M~DICAMENTS ET ALIMENTS : L >APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE M 215 Ethnopharmacology of Murcia (SE Spain) RIVERA NiTr”JEZ D., OB6N DE CASTRO C. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-3007 1-Murcia, EspaÎia RÉSUMÉ Ce travail présente les plantes médicinales de la région de Murcia (Sud-Est de l’Espagne) et leurs usages thérapeutiques. Deux listes, les espèces avec les noms scientifiques, les noms vernaculaires et les indications dans la thérapeutique populaire de cette région sont jointes ; la première liste couvre la flore locale, sauvage ou cultivée, et la deuxième les plantes importées. INTRODUCTION This chapter is a sequel to the monographs Plantas Medicinales de Nuestra Region (OB6N and RIVERA, 1991) and Introduccidn al Mundo de las Plantas Medicixales en Murcia (RIVERA, OBdN, CANO and ROBLEDO, 19941, which compiledthe scatteredpublished informationavailable about traditional uses of medicinal plants found in Murcia, and the works carried out byourselves and manyof Our stu- dents in the Ethnobotany laboratory at Murcia University since 1982 (Fig. 1, and Tab. 1). Field trips and open-ended inter- views with herbalists, healers, shepherds and housewives were carried out on and off from 1983 to this current year. The Herbarium MUB (Murcia University) contains voucher speci- mens of the taxa cited in Table 2 and samples of plants cited in Tables 2 and 3 are kept at the Ethnobotany laboratory. Murcia is an area of great cultural and biological diversity. Situ- ated at the border of the Mediterranean sea in the southeastern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, in Western Europe, this region is home to an ancient blend of cultures and ethnic groups. Eco- systems vary from dry Mediterranean scrubs to evergreen oak forest. The average annual precipitation mostof which falls between the months of October and April, vary from 200 to 600 mm. Severe drought is a recurrent phenomen which en- tails dramatic shortages of the agricultural products. Compli- cated irrigation systems have been developped in the Segura river bassin in order to assure a regular crop every year. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN MURCIA The use of plants for medicinalpurposes in Murcia dates back to the Prehistoric times. In this remote arid area of Europe people lived in communities far away from each other in the badland regions, known as “el campo” or close together in the Segurariver bassin, the “huerta” zone, which was covered of irrigated fields. In both areas the inhabitants were almost deprived of regular medical care until relatively recent times. Treatment was provided, and the gap filled, by the native healers called “curandero” or by the housewives theirselves. Three cultures, three religions and presumably three kinds of medicine met in Murcia during the Middle Ages. Murcian folk beliefs and medicinal practices retain many elements of Latin, Moorish and Jewish medical traditions. Untangling different cultural contributions to modem folk medicine is difficult, but the task of comparing the available data is worth to gaining a better understanding of Western Mediterranean folk medicine. Epidemics were relatively fiequent in the Middle Ages (m-XIV centuries), and cities like Murcia recurred to a large number of jew physicians and practitioners for these dramatic moments (TORRES et al., 1981). Jew medical masters (VIDAL ~ E ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ HAYM ABEAEX, DAVID DAMASTO, etc.) took care of the health in the locality as municipal doctors. Some women of jew origin practised also the medicine (TORRES et al., 1980; 1981). Moorish medical practitioners were fiequent in the Catholic Spain of the XVI century but very often they were prosecuted by the inquisition tribunals under the charge of whitchcraft (GARCf.4 BALLESTER, 1984). The Murcian can choose from among several alternative medi- cal systems and practitioners. Modem medicine is administered by licenced physicians through government clinics (ambulato- rios), which are widely dispersed in the temtory, and hospitals. Private doctors also are available. The pharmacists provide their clients with medical advice conceming common ailments. Herb stores (herboristerias) whose propietors lack very often of for- mal pharmacological training provide also their clients with medical advice. Curanderos are relatively common among the medical practitioners of this region and neighbouring zones (SEIJO, 1974). Curanderos reside in the outskirts of the larger Actes du 2e Colloque Européen d‘Ethnopharmacologie et de la Ile Conférence internationale d‘Ethnomédecine, Heidelberg, 2.4-27 mars 1993.
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M~DICAMENTS ET ALIMENTS : L >APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE M 215
Ethnopharmacology of Murcia (SE Spain)
RIVERA NiTr”JEZ D., OB6N DE CASTRO C. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia
Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-3007 1-Murcia, EspaÎia
RÉSUMÉ Ce travail présente les plantes médicinales de la région de Murcia (Sud-Est de l’Espagne) et leurs usages thérapeutiques. Deux listes, les espèces avec les noms scientifiques, les noms vernaculaires et les indications dans la thérapeutique populaire de cette région sont jointes ; la première liste couvre la flore locale, sauvage ou cultivée, et la deuxième les plantes importées.
