01-Oct-00H. F. Hoffmann, CERN-DG/DI1 Collaborations in Particle Physics Example CERN The Mission of CERN (1954): “The Organization shall provide for collaboration.
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reg.• 1994 people in• 52 countries• 182 institutes• http://vrvs.cern.ch/
Bandwidth >256 Kbps--> >10 frames/sec
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Virtual Rooms Concept
u Enter a Virtual Room Through Your NearestReflector
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– Open, global collaboration of critical mass, able to deal with all problems posed, together with CERN and collaborating institutes
– "Lean, bottom-up" self-organisationself-organisation; success based on experienced collaborators, eager young people, common goals and competition
– MoU, best intentions but not legally bindingMoU, best intentions but not legally binding– Free choice of collaborating institutes to participate -
or not– Clear common long-term mission, clear objectives,– Free exchange of ideas, technologies, R&D results – Often best people in the field of interest– External peer reviews; elaborate internal reviews and
QA– Good record of achievements in terms of delivery to
specs, schedules, budgets
Some typical features of such collaborations
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Basic Organisation of any Physics- , Scientific- Experiment
• Organigram– Hierarchy - Heterarchy
. . . .
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ATLAS ORGANIZATION
(Chair : J.D. DowellDeputy : M. Cavalli-Sforza)
Plenary Meeting
Spokesperson(P. Jenni)
CB ChairAdvisory Group
Technical Co-ordinator
(M. Nessi)
Resource Co-ordinator
(P. Schmid)
Inner Detector(M. A. Parker
M. Tyndel)L. Rossi
LAr Calorimeter(D. FournierD. LissauerH. Oberlack)
Tile Calorimeter(M. Nessi)
(G. CiapettiC. Fabjan)
MuonSpectrometer
Electronics(H. Williams)
(N. Ellis)
Trigger
DAQ(L. Mapelli)
Software,Computing(J. Knobloch)
Physics andDetectorSim.
(D. Froidevaux)
Collaboration Board
Magnet(H.TenKate)
Executive Board
Resource ReviewBoard
(Deputy: T. Akesson)
Gen. Members(P. Le DuA. Zaitsev)
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CMS COLLABORATION RRB CMS-D 98-31
Memorandum of Understandingfor Collaboration in the Construction of the CMS Detector
betweenThe EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH,
andan Institution/Funding Agency of the CMS Collaboration
Preamble(a) A group of Institutes from CERN Member and non-Member States, and CERN,has agreed to collaborate to form the CMS Collaboration (Annex 1). This Collaboration has proposed to CERN an experiment to study particle interactions at the highest possible energies and luminosities to be reached with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These Institutes have secured the support of their Funding Agencies to enable them to participate in the CMS Collaboration.(b) Agreement to this Collaboration is effected through identical Memoranda of Understanding (hereafter referred to as MoU) between each Funding Agency or Institute, as appropriate, in the Collaboration and CERN, as the Host Laboratory. These MoUs define the Collaboration and its objectives, and the rights and obligations of the collaborating Institutes.(c) On the basis of a Technical Proposal submitted in December 1994 (CERN/ LHCC/94-38) and a detailed review of the scientific merits, the technological feasibility and estimates of the needed resources, the LHC Committee (LHCC) recommended approval of the experiment to the CERN Research Board, subject to a set of milestones to be met by the experiment in its initial phase (CERN/LHCC 95-76).(d) Based on the recommendation by the LHCC and in agreement with the list of milestones, the Research Board recommended to the Director General of CERN to approve the project, together with plans, including milestones, leading to the sub-detector Technical Design Reports.
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(e) The Director General accepted the Research Board recommendation and approved the project to build the detector for the CMS experiment within a cost ceiling not exceeding 475 MCHF (in 1995 prices).
(f) Before proceeding to the final construction phase, each sub-detector (c.f.. Article 4.1) will be subjected to a technical, financial, and manpower review (CERN/DG/RB 95-234) by the LHCC based on the Technical Design Reports. This process will be completed during 1997 and 1998 for most of the sub-systems.
