in Alto Huallaga

Cultivation density(ha/km )2

1.1 - 2.0

2.1 - 4.0

> 8.0

Department boundariesDistrict boundaries

SAN MARTIN

LORETO

UCAYALI

HUANUCO

ANCASH

PuertoPizana

Monzon

Tulumayo

Pendencia - Aucayacu

Aspuzana

Santa Martha

Camote - Frijol

Tocache - Chontayacu

Tingo Maria

Mishollo

CachicotoMonzonMonzon

Cuchara

Penden

cia

Tulumayo

Pendencia

Aucayacu

Aucayacu

Sta. Martha

Magda

lena

Aspuzana

Aspuzana

Yanaj

anca

Santa Lucia

Chont

ayacu

Uchiza

Camote

Frijo

l

Uchiza

Cuchara

Magdalena

Tocache

Tocach

e

Pto. Pizana

Mishollo

0.1 - 1.0

4.1 - 8.0

Overflight wiht geovideo

RiverVillage center

Tazo

Monzon

ALTOHUALLAGA

ALTOHUALLAGA

Geographic coordinates WGS 84

Pucayacu

Bambamarca

Yanajanca

Huamuco

km0 20 40

Peru

AltoHuallaga

Source: Govemment of Peru - National monitoring system supported by UNODCThe boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

23/62

Pie

ne

Sivia

Anco

Quimbiri

Pichari

San Miguel

Ayna

Santillana

Huanta

Tambo

Santa Rosa

Chilcas

Quinua

ain

Acos Vinchoscucho

Huamanguilla

Pacaycasa

an Juan Bautista

740'W

740'W

7330'W

7330'W

130'S

130'S

1230'S

1230'S

120'S

120'S

Coca cultivation density in Apurimac - Ene, 2005

Source: Government of Peru - National monitoring system supported by UNODCThe boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or aceptance by the United Nations


0.1 - 1.0

2.1 - 4.0

Department boundaries

District boundariesGeographic coordinates WGS84

1.1 - 2.0

Yaviro

Mantaro

San Antonio

Monterrico

Sta. Rosa

Palmapampa

Pichari

Sivia

Llochegua

CanayreVilla

Virgen

> 8.0

4.1 - 8.0

Major road

RiverVillage center

Villa Virgen

Chun

chubamba

Sta.

Rosa

Pich

ari

Acon

Chuimacota

ENE

ValleEsmeralda

Quempiri

Anapati

Quempiri

San Francisco Quimbiri

Quim

biri

APU

RIMAC

APU

RIMAC

Echarate

Rio Tambo

Masamari

Pangoa

Vilcabamba

JUNIN

CUSCO

AYACUCHO

Apurimac

Ene

km0 15 30

Peru

ApurimacEne

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

24/62


2.1.1.2 Coca cultivation in Apurimac-Ene

The region is situated in the central part of the country extending over 12,000 sq km in the valleysof the rivers Apurimac and Ene, among the departments of Ayacucho, Cusco and Junn. The reliefis uneven, and coca cultivation takes place at altitudes ranging between 550 and 2,000 metersabove sea level.

Coca cultivation has long been established in Apurimac-Ene, predominantly on the steep slopesareas where the only other crops that can be grown are coffee and a few leguminous. To a lesserextent coca is also grown in areas of lower slopes, sharing the land with annual crops like maize,yucca, beans, sesame and permanent crops like cacao and fruit trees.

Apurimac-Ene is the second largest coca growing region of Peru, and with 15,530 ha in 2005, itrepresented 32% of the national total. This represented an increase of 6% compared to 2004. Theincrease was distributed over the valley, and it was not possible to identify a particular regionwhere an increase took place. The main centers of coca cultivation continued to be around thevillages of Santa Rosa, Palmapampa, Llochegua, Monterrico, Catarata and Alto Pichari.

Recently planted coca fields with high density of Recently planted coca fields on small terraces

plants/ha, Palmapampa, March 2006 Santa Rosa, March 2006

Table 4: Distribution of coca cultivation in Apurimac-Ene,2001 2005 (ha)

Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005% change

2004 -2005

% of 2005total

Apurimac 12,600 13,283 13,777 13,382 14,125 6% 91%

Ene 0 887 923 1,319 1,405 7% 9%

Rounded total 12,600 14,170 14,300 14,700 15,500 5% 100%


Figure 5. Distribution of coca cultivation in Apurimac-Ene,2001 2005 (ha)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

hectare

Apurimac Ene

24

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

25/62


25

Coca cultivation in Apurim ac-Ene is notoriously m ore sophisticated than in other valleys,

characterized by a high density of the coca plants (up to 100,000 plants/ha) com bined with an

intense use of fertilizers and pesticides. New plants are readily available from existing seedbeds,

either to be planted on new fields or to increase the plant density of old fields. There were also

report of farm ers being advised by experts to im prove their coca yields. For these reasons, it is in

Apurim ac-Ene that the highest coca yields are obtained. Reports of annual yield above 4,000 kg/ha

are m ore and m ore often frequent.

According to the population statistics of INEI, in 1994 there were 93,800 inhabitants (18,500

fam ilies) in Apurim ac-Ene. Since then, the population has naturally increased, but it is also likely

that it counts now with new m igrants from the poorest areas of the Andean region who arrived in

Apurim ac-Ene, attracted by the dem and for labour in the coca fields. A large m ajority of the

population in Apurim ac-Ene benefits directly or indirectly from coca cultivation.

In 2005, no forced eradication was im plem ented in the region, m ainly due to the strong opposition

from the farm ers organizations. The social tensions surrounding the issue of coca cultivation were

noticeable for the past three years and im peded the work of various organizations working in

alternative developm ent projects. Since 1995, UNODC has been im plem enting Alternative

Developm ent projects to im prove coffee and palm trees production, benefiting about 1,100 persons.