INTRODUCTION This chapter is a sequel to the monographs Plantas Medicinales de Nuestra Region (OB6N and R I V E R A , 1991) and Introduccidn al Mundo de las Plantas Medicixales en Murcia (RIVERA, OBdN, CANO and ROBLEDO, 19941, which compiled the scattered published information available about traditional uses of medicinal plants found in Murcia, and the works carried out by ourselves and many of Our stu- dents in the Ethnobotany laboratory at Murcia University since 1982 (Fig. 1, and Tab. 1). Field trips and open-ended inter- views with herbalists, healers, shepherds and housewives were carried out on and off from 1983 to this current year. The Herbarium MUB (Murcia University) contains voucher speci- mens of the taxa cited in Table 2 and samples of plants cited in Tables 2 and 3 are kept at the Ethnobotany laboratory. Murcia is an area of great cultural and biological diversity. Situ- ated at the border of the Mediterranean sea in the southeastern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, in Western Europe, this region is home to an ancient blend of cultures and ethnic groups. Eco- systems vary from dry Mediterranean scrubs to evergreen oak forest. The average annual precipitation most of which falls between the months of October and April, vary from 200 to 600 mm. Severe drought is a recurrent phenomen which en- tails dramatic shortages of the agricultural products. Compli- cated irrigation systems have been developped in the Segura river bassin in order to assure a regular crop every year.
THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN MURCIA The use of plants for medicinal purposes in Murcia dates back to the Prehistoric times. In this remote arid area of Europe people lived in communities far away from each other in the badland regions, known as “el campo” or close together in the Segurariver bassin, the “huerta” zone, which was covered
of irrigated fields. In both areas the inhabitants were almost deprived of regular medical care until relatively recent times. Treatment was provided, and the gap filled, by the native healers called “curandero” or by the housewives theirselves.
Three cultures, three religions and presumably three kinds of medicine met in Murcia during the Middle Ages. Murcian folk beliefs and medicinal practices retain many elements of Latin, Moorish and Jewish medical traditions. Untangling different cultural contributions to modem folk medicine is difficult, but the task of comparing the available data is worth to gaining a better understanding of Western Mediterranean folk medicine.
Epidemics were relatively fiequent in the Middle Ages (m-XIV centuries), and cities like Murcia recurred to a large number of jew physicians and practitioners for these dramatic moments (TORRES et al., 1981). Jew medical masters (VIDAL ~ E ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ S ~ B E N O ~ ~ , HAYM ABEAEX, DAVID DAMASTO, etc.) took care of the health in the locality as municipal doctors. Some women of jew origin practised also the medicine (TORRES et al., 1980; 1981). Moorish medical practitioners were fiequent in the Catholic Spain of the XVI century but very often they were prosecuted by the inquisition tribunals under the charge of whitchcraft (GARCf.4 BALLESTER, 1984).
The Murcian can choose from among several alternative medi- cal systems and practitioners. Modem medicine is administered by licenced physicians through government clinics (ambulato- rios), which are widely dispersed in the temtory, and hospitals. Private doctors also are available. The pharmacists provide their clients with medical advice conceming common ailments. Herb stores (herboristerias) whose propietors lack very often of for- mal pharmacological training provide also their clients with medical advice. Curanderos are relatively common among the medical practitioners of this region and neighbouring zones (SEIJO, 1974). Curanderos reside in the outskirts of the larger
Actes du 2e Colloque Européen d‘Ethnopharmacologie et de la I le Conférence internationale d‘Ethnomédecine, Heidelberg, 2.4-27 mars 1993.
M~DICAMENTS ET ALIMEhTS : L'APPROCHE ETHNOPHARnfACOLOGIQUE
towns or in little villages, and recently some of them do adver- tise thek practices in the local newspapers. The condition of curandero was object of strict rules under the traditional sys- tem, but it was also a way for oportunists and fakers. This fact makes extremely difficult rendering a realistic, picture of the relevance of herbal remedies in the highly variable and obscure curanderos' practices. Magic, astrologic and other strange resources were locally em- ployed in medicine but also repeatedly forbidden by the authori- ties (TOREU3 et aZ., 1980). Fascination is a relatively common place in S. Spain, it has specific practitioners whose formules and prayers arerelatively secret (FLEMh, 1987; SELTO, 1974).
Adults over sixty, living in the. country have nowadays some knowledge of remedies for common ailrnents. Housewives are specialized in the ailments of the household, and shephers usu- ally furnished veterinary care for their cattle. Recent develop- ment in rural societies andimmigration into the big cities ofmost of the population have led to a generalized lost of herbal lore. Most of Our information hence was gathered arnong the last rem- nants of this rural culture of Spain, and in part corresponded with obsolete practices only reminded by the interviewed persons.
In Murcia plants were traditionally prescribed and used for generations. These prescriptions and uses merged the mille- nary traditions with external recent influences. Every time the local folk pharmacopea reflected the conflict between his- torical background and fashionable new medicinal uses and introduced species.
Fig. 1 Map of research sites on Mur& region
(for explanation of mumbers, see Table 1)
The fiist Murcian medicinal plant lnowm to the science was a lcind of wild cumrnin (presurnably Distychoselinm tenu$olium) cited by Dioscorides in the 1st century AT9 (LECLERC, 1883). Epidemies determined reviewed experiences with local and ex-
Table 1 Main research sites on Murcia region (S-E Spain) and references
Archena Bullas Cartagena Cehegin Cieza Fortuna Jumilla Mazarr6n Molina de Seruga Moratalla Mula Murcia Puerto Lumbreras Ricote §an Javier Santomera Sierra de Enmedio Sierra Espufia Yecla
References
Caracena (1988) FernBndez (1993) Alcazar, Garcia, Rivera and Ob6n (1990): Garcia and Alcazar (1987); Quevedo (1987): Ferrirndiz (1974) Martinez and Mpez (1990); Garcia (1993); Ibern6n (1991): SBnchez Hernhdez (1994); Rueda and Ibem6n (1987) Carrillo and Martiiiez (1993): Ibhez and Bonmati [ 1993); Garcia Aroca (1992) CarrWlot (1990); Jimenez and Peiïaranda (1992) Jiménez (199 1 ) De Alvaro (1989) L6pez Verdfi (1990) G6mez (1992); §&chez (1992): Rueda and Ibern6n (1987) Rodrigue2 Zapata (1988) Garcia and Botias (1987); Cano J. (1990); Garcia and A l c h (1987); Martinez and Jumilla (1987); P inch Ruiz and Salinas (1992) Guirao (1987) L6pez Cano (1994) Carcia Fernilndez (1992) CAnovas, Maainez and Pelegrh (1 994) L6pez §Anchez (1984) Aguila (1988); &vwez, Asencio and Saez (1989) Barredo, Pérez andTornem (1991): Ortuiio (1987)
Actes du 2e Colloque Europ6em d'Ethnopharmacologie et de la 11" Conférence internationale d'Ethnorn&decine, Heidelberg, 24-27 mars 1993.
MÉDICAMENTS ET AWMENTS : L'APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE I 21 7
Table 2 Check-list of medicinal autoctonous and introduced plant species of the Murcia Region and their local indications
FAMILY Svecies
Common names Uses recorded
FERNS ADIAN'IACEE
Adiantum capillus veneris L. culandrillo, culantrillo, culantrillo de - antitussive, analgesic pozo, falsia, helecho, zancamorenilla
Equisetum awense L. cola de caballo - diuretic, antidiabetic, antiseptic Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. cola de caballo, cola de caballo fina - diuretic, antidiabetic, antiseptic Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. cola de caballo, cola de caballo basta - diuretic, antidiabetic, antiseptic
Polypodium canzbricum L. subsp. helecho, polipodio - laxative, purgative, antitussive
EQUISETACEE
POLYPODIACEE
serrulatum (F.W. Schulz ex Arcangeli) Pichi Sermolli
CTJPRESSACEE Cupressus sempewirens L. Juniperus communis L. subsp.
Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus Junipenls phœnicea L. subsp. phœnicea
Ephedrafrngilis Desf.
hemisphearica (K. Presl) Nyman
EPHEDRACEJE
PINACEE Abies pinsapo Boiss. (cultivated) Pinus halepensis Miller
hierba miaera, yerba miaera manzanilla real oreja de liebre peluda ajenjo, doncel, rnanzanillbn, rnatapestosa, pino doncel, pino sarampibn boja, boja negra, boja reina, manzanillbn, matapestosa boja negra
boja
abr6tano macho, boja, boja antina, boja blanca, boja borde, boja para la yesca, boja yesquera altamisa, artemisia altarnisa mata de té, viuda araiias, rnadreoveja, margaritera, mata de las uiias, peo de fraile, ufia de gato
- astringent
- hair dye and restorer - poisonous, dermatologie, purgative
claimed to protect the liver vulnerary diuretic, claimed to protect the liver, laxative, dermatologic, depurative claimed to protect the liver, antirheumatic, diuretic, antitussive, depurative diuretic, hypotensive, antirheumatic and antidiabetic
remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract
Actes du 2e Colloque Eurogen d‘Ethnopharmacologie et de la 1 le Conférence internationale d’Ethnomédecine, Heidelberg, 24-27 mars 1993.
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Table 2 (Cont'd) Check-list of medicinal autoctonous and introduced plant species of the Murcia Region and their local indications
FAMILY Conmon names Uses recorded Species
Borago ofSicinalis L.
Cynoglossunt cheirifoliurn L.
Cynoglossum pictrun Ait.
Echiatm sulgare L. Heliotropium eul-opceun1 L.
Lithodora fruticosa (L.) Griseb.
BRASSILACEB (CRUCIFEFLE) Capsella bursapastoris L.
borraja, lengua bovina, lengua de vaca, - lenguazas, morracias bifiebla, oreja de liebre, pulmonaria, - rifiella, viniebla bifiebla, lenguaza, rifiella -
lenguaza, viborera - girasol, mirasol, verrucaria, yerba - verruguera asperbn, chuparnieles, hierba de la - sangre, hierba de la sangre basta, hierba de las siete sangrias, salado, yerba de la sangre
bolsa de pastor, mata pan de pastor, - pan and quesillo, rabaniza, zurrbn de pastor floreta, hierba blanea, lobbn, lob6n de - noria, salsa cuchareta, guchareta, perbete, pinos - aliaria, hierba pajarera, oruga, oruga - borde amargo, oruga, oruga basta, rabaniza - collejbn - berros, la mata berro - r5bano -
chumbera, higuera chumba, pala, - palas, palera
palera -
tapenera -
madreselva madreselva madreselva
sabuco - sabuco, sabuquera, Sacco -
barbadija, durillo -
remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract, tonic remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract, dematologic sedative antipyretic, dematologic, ophthalnic, emmenagogue depurative, anti-inflarnmatory
haemostatic, depurative
haemostatic
dematologic vulnerary
diuretic, dermatologie, anthelmintic dermatologie antipyretic, vulnerary remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract
dematologic, remedy for relievimg of the high respiratory tract, digestive, antiseptic urinary tract, astringent, analgesic antiseptic urinay tract
Actes du 2e Colloque Européen &Ethopharmacologie et de la 11" Conférence internationale #Ethomedecine, Heidelberg, 24-27 mars 1993.