The sam e social tensions also prevented the im plem entation of voluntary eradication program m e

(4.4 ha voluntarily eradicated in 2005). There were however regular operations of the anti-narcotics

police to destroy coca m aceration pits and clandestine laboratories.

Coca fields, Santa Rosa, M arch 2006

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

26/62


26

Coca seed beds and recently planted fields, Progreso, M arch 2006

Coca seed beds, Sivia, October 2005

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

27/62


27


A cam era video linked to a GPS was used to verify the initial interpretation of the satellite im ages.

The yellow dots represent the flight path, the blue arrow the position of the plane when the video

was paused. The white line m atches a coca field spotted on the video and the corresponding field

on the satellite im age. The verification flights were conducted jointly by UNODC and CADA.

Snapshot of the video over Apurim ac

Snapshot of the video over Apurim ac

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

28/62

Pie

ne

Sivia

Anco

Quimbiri

Pichari

San Miguel

Ayna

Santillana

Huanta

Tambo

Santa Rosa

Chilcas

Quinua

ain

Acos Vinchoscucho

Huamanguilla

Pacaycasa

an Juan Bautista

740'W

740'W

7330'W

7330'W

130'S

130'S

1230'S

1230'S

120'S

120'S

Verification overflight with geovideo in Apurimac - Ene



0.1 - 1.0

2.1 - 4.0

Department boundariesDistrict boundaries Geographic coordinates WGS84

1.1 - 2.0

Yaviro

Mantaro

San Antonio

Monterrico

Sta. Rosa

Palmapampa

Pichari

Sivia

Llochegua

CanayreVilla

Virgen

> 8.0

4.1 - 8.0

Overflight with geovideo

RiverVillage center

Villa Virgen

Chun

chubamba

Sta.

Rosa

Pich

ari

Acon

Chuimacota

ENE

ValleEsmeralda

Quempiri

Anapati Quempiri

San Francisco Quimbiri

Quim

biri

APU

RIMAC

APU

RIMAC

Echarate

Rio Tambo

Masamari

Pangoa

Vilcabamba

JUNIN

CUSCO

AYACUCHO

Apurimac

Ene

km0 15 30

Peru

ApurimacEne

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

29/62

Yanatile

Quellouno

SANTA TERESA

Ocobamba

Huayopata

Santa Ana

Ollantaytambo

Machupicchu

Maras

Maranura

Urubamba

Y

7230'W

7230'W

130'S

130'S

1230'S

1230'S

2

0.1 - 1.0

4.1 - 8.0> 8.0

Quillabamba

Maranura

Echarate

QuebradaHonda

Kquellccaybamba

QuellounoPalma Real

Huayopata

Peru

1.1 - 2.0

2.1 - 4.0

Vilcan

ota

Yanatile

Yanatile

Vilca

nota

Urubamba

Versalle

s

Ocob

amb

a

Yavero

Yavero

Vilcanota

Lucuma

Vilcabamb

a

La Convencin

Lares

km

0 15 30

Coca cultivation density in La Convencion - Lares, 2005

La Convencionand Lares

Source: Government of Peru - National of monitoring system supported by UNODC

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

Geographic coordinates WGS 84

Village Center

River

Major road

District boundaries

Cultivation density(ha/km )

CUSCO

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

30/62


2.1.1.3 Coca cultivation in La Convencion y Lares

The region is situated in the province of La Convencion in the department of Cusco. The naturalvegetation is made of subtropical forests. Due to intense deforestation, the primary forest isnowadays only found in the higher parts of the region. Coca is mostly cultivated between 800 and2,000 meter above sea, in the valleys of the rivers Urubamba and Yanatile.

In 2005, coca cultivation reached 12,503 ha, representing 26% of the national total, which rankedthe region third in terms of coca cultivation, behind Alto Huallaga and Apurimac. Compared to 2004there was a slight decrease of 2% in coca cultivation. This small difference was mainly attributed tothe farmers practice of cutting their coca fields after three or four year of continuous production.

Coca fields on steep slopes (typical of La Convencion) Sprouting coca fields (after pruning)Echarate, March 2006 Huayanay, February 2005

Table 5: Distribution of coca cultivation in La Convencion y Lares, 2001 2005 (ha)

Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005% change

2004

2005

% of 2005regional

totalLa Convencin 8,455 6,086 5,476 5,339 5,481 3% 44%

Lares 5,525 6,084 6,864 7,361 7,022 -5% 56%

Rounded total 13,980 12,170 12,340 12,700 12,500 -2% 100%


Figure 6. Distribution of coca cultivation in La Convencion y Lares, 2001 2005 (ha

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

hectare

La convencion Lares

30

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

31/62


31

Historically, the region has been considered as the coca cultivation centre for the traditional use of

coca leaves. In 1978, the state com pany ENACO registered 12,685 coca farm ers for the cultivation

of 10,670 ha of coca bush. It was estim ated at that tim e that the coca leaf production am ounted to

7,400 m etric tons per year, of which 3,764 m etric tons (or 51% ) were destined to ENACO, the rest

being sm uggled outside the control of ENACO. Since then, the diversion of coca leaf intensified

due to the better price offered for coca leaf outside ENACOs m arket. In particular, in the past few

years, it was noted that farm ers im proved their coca leaf yields by increasing the coca plant densityand the use of fertilizers and pesticide.

However, coca leaf production from the region is supposed to be m ainly oriented towards

traditional uses like chewing, and not towards narco-trafficking. There was no report of eradication

nor destruction of m aceration pits or clandestine laboratories.

In 2005, a regional decree authorized coca cultivation, thereby recognizing the region as a

traditional center of coca cultivation. The decree gave to the coca plant the status of Regional

Natural, Biological and Cultural Heritage of Cusco, as well as botanical resource integrated to the

culture and cosm ovision of the Andean world and to the m edicinal custom s and traditions. It

recognized the region as traditional coca producing area and legalized coca cultivation in the

valleys of La Convencion, i.e. the valleys of Yanatile in the province of Calca and Qosipata in the

province of Paucartam bo, all in the departm ent of Cusco. However, the decree was invalidated by

the Constitutional Court.

Old coca fields replanted with young plants, Vilcanota, Novem ber 2005

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

32/62


32

Coca fields associated with papaya trees, Sam baray, February 2005

Coca seed beds under shadow, Vilcanota February 2005

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

33/62

Coasa

Inambari

LimbaniSan Juan del OroAyapata

Ituata

Laberinto

Putina

I

Crucero

Muani Ananea

Macusani

Potoni

Sina

Sandia

llachea

Alto Inambari

Asillo

Azangaro

San Gaban

Antauta

Ajoyani

Usicayos Phara

San Anton

Quiaca

Yanahuaya

San Jose

Cuyocuyo

ORURILLO

Patambuco

Quilcapunco

Tirapata7030'W

7030'W

700'W

700'W

6930'W

6930'W

690'W

690'W

1430'S

1430'S

140'S

140'S

1330'S

1330'S

130'S

130'S

1230'S

Coca cultivation density in San Gaban and Inambari - Tambopata, 2005

Source: Government of Peru - National monitoring system supported by UNODCThe boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

Cultivation density(ha/km )

2

0.1 - 1.0

1.1 - 2.02.1 - 4.0


District boundariesGeographic coordinates WGS 84

4.1 - 8.0> 8.0

Major road

River

Village center

MADRE DE DIOS

CUSCO

PUNO

INAMB

ARI

San

Gaban INAMBARI

Yahuarmayo

San Gaban

Chaspa

ArazaLoroMayo

Masuco

INAMBARI

TAMB

OPATA

Lanza

Azata

TAMBOPATA

San Ignacio

Putinapunco

Pab

lob

am

ba

San Juandel Oro

Masiapo

H

uari

Huari

Sandia

Isilluma

San Gaban

Inambari

Tambopata

BoliviaInternational boundaries

km

0 20 40

Peru

San Gaban andInambari - Tambotapa

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

34/62


2.1.1.4 Coca cultivation in Inambari-Tambopata

The rivers Inambari and Tambopata constitute the two main valleys for coca cultivation in theprovince of Macusani in Puno department. According to the National System of Land Classification,only 1% of the land would be suitable for agricultural activities while 99% of the land is on steepslopes considered protected areas because of their vulnerability to erosion. Coca cultivation mainlytakes place on these steep slopes, between 800 and 1,800 meter above sea.

In 2005, coca cultivation was estimated at 2,250 ha, representing 5% of the national total. Thiscorresponded to a slight increase compared to the level of coca cultivation in 2004 estimated at2,000 ha. In this region, coca cultivation is concentrated in the small valley of the river Inambari.

Table 6: Distribution of coca cultivation in Inambari-Tambopata, 2001 2005 (ha)

Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005% Change

2004 2005

% of 2005regional

total

Inambari 1,903 1,761 1,441 1,913 1,997 17% 87%

Tambopata 617 669 819 87 253 -12% 11%

Rounded total 2,520 2,430 2,260 2,000 2,300 15% 100%


In the 80s, this area was considered as a traditional coca growing region. ENACO in 1988registered 1,778 coca farmers for a declared area of coca cultivation of 783 ha. In the 90s, theproduction increased and was apparently more and more oriented towards narco-trafficking.Recently, there were reports of production and marketing of cocaine paste. There were alsoreports of illegal smuggling of inputs necessary for the production of cocaine paste orhydrochloride, like kerosene, sulfuric acid and chalk among others.

During the field verification process, it was noted that in this region coca cultivation was ofteninterspersed or associated with other crops or bushes, which makes the detection of coca

cultivation more difficult. It was also noticeable that farmers tended to improve the management oftheir coca fields to increase their yields, in particular an increase in plant density and use offertilizers.

In general, coca farmers living in this region do not depend exclusively from coca cultivation, butalso have other crops like coffees, or have developed activities in neighboring areas. It is rare tofind farmers who only cultivate coca bush.

In 2005, there was no report of eradication or auto-eradication in the valley. It should be noted thataccess to this valley is increasingly difficult and risky because of the coca production destined fornarco-trafficking.

34

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

35/62


2.1.1.5 Coca cultivation in San Gaban

San Gaban region is presented on the same map as Inambari-Tambopata region. The valley of theSan Gaban river is part of the larger watershed of the Inambari river. It is situated in the north-western part of the department of Puno bordering Bolivia. The relief is uneven and covered by highaltitude tropical forest. Coca cultivation mostly takes place between 400 and 1,200 meter abovesea level, on the high slope areas situated in the middle and low parts of the San Gaban valley, upto its connection with the Inambari river. The area includes by the localities of Juliaca, PuertoMaldonado and Iapari at the border with Brazil.

The analysis of the SPOT5 image acquired in July 2005 over that area, showed that there were292 ha of coca cultivation in this region. This corresponded to a decrease of 90% compared to the2,700 ha registered in 2004, and only 0.6% of the national total. This spectacular decreasefollowed intense eradication efforts by CORAH, that reported the eradication of 1,900 ha of cocacultivation between October and December 2005.

The decrease in coca cultivation and its replacement by grasses and shrubs, can be noted in thefollowing snapshots of satellite images taken in 2004 and 2005.