M~~DICAMENTS ET ALIMENTS : L’APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE I 221
Table 2 (Cont’d) Check-list of medicinal autoctonous and introduced plant species of the Murcia Region and their local indications
FAMILY Common names Uses recorded Species
CARYOPHYLLACEE Arenaria intricata Dufour Cerastium glomeratunz Thuill. Dianthus valentinus Willk. Herniariafruticosa L. Herniaria hirsuta L.
Paronychia argentea Lam.
Paronychia capitata (L.) Lam.
Paronychia suffruticosa (L ) DC.
Saponaria oflcinalis L. Spergularia rubra (L.) J. and C. Presl
Beta vulgaris L. subsp. cicla (L.) Arcangeli
Chenopodium apnbrosioides L.
CHENOPODIACEE
Salsola genistoides Juss.
Salsola kali L. subsp. kali
Salsola kali L. subsp. ruthenica
Salsola vermiculata L.
Cistus albidus L.
(Iljin) So6
CISTACEE
Cistus clusii Dunal
Cistus Iaurifolius L. Cistus nzonspeliensis L. Fumana ericoides (Cav.) Gand.
Helianthemum cinereum (Cav.)
Helianthemum marifolium (L.) Miller Helianthernum syriacum (Jacq.)
Helianthemum violaceum Pers.
subsp. ericoides
Pers. subsp. cinereum
Dum.-Cours.
flowers de pincho - oreja de r a t h - quebrantapiedras - quebrantapiedras, ruinas - hierba meona, meona, quebranta la - piedra, quebrantapiedras, riiionera, rompepiedras, yerba urinaria hierba la sangre, hierba de la plata, - hierba la Plata, quebrantapiedras, yerba de la plata flor de plata, hierba de la plata, mata - de Plata, orinaria, quebrantapiedras, sanguinaria, yerba de la plata hierba de la sangre, yerba la sangre -
jabonera, saponaria - arenaria roja -
acelgas, blea -
hierba de la té, planta del té, té borde -
bojas, bojantinas, escoba de la era, - escobilla, escobillas alicornios, barrilla borde, salicornios, - sanicornios, sarnicomio alicornio, meona, trotamundos -
carajillo, carambillo, Salado, sala0 -
estepa, estepa blanca, estopa, estrepa, - jara, jara blanca, jara estepa cabraullia, estepa, jabarzo, jaguarzo, - jara, juaglazo, juarzo, juagarzo, juagarzo fino, quebraolla, quebraollas, quiebraolla, quiebraollas, rompeollas, romero macho estepa, jara - jaguarzo, jara, juagarzo, juagarzo basto - hierba de la sangre, té moro, tomillo - morisco, tonnera ardivieja, ceje, ge del campo, je del - campo, seje, yerba de la ge ceje - matas blancas, té de campo -
té moro -
diuretic vulnerary lithotritic diuretic, antidiabetic diuretic and lithotritic
Actes du 2= Colloque Européen d’Ethnopharmacologie et de la 11“ Confirence internationale d’Ethnomkdecine, Heidelberg, 24-27 m m 1993.
222 M ML?DICAMEWS ET ALIMENTS : L 'APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE
Table 2 (Cont'd) Check-list of medicinal autoctonous and introduced plant species of the Murcia Region and their local indications
FAMILY Cornmon names Uses recorded Species
CLUSIACEB Hypericum ericoides L.
Hypericum pe$oratum L. var. angustifolium DC.
GOWOLVULACEE Convolvulus althœoides L.
Convolvulus arvensis L.
C O W A C E B
CORYLACEB Corinria myrtifolia L.
Corylus avellnna L.
CRASSULACEE Kalanchœ fedtschenlsoi Hamet
Sedum album L. Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pav.
and Penier
Sedum telephium L. Urnbilicus horizontalis Guss. Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy
Citmllus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo Cucumis sativus L.