35

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

36/62


2.1.1.6 Coca cultivation in Maraon, Putumayo, Huallaga Central and Bajo Huallaga

There were marginal levels of coca cultivation in the higher areas of the Maraon valley, situated inthe northern part of the Andean region, as well as in the Putumayo region close to the border withColombia in the north-eastern part of the country. Coca cultivation was estimated at only 350 ha forthese two regions.

In Maraon, in 1978, ENACO registered 900 coca farmers in the areas of Huayobamba and Balzas,for a total of about 300 ha.

The Putumayo region is situated along the Putumayo river that makes the border with Colombia.Although close to the important coca cultivation of Putumayo on the Colombian side of the river,coca cultivation on the Peruvian side was considered very low in 2005. Coca cultivation wasestimated at about 100 ha in 2005.

For the past three years, various eradication campaigns have been conducted in the regions ofHuallaga Central and Bajo Huallaga. In 2005, only about 150 ha of coca cultivation were detectedon the satellite images.

36

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

37/62

Irazola

Padre Abad

Puerto Inca

Codo del Pozuzo

Yuyapichis

Tornavista

Honoria

Daniel AlomiasRobles

7530'W

7530'W

750'W

750'W

100'S

100'S

930'S

930'S

90'S

90'S

Coca cultivation density in Aguaytia and Palcazu-Pichis-Pachitea, 2005



0.1 - 1.0

1.1 - 2.0

2.1 - 4.0


District boundaries

Geographic coordinates WGS84

Peru

UCAYALI

HUANUCO

PASCO

Major roadRiverVillage center

AGUA

YTIA

Aguaytia

San Alej

andr

o

Huipoca

San Alejandro

Von Humbolth

Boqueron

Aguaytia andPalcazu-Pichis-Pachitea

CiudadConstitucion

P

ACHITEA

PICHIS

PALCAZU

SantaIsabel

Yuyapichis

Yanayacu

Pozuzo

Sta. Isabel

Aguaytia

Pachitea

Pichis

Palcazu

4.1 - 8.0

km

0 15 30

> 8.0

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

38/62


2.1.1.7 Coca cultivation in Aguaytia

Aguaytia is a valley situated in Aguaytia province in the department of Ucayali. The region is madeflat alluvial land and hills where coca cultivation takes place between 300 and 600 meters abovesea level.

Coca cultivation increased from 500 ha in 2004 to 917 ha in 2005, representing a 74% increase.During the verification overflight, many new coca fields and recently prepared fields were noted.This would mean that coca cultivation might continue to increase in 2006. However, cocacultivation in Aguaytia only represented 2% of the national total.

Table 7: Coca cultivation in Aguaytia region(ha)

Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Change2004 2005

% of 2005total

Aguayta 1,051 1,070 510 500 917 417 2%


Most of the coca cultivation was concentrated around the locality of Huipoca, and small patches ofcoca cultivation could also be found along the Shambillo river. Coca fields were relatively lessdense and productive then in other regions. It could be found mixed with other crops and undertrees canopy. In these cases, the yield was probably even lower then on pure coca fields. Therewere little reports on the use of agrochemicals in the coca fields in this region.

Coca fields in production and others Coca fields (note the spot where coca leavesrecently planted are being dried)

Huipoca, March 2006 Huipoca, March 2006

Although coca cultivation from Aguaytia was destined for the cocaine market, coca cultivation didnot represent any longer the basis of the agricultural economy of the region. Most of the cropswere banana, pineapple, cotton, and recently palm oil plantation supported by UNODC. The palm

oil plantation of 2000 ha benefited to 400 persons, most of them former coca growers.

There were a few operations of voluntary eradication conducted in the area of Campo Verde (451ha) and in Aguaytia (1,001 ha). In 2005, DIRANDRO also reported the seizure of 393 kg of cocainepaste and 500 kg of cocaine hydrochloride.

38

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

39/62


2.1.1.8 Coca cultivation in Palcazu Pichis - Pachitea

The valleys of the rivers Palcazu, Pichis and Pachitea are situated in the province of Oxapampa inthe department of Pasco, and the region is often referred to as Selva Central, the country centralforest. The landscape is predominantly hilly, alternating with flat areas. Coca cultivation is foundbetween 300 and 500 meters above sea level.

In 2005, coca cultivation was estimated at about 211 ha, representing only 0.4% of the nationaltotal, and a decrease of 17% compared to the 300 ha found in 2004. As there was no eradicationin the region in 2005, the decrease was attributed to the limitation of the satellite images to detectcoca cultivation below tree canopy.

Table 8: Distribution of coca cultivation in Palcazu-Pichis-Pachitea, 2001 2005 (ha)

Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Change

2004 2005% of 2005

total

Palcazu 100 150 102 161 151 -6% 76%

Pichis 100 98 73 96 43 -55% 22%

Pachitea 150 102 75 43 17 -60% 9%

Rounded total 350 350 250 300 200 -33% 100%

The presence of coca cultivation in this region has been attested since 1986. In the early 1990s,coca cultivation in this region reached up to 12,000 ha for a production of coca leaves orientedtowards cocaine production. The prices fall of the mid-nineties caused the end of coca cultivation inthe region. In 2004, coca cultivation often took place below tree canopy to avoid detection, whichresulted in very low coca leaf yield.

In 2000, UNODC launched an alternative development project mainly oriented towards the geneticimprovement of cattle, and the training of native communities in the extraction of latex from Heveatrees.

During the verification overflight in the north-western part of the region (between San Matias, andthe rivers Santa Isabel and Yanayacu in the district of Yuyapichis), a considerable amount of newcoca fields were spotted, along with coca seedbeds and newly prepared fields.

Coca fields under shadow,Santa Isable, March 2006

39

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

40/62


40

Recently planted coca fields, Santa Isabel, M arch 2006

Coca seed beds and recently planted coca fields, Santa Isabel, M arch 2006

Recently planted coca fields, Santa Isabel, M arch 2006

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

41/62



A camera video linked to a GPS was used to verify the initial interpretation of the satellite images.The yellow dots represent the flight path, the blue arrow the position of the plane when the videowas paused. The white line matches a coca field spotted on the video and the corresponding fieldon the satellite image. The verification flights were conducted jointly by UNODC and CADA.

Snapshot of the video over Aguaytia

Snapshot of the video over Aguaytia

Snapshot of the video overPichis-Pacazu-Pachitea

41

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

42/62

Irazola

Padre Abad

Puerto Inca

Codo del Pozuzo

Yuyapichis

Tornavista

Honoria

Daniel AlomiasRobles

7530'W

7530'W

750'W

750'W

100'S

100'S

930'S

930'S

90'S

90'S

Verification overflight with geovideo in Aguaytia and Palcazu-Pichis-Pachitea



0.1 - 1.0

1.1 - 2.0

2.1 - 4.0

Department boundariesDistrict boundaries

Geographic coordinates WGS84

Peru

UCAYALI

HUANUCO

PASCO

Overflight with geovideo

RiverVillage center

AGUA

YTIA

Aguaytia

San Alej

andr

o

Huipoca

San Alejandro

Von Humbolth

Boqueron

Aguaytia andPalcazu-Pichis-Pachitea

CiudadConstitucion

P

ACHITEA

PICHIS

PALCAZU

SantaIsabel

Yuyapichis

Yanayacu

Pozuzo

Sta. Isabel

Aguaytia

Pachitea

Pichis

Palcazu

4.1 - 8.0

km

0 15 30

> 8.0

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

43/62


2.1.2 PRODUCTION COCA LEAF AND DERIVATIVES

UNODC continuously endeavours to refine its estimation of coca leaf and cocaine production. In2004, a coca leaf yield survey was initiated. As coca leaves are harvested several times during theyear, it is important that such yield survey spanned over a year or more. However, the fieldactivities planned in 2005 and that should have validated the results obtained in 2004 could not be

implemented because of the insecurity for staff prevailing in the main coca growing regions. Theresults obtained in 2004 thus continued to be used, but further work on the topic is needed to refineand complement these results in particular the conversion rate from coca leaf to cocaine.

In 2005, assuming an average sun-dried coca leaf yield of 2,200 kg/ha, the total sun-dried cocaleaf production in Peru was estimated at 106,000 metric tons. Of this amount, a study2 of theNational Institute of Statistics and Computer Science (INEI) estimated that about 9,000 metric tonscorresponded to the annual demand for coca leaves for traditional, commercial or industrial uses.The rest being destined for narco-trafficking.

Assuming a cocaine yield per hectare of 4.1 kg/ha similar to the average yield obtained in 20043 -,the total rounded cocaine production in Peru was estimated at 180 metric tons. Thus, cocaineproduction in Peru decreased by 5% compared to 190 metric tons produced in 2004.

Figure 7. Peru potential cocaine production 1995 2005 (in metric tons)

-

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Metricton

Metric tons 460 435 325 240 175 141 150 165 155 190 180

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

In 2005, potential cocaine production in Peru accounted for 20% of the global potential cocaineproduction of 910 metric tons. This was a much lower percentage than ten years ago, whenpotential cocaine production in Peru represented about 49% of the global potential cocaineproduction.

2Encuesta Nacional sobre consumo tradicional de hoja de coca en los hogares, INEI DEVIDA, November 2004

3After deduction of 4,100 ha of coca cultivation corresponding to the production of 9,000 mt of coca leaf for traditional

demand

43

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

44/62


Table 9: Potential cocaine production in the Andean region 1995 - 2005 (in mt)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

%change2004-2005

% of2005total

Bolivia 240 215 200 150 70 43 60 60 79 107 90 -16% 10%

Peru460 435 325 240 175 141 150 165 155 190 180 -5% 20%Colombia 230 300 350 435 680 695 617 580 550 640 640 0% 70%

Total 930 950 875 825 925 879 827 805 784 937 910 -3% 100%

Source: UNODC World Drug Report

Figure 8. Potential cocaine production in the Andean region 1995 - 2005 (in mt)

44

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

45/62


45

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

J-

04

F-

04

M-

04

A-

04

M-

04

J-

04

J-

04

A-

04

S-

04

O-

04

N-

04

D-

04

J-

05

F-

05

M-

05

A-

05

M-

05

J-

05

J-

05

A-

05

S-

05

O-

05

N-

05

D-

05

US$

/kg

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

SOL

/kg

US$

/kg

SOL

/kg

2004 2005

2.2 PRICES O F CO CA LEAF AND ITS DERIVATIVES

In Peru, the annual average price of coca leaf in 2005 (SOL 9.4/kg or US$ 2.9/kg) was very sim ilar to the

annual average of 2004 that established at SOL 9.4 /kg (US$ 2.8/kg), illustrating the stability of the coca leaf

prices. Even though a decrease could be noted for the prices of coca leaf between Septem ber and

Decem ber, a decrease also noted for the cocaine paste prices between the sam e period, this trend m ight

have been seasonal, corresponding in a peak of harvest of coca leaf during the rainy season. In addition,

prices usually fell towards the end of the year, as farm ers tend to harvest just before Christm as to cover theirexpenses during the festive period. At the regional level, prices of coca leaf rem ained the highest in M onzon

region, where coca cultivation is widespread and the dem and high.