CUCURBITACEB
Cucurbita pepo L. Ecballium elnterium a.) A. Richard
CUSCUTACElE Cuscuta epithymum (L.) Murray
CYF'ERACEB
rirnica, h i c a fina, corazdn de piedra, coraz6n de la piedra, hierba de la piedra, pincelillo, pinillo de Oro, quebrantapiedras, rompepiedras corazoncillo, hierba de San Juh, hipérico, pericdn
uva de gato, uvicas de milano crespinillo, crespinillo de monte, erispillos, crispinillo, flor de lagarto, gurullera, pifiones, uiïa de gato, uiïa en gato, uiias de lobo, uva de milano, uva de pastor, uvicas de. milano curalotodo ombligo de Venus zumillo
tuera meldn cohombro, pepino
calabacines, calabaza combrillo, escombrillo, mata del pepinillo borde, pepinillo del diablo
azafrh borde, azafrAn del monte, azafranillo, cabellos de angel, manto de la virgen, pelillo
diuretic, remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract, laxative, antiseptic for urinary system lithotritic, diuretic, abortifacient, antiseptic for urinary system
astringent diuretic, galactogogue
carminative
haemostatic, vulnerary
haemostatic
haemostatic, vulnerary, dermatologic
claimed to protect the liver, laxative, anti-odontalgic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic purgative, laxative, appetizer
stomachic, dermatologic, claimed to protect the liver, antidiabetic
cuello de paloma - dermatologic cilimonterra, gallinera, mata de los - dermatologic perros, muîiino, perejil de la reina, perijilera, zapaticos del Seiior
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Table 2 (Cmt'd) Check-list of medicinal autoctonous and introduced plant species of the Murcia Region and their local indications
FAMILY Species
Cornmon names Uses recorded
GENTWACEE Centauriurn quadrifoliurrl (L.) G. Lopez and Ch. Jarvis
pinillo iva m m b i o , ma~zrubillo, marrubillo, marrubio
calamento, poleo
hisopo
pie de Cristo, pie1 de Cristo, zapaticos de la Virgen, zapatillicos de la Virgen, zapaticos del Sefior cantueso, espliego alhucema, espliego, espligo, pliego
barbas de pastor, mechera, oreja de liebre peluda, oreja de lob0 candilera, hierba tolciera, hierba torcida, hierba torciera, hierbatorcia, oreja de liebre, quebrantagüesos, quebrantahuesos, rab0 de perro, yerba de torcias, yerba tolciera, yerba torcia, yerba torciera oreja de liebre
romero, romero c o m ~ n
antipyretic, vermifuge
appetizer, laxative, peptic ulcer remedy, indigestion sedative, soporific, stomachic appetizer, diuretic, claimed to protect the liver, dermatologic, astringent
vulnerary antitussive, antipyretic, sedative, vulnerary, claimed to protect the liver, antipyretic anti-inflammatory, vulnerary, sedative stomachic, carminative digestive, stomachic, carminative, tonic, soporific, tranquillizer, anthelmintic anthelmintic, sedative, carminative, remedy for relieving of the high respi- tory tract, tranquillizer, sedative anti-odontalgic, stomachic
anti-inflammatory, stomachic
stomachic
digestive, carminative, tranquillizer, mosquito repellent sedative, tranquillizer, soporific, antirheumatic, appetizer, antitussive, remedy for influenza, remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract diuretic, haemostatic
vulnerary, antianemic, depurative, antipyretic, digestive, tonificante, claimed to protect the liver, hypotensive, sedative, anti-odontalgic, remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract,
Actes du 2e Colloque EuropCen #Ethopharmacologie et de la 1 le ConErence internationale d’Ethnomédecine, Heidelberg, 24-27 mars 1993.
226 m M~DICAMENTS ET ALIMENTS : L'APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE
Table 2 (Cont'd) Check-list of medicinal autoctonous and introduced plant species of the Murcia Region and their local indications
FAMLY Species
Cornmorn marnes Uses recorded
Salvia fruticosa Miller Salvia lavanduli$olia. Vahl.
subsp. lavandulifolia
Salvin ofSicinalis L.
Salvia phlomoides Asso Snlvia vellerea Boiss.
Salvia verbenaca L.
Satureja intricata Lange subsp. gracilis (WillK.) Rivas Martinez in G. Lopez
obovata
canescens (Rouy) Rivas Martinez
Satureja obovata Lag. subsp.
Satureja obovata Lag. subsp.
Sideritis hirsuta L.
Sideritis ibanyezii Pau
Sideritis incana L. Sideritis leucantha subsp. bourgœana
hie1 de la tierra, hierba de la cruz, - vulnerary, remedy for influenza, appetizer, mata de la grieta, pinillo, pinillo falso petronica real - orov5n - tomillo aceitunero, tomillo andaluz, - tomillo carrasqueiio tomillo fino, tomillo macho, tomillo - negro cantahueso, cantueso, cantueso blanco -
analgesic, remedy for headache, stomachic antipyretic, astringent antipyretic antipyretic, vermifuge
remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract, vulnerary remedy for calcium deficiency, stomachic, vulnerary digestive, stomachic, astringent, claimed to protect the liver, antitussive, remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract, antipyretic, abortifacient, hair restorer, appetizer, digestive, disinfectant, anti- anemic, anti-odontalgic, sedative, anti- inflammatory, dermatologic stomachic, digestive, anti-infective, analgesic, antirheumatic
Actes du 2e Colloque Européen d'Ethnopharmacologie et de la Ile Conférence internationale d'Ethnomédecine, Heidelberg, 24-27 mars 1993.
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Table 2 (Cont'd) Check-list of medicinal autoctonous and introduced plant species of the Murcia Region and their local indications
FAMILY Cornmon marnes Uses recorded Species
Thymus membranaceus Boiss.
Thyrnus moroderi Pau ex Martinez
Thymus piperella L.
Thymus vulgaris L.
Thymus zygis L. subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) Morales
LAURACEE Laurus nobilis L.
LEGUMINOSE Anthyllis cytisoides L.
Antlzyllis terniflora (Lag.) Pau Anthyllis vulneraria L. Ceratonia siliqua L.