Regional prices of coca leaf in Peru, 2005

Region SOL/kg US$/kg

Alto Huallaga: M onzon 12.0 3.7

Alto Huallaga: South 10.4 3.2

Alto Huallaga: North 8.5 2.6

Apurim ac 7.0

Inam bari 9.8 2.9

Aguaytia 8.4

All regions 9.4 2.9

The detailed m onthly prices per region for 2005 and 2004 are annexed.

Coca leaf, 2004-2005 m onthly average prices, Peru (US$/kg)

In 2005, the potential farm -gate value of the sun-dried coca leaf production am ounted to about

US$ 307 m illion, estim ated from the sale of 106,000 m etric tons of coca leaf at 2.9 US$/kg. This

represented about 0.4% of the 2004 G DP estim ated at US$ 68.6 billion4.

The stability of the prices of coca leaf was reflected in the stability of the price of cocaine paste.

Prices of cocaine paste rem ained unchanged between 2004 and 2005 at US$640 /kg. Like for the

prices of coca leaf, prices of cocaine base have been decreasing between Septem ber and

Decem ber 2005, but this decrease m ight have only reflected a seasonal variation.

4W orld Bank, latest available estim ate as of M ay 2006

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

46/62


Prices for cocaine paste are usually highest in Monzon and Apurimac regions, the two maincenters of illicit cultivation which represented respectively 23% and 32% of the national cocacultivation in 2005.

Regional prices of cocaine paste in, 2005

Region US$/kg Alto Huallaga: Monzon 680

Alto Huallaga: South 640 Alto Huallaga: North 580Apurimac 690Aguaytia 680All regions 640

Cocaine paste, 2004-2005 average prices for Alto Huallaga North, Monzon and Apurimac (US$/kg)

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

Jan

04

Feb

04

Mar

04

Apr

04

May

04

Jun

04

Jul

04

Aug

04

Sep

04

Oct

04

Nov

04

Dec

04

Jan

05

Feb

05

Mar

05

Apr

05

May

05

Jun

05

Jul

05

Aug

05

Sep

05

Oct

05

Nov

05

Dec

05

US$/kg

Alt o Huallaga: Nort h Alt o Huallaga: Monz on A purimac

Like the prices of coca leaf and cocaine paste, prices of cocaine remained virtually unchanged inPeru between 2004 and 2005, at US$890 /kg. The annual average cocaine prices recorded in Peruis much lower then the average prices in Colombia (US$ 1,860/kg) and Bolivia (US$ 1,800/kg).The difference might be due to the fact that the price in Peru refers to the price in the producingregion, close to its processing, whereas prices in Colombia and Bolivia refer to whole sale prices inthe main cities.

Regional prices of cocaine in Peru, 2005

Region US$/kg Alto Huallaga: Monzon 970 Alto Huallaga: South 890

Alto Huallaga: North 830Aguaytia 1,080All regions 890

46

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

47/62

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

48/62


2.3 REPORTED OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION

The UNODC-supported national illicit crop monitoring system has not yet established a reliablemethodology for the detection of opium poppy in Peru. However, opium poppy cultivation wasconsidered negligible in 2005. Opium poppy was mainly cultivation in the mountain range. A reportof August 2004 of CADA (Alternative Development Assistance Body) mentioned that there wouldbe 223 districts with potential land for opium poppy cultivation in the departments of Amazonas,

Piura, Cajamarca, La Libertad and San Martn. There was also evidence of opium poppycultivation in Pasco, Hunuco, Ayacucho and Huancavelica.

Table 10: Reported opium poppy cultivation in Peru, 1995 2005 (ha)1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

599 649 720 652 873 748 1,361 n.a. n.a. 1,447 n.a.

Source: DIRANDRO, n.a. = not available

DIRANDRO reported annual opium latex yield of about 8 kg/ha, and a conversion rate of 10 kg ofopium latex for 1 kg of heroin. Based on this estimates, heroin production would have been aroundaround 1 metric tons in 2004. A relatively small production compared to neighbouring Colombia

where heroin production is estimated at 2.5 metric tons in 2005.

In 2005, DIRANDRO reported the eradication of about 95.5 ha of opium poppy cultivation.

Table 11: Reported opium poppy eradication in Peru, 1998 2005 (ha)1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

4 18 26 155 14 57 98 95.5

Source: DIRANDRO

DIRANDRO reported that most of the opium latex production was transported by land in directionof Ecuador and by river towards Colombia. Seizure of opium latex increased by 12% between2004 and 2005 to reach 505 kg. Heroin seizures also increased, from 1 kg reported in 2004 to 8.2

kg reported in 2005.

Table 12: Reported seizure of opium latex, morphine and heroin, Peru, 1995-2005 (kg)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Opium latex 24 37 7 12 66 508 244 234 433 451 505

Morphine 1 15 11 6 0 0 0

Heroin 16 4 1 8.2

Source: DIRANDRO

48

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

49/62


2.4 REPORTED ERADICATION

In 2005, the Peruvian government reported the eradication of 12,232 ha of coca fields, of which8,966 ha eradicated by CORAH as part of its programme of forced eradication and 3,266 haeradicated by CADA as part of its programme of voluntary eradication. This corresponded to anincrease of 19% compared to the 10,257 ha of eradicated coca cultivation reported in 2004.

Figure 9. Coca cultivation and eradication of coca fields in Peru, 1995 - 2005

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

h

ectare

Eradication Coca cultivation

Eradication 1,259 3,462 7,834 14,733 6,206 6,436 7,134 11,312 10,257 12,232

Coca cultivation 115,300 94,400 68,800 51,000 38,700 43,400 46,200 46,700 44,200 50,300 48,200

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Sources: Coca cultivation USG 1995-1999 and National Monitoring System Supported by UNODC 2000-2005Eradication: DEVIDA, CORAH

49

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

50/62

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

51/62


2.5 REPORTED SEIZURE

Between 2004 and 2005, according to the reported data of the Peruvian anti-narcotics police,DIRANDRO, seizures of cocaine paste and cocaine hydrochloride decreased but destruction andseizures of coca leaves increased. Seizures of cocaine hydrochloride decreased from 7,3 mt in2004 to 2,1 mt kg in 2005, while seizures and destruction of coca leaves increased from 916 mt to

1,525 mt.