Cicer nrietinum L. Colutea arborescens L. subsp. atlantica (Browicz) Ponerl
depurative, lithotritic, stomachic, mti-acid anti-odontalgic, digestive, remedy for influenza, antitussive, sedative and diuretic, remedy for calcium deficiency tonic, anti-acid, remedy for influenza, depurative, used in the treatment of drug addiction stomachic, peptic ulcer remedy
remedy for influenza, remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract, laxative, sedative, tranquillizer, anti- inflammatory, vulnerary? dernlato- logic, antihemorroidal, antipyretic
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Denb. caliptro, calistro, eucalipto, eucaliptro, - antitussive, remedy for relieving of the eucaliptus, eucalisto, eucalistro, high respiratory tract, antipyretic ocalistro, ocaliptro, ucalihto
Eucalyptus globulus Labill e,ucalipto, ogalito - remedy for influenza, hair restorer, laxative, oral antiseptic, remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract
respiratory tract Eucalyptus 1eucoxyIotz F. Mnell. eucalipto - remedy for relieving of the high
Myrtus cornmunis L. var. cotnmunis arraygn, rnirto, murta, murtera - emmenagogue, remedy for influenza
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MED~CAMENTS ET ALIMENTS : L;~PPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE I 231
Table 2 (Cunt’d) Check-list of medicinal autoctonous and introduced plant species of the Murcia Region and their local indications
FAMILY Common names Uses recorded Species
OLEACEB Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl
Jasminum oJjcinale L.
Jasminum ofSicinale L. forma grandzjlorum (L.) Kobuski
Jasminum polyanthum Ranch. Olea europœa L. var. europœa
Zmperata cylindrica (L.) Rauschel Oryza sativa L. Poa infirma Kunth. Saccharum oficinarum L. Secale cereale L. Stipa tenacissima L.
Triticum œstivum L. etnovar. “candeal“ Zea mays L.
Zea mays L. etnovar. “rojo”
Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonum egr4isetifomte L. Rumex crispus L.
Rumexpulcher L. POSDONIACEB
Posidolzia oceanica (L.) Delile PRJMULACEW
Coris monspeliensis L. subsp.
Coris monspeliensis subsp.
POLYGONACEE
monspeliensis
rivasiana (Esteve) Alcaraz and cols. PWCACEW
RAFFLESIACEB Punica granatm L.
Cytinus hypocisfis (L.) L.
Clematis flammula L. Helleborus fœtidus L.
RANUNCULACEB
R H M A C E B Rhamnus alateraus L.
lastbn, pasto - cola de caballo - cola de caballo, espiguilla. rompesacos - agrama, grama, grama de campo, - grama forastera, (rhizome) raiz de grama cebs6, cebada -
antiseptic of the high respiratory tract, digestive, sedative, astringent anti-inflammatory dermatologic purgative depurative and diuretic remedy for influenza emmenagogue, remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract, astriagent, anti-odontalgic, abortifacient, sedative laxative, anti-inflammatory diuretic, antiseptic of urinary tract
antipyretic
diuretic, remedy for influenza diuretic, remedy for influenza diuretic, remedy for influenza, antitussive
SOLANACEE Capsicum fiutescens L. Hyoscyamus albus L.
Lycium intricaturn L. Lycopersicum esculentum. Miller Nicotiana glauca W. @. Graham. Nicotiana tabaccwn L. Solanuwz melongena L. Solanum nigrum L. Solanurn tuberosum L. Withania frutescens (L. j Dunal
anti-odontalgic, vulnerary, anti-infective, tonic for circulatory system respiratory ailments anti-inflammatory. claimed to protect the liver, cholagogue anti-inflammatory, claimed to protect the liver, cholagogue anti-infianrnatory, claimed to protect the liver, cholagogue, laxative
remedy for relieving of the high respiratory tract, tonic for circulatory system, emmenagogue
laxative antianemic, dermatologic, antidiabetic
claimed to protect the liver, cholagogue, lithotritic
astringent
for gout
anti-odontalgic
cholagogue and choleretic
analgesic
antiseptic for urinary system, tonic for circulatory system
tonic for circulatory system, toxic
stomachic, sedative, tranquillizer
sedative, emmenagogue ~ ~~~
Actes du 2e Colloque Européen d’Ethnophannacologie et de la 1 le Conférence internationale d’Ethnomédecine, Heidelberg, 24-27 mars 1993.
238 I MEDICAMENTS ET ALIMENTS : L;~PPUOCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE
otic plants, for instance an ordonance was issued for the use of a mixture made of gun powder, rosemary, thyrne and juniper to be bumt in houses for preventing eontagious diseases. Special rem- edies were sometimes provided to the Murcians by the royal Court of the Castille or Spain. This is the case of the Mandeval‘s Opiata, including quinine, which was released during the paludic epidemy of 1786 ( T O W S et al.. 1981). One of the statutary duties for the Royal Botanic Garden at Cartagena, founded by at the end of the xvmth century, was the inventory, collection and cultivation of Murcian medicinal plants (FElXRhJDIZ, 1990). The “polvos de las viborem” was a famous mixture involving Eryngium cainpesrre, Echium vulgare, Alysutn spinosuln and Calantintha ahcendens. This powder was a reputed rem- edy during the cholera epidemy of 1833. Also mint, juice of pin- yons and olive oil were used in the treatment of the cholera (TORRES et al., 1981; ALARCON, CUFBCA,AGUWRE and FOLGADO, 1834; Anonymous, 1834).
Local medicinal plants grow wild in the hins, plains and river bassins or are cultivated. Peasants collect themselves their me- dicinal plants but people of the larger tou7ns buy these very often in specialized market stores. Some vendors own perma- nent stalls in the Murcia City market places of Verhicas, San Lorenzo, etc. many herbalists called “yerberos” frequent the market places on particular days within the regional periodic market systems. Traditional herbalists of Fortuna town (E. of Murcia) have sold until recent times tfieir herbal prepara- tions visiting their customers at home (JIMÉNEZ and PE&UUP?JM, 1992: CA-LO, 1990).
PErnNCES ÀGUILA GUILLÉN M., 1988, Plantas medicinales de Sierra Espniia, Laboratorio de Etnobothica. Universidad de Murcia, 45 p. (InBd.). ALARC6N M., CUENCA V., AGUIRRE J., FOLGADO J., 1834, Avi- sos importantes que sobre la adulteracih de los polvos de las viboreras dan a las Juntas Provincial y Municipal de Sanidad de Mz~rcia, Murcia, Sebastih Hemhdez, 29 p. ALCAZAR M.D., GARCfA C., RIVERA D., OBdN C., 1990, Lesser- known herbal remedies as sold in the market at Murcia and Cartagena (Spain), Jozrnzal of Etlznopl~a~~acolog~~, 28,243-247. A L E M h F., 1987, El mal de ojo, historia, clinica y tratamiento, Ana- les de Medicina y Cirugin de Murcia, 107-136. ÀLVAREZ ROGEL J., ASENCIO MARThEZ A.D., S A E Z SOTO F., 1989, Phztas silvestres comestibles de Sierra Espzuïa. Laboratorio de Etnobotinica, Universidad de Murcia. 11 p. (Inkd.).
According to the Spanish Medicament Law (COBREROS, 1991), traditional herbs san be sold in the markets and herb stores, provided that these are toxicologically safe and no medical advice or therapeutic indications are given with the plant. Exotic medicinal species and their galenic presenta- tions have specific requirements, which are similar to mod- ern prescription or patent medieines. In fact this Law is mis-aplied since its promulgation day because the meaning of traditional herbs is not clearly defined in its pages, and no list of allowed taxa has been associated to the text. Tolerance is the attitude of medical authorities with respect to the market of exotic herbs but abuses are becoming a commonplace and presumably restrictive attitudes will be the consequence of repeated abuses. The whole medicinal flora is over four hundred taxa (Table 2) being about a 70% wild plants and a 30% cultivated. The ex- otic species traditionally sold in the markets for medieinal pur- poses (Table 3) are spices and herbs, their number is reduced when compared with the local resources. The more relevant plant families in number of local medicinal species are Lmniacece (Labiatce) and Asteracece (CompositE) (Table l), this reflects the high diversity of these families in the region. Dermatologies are the more frequent local indications for herbal remedies. immediately followed of vulnerary and diuretics. Other relevant uses because of being relatively frequent are stomachic, digestive, astringent, anti-infective, remedy for toothache and remedy for influenza. The plants are highly specific in the folk medicine, about 50% have only one indication and 80% less than four indications.
Anonymous, 1834, Metodo para 21sar la yerba Ilanzada nzastranzos en la enfennedad del cdlera morbo, Berruezo, Olihuela, 2 p. BARREDOA.,PÉFEZHER.NhEZF.,TOWROM.J., 1991, Us0 y conocimiento de las plantas medicinales en Yecla, Laboratorio de Etnobothica. Universidad de Murcia, 61 p. (Inkd.). CANO VELAZQUEZ J., 1990, Nombres vulgares y 11~0s de plantas (Javali). Laboratorio de Etnobotanica, Universidad de Murcia, 20 p. (Md.). CANOVAS F., MARThEZ M., PELEGRfW A., 1994, Estzrdio Etnobotdrzico de Santomera, Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 50 p. (Md.). CARACENA J., 1988, Ettzobotddnica : Lus nombres populares de plan- tas nzedicinales, Laboratorio de Etnobotinica, Universidad de Murcia, 65 p. (In6d.). CARRILLO GONZALEZ J., 1990, Lusyerberos de Fortzn~a. Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 19 p. On6d.).