Table 13: Drug seized in Peru, 2003 2005 (kg or otherwise specified)Item seized 2003 2004 2005

Destruction and seizure of coca leaf 1,328,347 916,024 1,525,739

Cocaine paste 4,366 6,330 3,199

Cocaine hydrochloride 3,574 7,303 2,119

Source: DIRANDRO

51

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

52/62


3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 COCA CULTIVATION

The monitoring of coca cultivation in Peru is based on the interpretation of various types of satelliteimages. For the 2005 census, a 29 satellite images were used, of which 15 IKONOS multi-spectral(ground resolution of 4 sq meter), 13 SPOT 5 (ground resolution of 10 sq meter) and one Landsat5(ground resolution of 30 sq meter).

Region Satellite Acquisition dateArea covered

(Sq km)Rio Monzon IKONOS 19/9/2005 223

Rio Rondos IKONOS 19/9/2005 138

Tulumayo IKONOS 13/10/2005 223

Tulumayo2 IKONOS 31/7/2005 163

Nuevo Progreso IKONOS 19/9/2005 183

Yanajanca IKONOS 19/9/2005 256

Aspuzana IKONOS 19/9/2005 266

Pizana IKONOS 27/12/2005 200

Pizana2 IKONOS 17/8/2005 154

Uchiza IKONOS 29/11/2005 300

Uchiza2 IKONOS 29/11/2005 180

Aucayacu IKONOS 16/9/2005 203

Aucayacu2 IKONOS 19/9/2005 263

Aucayacu3 IKONOS 19/9/2005 262

Tingo Maria LANDSAT 5 28/7/2005 34225

Pizana SPOT 5 28/11/2005 1800

Monzon alto SPOT 5 23/11/2005 1800

La Convencion y Lares SPOT 5 11/6/2005 3600

La Convencion y Lares SPOT 5 28/7/2005 1800

Apurimac SPOT 5 28/7/2005 3600

Apurimac SPOT 5 23/7/2005 3600

Aguaytia SPOT 5 1/8/2005 1800

Inambari SPOT 5 4/9/2005 1800

San Gaban SPOT 5 29/7/2005 3600

Maraon SPOT 5 6/9/2005 3600

Maraon SPOT 5 31/7/2005 900

Pichis SPOT 5 12/7/2005 900

Pichis SPOT 5 11/7/2005 3600

52

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

53/62


1) Identification and acquisition of the image

The 2005 Peru coca survey relied mostly on SPOT5 images, and to a lesser extent on IKONOSand Landsat5 images. In 2005, the cloud cover did not permit to acquire SPOT images over thewhole Alto Huallaga, and alternatives censors like IKONOS and Landsat5 were used.

Quick Look SPOT 5: sector Monzon - Alto Quick Look SPOT 5: sector Uchiza - AltoHuallaga, November 2005 Huallaga, June 2005

SPOT5 possesses very good characteristics for crop monitoring. In combination with the olderSPOT4 satellite, the chances of acquisition of cloud free images are higher than with other sensors.In addition, due to an off-nadir viewing capability an area can be monitored more frequently. With aspectral sensitivity from the visible to the medium infrared and a spatial resolution from 2.5 meter(panchromatic) to 10 meter (multispectral), SPOT fulfils the requirements for vegetation monitoring.

The main disadvantage of this sensor is its relatively high price, which impedes the coverage oflarge areas on a regular basis. With a swath width is of 60 km, about 300 SPOT images would benecessary to cover the entire country. However, SPOT offers the possibility to purchase half orquarter of images. This option enabled to reduce the cost to cover the area of interest.

2) Image pre-processing

The SPOT 5 images are received at the level 1A. Depending on the cloud covers and hazepresent on the image, the images are filtered with an convolution algorithm. If the study area ismade of several images, the contrasts are levelled out.

The images were geo-referenced on the basis of ground control points from maps at the 1/50,000scale and the 2001, 2004 ortho-rectified images.

53

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

54/62

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

55/62


3) Definition of interpretation keys

The appearance of the coca fields on the satellite images depends on the field slope, the sunexposure (shaded or sunny areas of the satellite images) and the stage of development of thevegetation.

First the remote sensing experts defined the interpretation patterns of the different categories andstage of coca fields. Their experience enabled them to distinguish the following five patterns ofcoca cultivation:

a) Young coca fieldThis category corresponds to coca fields ofabout 12 months old. The coverage of cocafoliage accounts for 20% to 40% of the spectralcharacteristics of these fields, while theremaining spectral characteristics come fromthe soil. Ground information and previousyears mapping information are a crucial help

for the interpretation the coca fields.

b) Mature coca fieldThis category corresponds to coca fields from12 to 24 months old and older. Three or fourmonths after the harvest, these coca fieldshave a high coca foliage density and show ahigh level of contrast on the satellite images.

Generally speaking, the higher the density ofcoca plants, the higher the reflectance on thesatellite image. It is therefore easier to identifycoca fields in areas where density is high, likein Apurimac, than in areas where it is lower,like in Monzon and La Convencion-Lares.

c) Harvested coca fieldThis category corresponds to coca fields onwhich the leaves have been harvested andonly nude plants and stems remain. Most of

the spectral characteristics of these fieldscome from the colour of the soil. Theidentification and mapping of these fieldstherefore requires the use of additionalinformation, such as the 2001 census, as wellas field data on the surrounding environment.

55

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

56/62


d) Rehabilitated coca field

This category corresponds to abandoned cocafields recently rehabilitated. The rehabilitationprocess includes weeding and planting of newcoca plants in addition to old coca plants.These coca fields can be productive in a veryshort time. The first harvest can take place asearly as 3 to 4 months after the rehabilitation.

The spectral characteristics of these fields arethe same as for mature coca, but the use ofthe 2001 coca mapping enables theidentification of these rehabilitated coca fields.

e) Mixed cropsThis category includes parcels where the coca

crop, while maintaining its structure in the field(furrows and/or alternating lines), shares theground with licit crops. Associated crops aregenerally annual agricultural products, such asmaize and cassava.

The spectral characteristics of these fields arethe combination of the spectral characteristicsof the coca foliage, the associated crop and ofthe soil.

Once these patterns had been defined, coca fields were visually interpreted and their bordersdigitized on screen on a few sample areas. The resulting classification was printed at the scale1/50,000 for field verification.

4) Field verification and correction of the interpretation key

The field work enabled to refine the interpretation key, and to improve the characterization ofconfusing land use, mostly shrubby areas (purma), annual crops with short vegetation period,small pastures and small cleared areas.

5) Visual interpretation of coca fields

After the interpretation key had been corrected and refined, coca fields were classified visually onscreen for the entire area of interest. The experts have acquired a good knowledge of the areas ofinterest during the field verification process and have long experience with the project. They alsorelied on the aerial photography at the 1/20,000 scale acquired in 1999 and 2000, as well as theprevious year satellite images, to facilitate their interpretation.

56

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

57/62


6) Verification flights

Like in previous years, the results of the visual interpretation was checked during over-flight. In2005, the project used during these overflights a video camera linked to a GPS. With this newdevice, it was possible to replay the video on the computer and track the flight path on the satelliteimage using the software GeoVideo. A total of 15 hours of overflights were performed over theregions of Alto Huallaga (including Monzon), Apurimac, Pichis-Palcazu-Pachitea and Aguaytia.Snapshots of the video and the corresponding satellite images are in the chapter presenting theregional findings. The overfligths and the video recording was implemented in cooperation withCADA, the government body for Alternative Development.

7) Correction for slope

In Peru, 90% of the coca fields are on slope steeper than 20 degrees. To improve the overallresults, a digital elevation model based on 1/50,000 contour lines is used to correct the initial areawith the inclination of the underlying slope.

Table 14: Correction for slope

Area (ha)Initial interpretation 42,000 After slope correction 48,200

3.2 OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION

The UNODC-supported national illicit crop monitoring system has not yet established a reliablemethodology for the detection of opium poppy in Peru and no data was available for 2005.Nevertheless, the level of opium poppy cultivation is considered negligible in Peru.

3.3 PRICES

Prices of sun-dried coca leaf and other commodities are collected through a network of 13collection points located in the following areas: Aguaytia (1), Apurimac (3), Inambari (3), Monzon(2), Tocache (1), and Uchiza (3).

Prices are collected once a month by project staff through semi-structured interviews of keyinformants selected among farmers, storekeepers and people who participate in the productionand distribution of illicit drugs.

57

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

58/62


58

4 ANNEX

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

59/62

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

60/62

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

61/62

8/14/2019 01578-Peru coca survey 2005

62/62

OFICCE N FarmersEXTENSION

ha

YIELD

TM

NORTH REGION

TRUJILLO 22 2.74 1.918SIMBAL 126 50.70 35.491

CASCAS 143 30.75 21.527

RANCHO GRANDE 105 29.14 20.394

COMPIN 499 9.77 6.841

HUAYOBAMBA 704 196.78 137.744

Sub-Total 1,599 319.88 223.915

CAJAMARCA 23 16.73 11.714

BALZAS 219 107.08 74.952

Sub- Total 242 123.81 86.666

CHACHAPOYAS 116 42.22 29.557

TINGO 121 44.59 31.209

LUYA 14 5.14 3.600

Sub-Total 251 91.95 64.366

HUAMACHUCO 237 85.27 59.689

SALTIBAMBA 384 197.35 138.143

CHAGUAL 1,067 246.88 172.812

Sub-Total 1,688 529.49 370.644

PALLASCA 315 50.13 35.091

Sub-Total 315 50.13 35.091

TOTAL OF REGION 4,095 1,115.27 780.682

CENTRE REGION

AYACUCHO

SIVIA 622 70.34 49.238

LLOCHEGUA 731 200.35 140.245

SAN FRANCISCO 1,416 421.13 294.791

SANTA ROSA 814 317.99 222.593

Sub-Total 3,583 1,009.81 706.867

HUANUCO

TINGO MARIA 4,783 5,321.55 3,725.085

Sub-Total 4,783 5,321.55 3,725.085

TOTAL OF REGION 8,366 6,331.36 4,431.952

SOUTH REGION

JULIACA

SANDIA 1,778 783.00 551.054

Sub-Total 1,778 783.00 551.054

QUILLABAMBA 5,000 4,001.03 2,800.721

LA QUEBRADA 815 1,050.00 735.000

QUELLOUNO 2,000 1,281.00 826.700

SANTA MARIA 2,047 1,751.78 1,226.246

PALMA REAL 1,064 614.69 430.283

COLCA 461 495.57 346.899

SAN LORENZO 200 193.00 135.100

KITENI 56 83.00 58.100

PUTUCUSI 267 500.00 350.000

MARANURA 8 00 00 490 000

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION - 1978

NATIONAL COCA ENTERPRICE

01578-Peru coca survey 2005

Documents