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MÉDICAMENTS ET ALIMENTS : L'APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE I 2 3 9
CARRTLLO A., MARm J., 1994, Estudio etnobotdnico de Cieza and conzarca, Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 30 p. (Inéd.). COBREROS E., (Éd.), 1991, Leyde1 Medicamenfo, Madrid,Tecnos, 122p. DE ÀLVARO ROMERO T., 1989, Estudio Etnobotdnico de Mazarrdn, Laboratorio de Etnobotfinica, Universidad de Murcia, 54 p. (Inéd.). FERNANDEZ S h C K E Z J., 1993, Estudio etnobotdnico del municipio de Bullas y zonas prdximas, Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 22 p. (Inéd.). FWGdNDIZ C., 1974, Medicina Popular en Cartagena, Cartagena, Ayuntamiento de Cartagena. 150 p. FERRhDIZ C., 1990, Real Jardh Botdnico de Cartagena, Cartagena, Ayuntamiento de Cartagena. 243 p. GARCfA AROCA P., 1992, Usos medicinales de lasplantas en Cieza. Laboratorio de EtnoboaniCa, Universidad de Murcia, 18 p. (Inéd.). G A I " BALLESTER L., 1984, Los Moriscos y la Medicina, Labor. Barcelona. 256 p. GARCfAFERNhEZ G., 1992,Aproxintacidn etnobotdnica alSector Norte del Mar Menol; Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 250 p. (Inéd.). GARCfA FERN-EZ J., 1993, Estudi0 ebzobot6nico de los cultivos de Cehegin, Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 30p. (Inéd.). GARCfAPUJANTE C., ALCAZAR FERNhDEZ M.D., 1987, Plan- tas rnedicinales de los mercados y plazas de la Region de Murcia. ,
Laboratorio de Etnobotinica, Universidad de Murcia, 47 p. (Inéd.). GARCIARUIZ R., BOTIAS PELEGRfNM., 1987, Nombrespopulares y usos de las plantas en Javali and los Garres, Laboratorio de EtnobotilniCa, Universidad de Murcia, 29 p. (Md.). G6MEZ F.J., 1992, Vocabulario del Noroeste Murciano, Editora Regional de Murcia, Murcia, 456 p. GUIRAO S h C H E Z J., 1987, Nombres populares y algunos usos de las plantas de Puerto Luntbreras, Laboratorio de Etnobotinica, Universidad de Murcia, 54 p. (Md.). IB&TEZSANDOVALN.,BONMATfMONDEJARM.J., 1993,T?abajo etnobotdnico de Cieza, Laboratorio de EtnobothiCa, Universidad de Murcia, 70 p. (Inéd.). IBERN6N H E R N h E Z M., 1991, Us0 medicinal de las plantas en el término municipal de Cehegin, Alquipis 2, 16-20. JIMÉNEZ GONZALEZ E., Pefiaranda Mateu M.J., 1992, Trabajo etnobotdnico de la conzarca de Fortuna, Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 31 p. (In6d.j. JIMÉNEZPIQUERAS A.I., 1991, Trabajo realizado sobre lasplantas de Jumilla, Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 80 p. (Inéd.). LECLERC L., 1883, Traité des Simples par Ibn El Beithar, Tome 3,. Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de 1aBibliothkque Nationale, 26, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale,483 p. LOPEZ CANO B., 1994, Estudio etnobotdnico de Blanca y Lus Lomas, Laboratorio de Etnobotfinica, Universidad de Murcia, 27 p. (Inéd.). L6PEZ S h C H E Z E., 1984, Plantas medicinales, Sierra de Enmedio, Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 34 p. (Md.). L6PEZ VERDO C., 1990, Trabajo de etnobotdnica sobre las gentes del campo de Molina de Segura, Laboratorio de Etnobotinica, Universidad de Murcia, 60 p. (Inéd.). MARThEZ ABELLAN S., LOPEZ LOPEZ P., 1990, Connotaciones culturales de las plantas tradicionabnente utilizadas en Cehegin, Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 125 p. (In6d.).
MARThEZ FUENTES J.A., JUMILLA SAURA M., 1987, Nombres populares y usos de las plantas en la Huerta de Murcia, Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 10 p. (Inéd.). O B ~ N C., WVERA D., 1991, Las Plantas medicinales de nuestra Regidn. Editora Regional, Murcia, Agencia Regional para el Medio Ambiente and la Naturaleza, 156 p. O R m O M., 1987, El Habla de Yecla, Murcia, Academia Alfonso X El Sabio, 206 p. PINEDA ALONSO M., RUIZ LdPEZ R., SALINAS S h C H E Z C., 1992, Estudio etnobotdnico del Fenazar, Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 98 p. (Inéd.j. QUEVEDO J. A., 1987, Plantas medicinales de Cartagena, Laboratorio de Etnobotfinka, Universidad de Murcia, 54 p. (Md.). RIVERA D., OBON C., CANO F., ROBLEDO A., 1994, Introduccidn al mundo de las plantas medicinales en Murcia, Murcia, Ayuntamiento de Murcia, 105 p. RODRfGUEZ ZAPATA J., 1988, Plantas medicinales de Mula. Laboratorio de Etnobothica. Universidad de Murcia. 69 p. Inéd.). RUEDA CILLER D., IBERNON M., 1987, Lus plantas medicinales de Cehegin y Moratalla, Laboratorio de Etnobotfinica, Universidad de Murcia, 90 p. (Inéd.). ShCHEZF., 1992, Estudio etnomicoldgico del Municipio de Moratalla. Comercializacidn de hongos en la regidn murciana, Laboratorio de Etnobothica, Universidad de Murcia, 30 p. (Inéd.). S h C H E Z HERNANDEZ B., 1994, Usos de las plantas medicinales en el Termino Municipal de Cehegin, Laboratorio de Etnobotinica, Universidad de Murcia, 19 p. (Inéd.). SEIJOF., 1974, Curanderismoy medicinapopularen elpais Valenciano, Alicante, Biblioteca Alicantina, 27 1 p. TORRES J., CASAL F., MULA A., AYALA J., MARSET P., 1981, De historia médica Murciana, II. Las Epidemias, Murcia, Academia Alfonso X, El Sabio, 308 p. TORRES J., QUESADA J., MERCK J., 1980, De historia nzédica Murciana, 1. Los Médicos, Murcia, Academia Alfonso X, El Sabio, 308 p.
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