(g) A Resources Review Board (RRB) has been constituted which comprises the representatives of all CMS Funding Agencies and the managements of CERN and the CMS Collaboration. It is chaired by the CERN Director of Research.The role of the RRB includes :· reaching agreement on the Memorandum of Understanding· monitoring the Common Projects and the use of the Common Funds· monitoring the general financial and manpower support· reaching agreement on a maintenance and operation procedure andmonitoring its functioning· endorsing the annual construction and maintenance and operation budgets of the detector.The management of the Collaboration reports regularly to the RRB on technical, managerial, financial and administrative matters, and on the composition of the Collaboration.
(h) Interim MoUs become obsolete
(i) This MoU is not legally binding, but the Institutes and Funding Agencies recognize that the success of the Collaboration depends on all its members adhering to its provisions. Any default will be dealt with, in the first instance,by the Collaboration and if necessary then by the RRB.
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ATLAS Organisation (as example)• Principles:
– Democracy– Separation of policy-making and executive powers– Minimal formal organisation– Limited terms of office
• Plenary Meeting:– Forum of the all-hands discussions, – all major decisions concerning physics objectives and results,
hardware and software design, organisational matters must be discussed there
• Collaboration Board:– Policy- and decision-making body with typical tasks:
• Decisions on global detector design• Policy matters wrt official bodies• Financial and human resources• Elections• Organisation and membership
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Project Organisation (example ATLAS)
• ATLAS project=organised sum of sub-projects and parts, conceived, designed and fabricated to a variety of habits, standards, cultures around the world
• Engineering organisation -- "top cultural layer", common language and common "rules of the game" to permit "engineering communication" throughout the project– Project breakdown structure (product, assembly breakdowns)– Work packages and WP-descriptions– Schedules, milestones, reporting for project follow up– Quality assurance
• Reviews at the various project stages like design, construction, assembly
• No longer aligned with supercomputing philosophies
CERN Computer Center Today…
Therefore, our natural affinity has shifted from Therefore, our natural affinity has shifted from supercomputerssupercomputers
towards ISPs, e-commerce and data marketerstowards ISPs, e-commerce and data marketers
• Require many small independent problem solutions
– “High Throughput Computing” processing “click-like” interactions in parallel
• A marriage of supercomputer storage systems with supermarket commodity CPU
– Disk access layer (hw+sw) sandwiched between
– “Middle-ware” on network layer important
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On-demand creation of powerfulOn-demand creation of powerfulvirtual computing and data systemsvirtual computing and data systems
Grid: Flexible, high-performance access to all significant resources
Sensor nets
http://
http://
Web: Uniform access to HTML documents
Data Stores
Computers
Softwarecatalogs
Colleagues
Grids: Next Generation Web
Web-sites
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Austria
Czech Republic
DenmarkFinlandFranceGermany
Greece
Italy
Netherlands
NorwayPolandPortugal
Slovac Republic
SpainSweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
CERNArmeniaAustralia
Azerbaijan RepublicRepublic of Belarus
BrazilCanada
China PR
Republic of Georgia
IsraelJapanMoroccoRomania
Russia
JINR Dubna
SloveniaTaiwanTurkey
United States
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LHC Vision: Data Grid Hierarchy
Tier 1
Tier2 Center
Online System
Offline Farm,CERN Computer
Ctr > 20 TIPS
German Centre
FNAL Center Italy Center UK Center
InstituteInstituteInstituteInstitute ~0.25TIPS
Workstations
~100 MBytes/sec
~2.5 Gbits/sec
100 - 1000
Mbits/sec
Bunch crossing per 25 nsecs; 100 triggers per second. Event is ~1 MByte in size
Physicists work on analysis “channels”
Each institute has ~10 physicists working on one or more channels
Physics data cache
~PByte/sec
~0.6-2.5 Gbits/sec
Tier2 CenterTier2 CenterTier2 Center
~622 Mbits/sec
Tier 0 +1
Tier 3
Tier 4
Tier2 Center Tier 2
Experiment
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The Grid Middleware Services Concept• Standard services that
– Provide uniform, high-level access to a wide range of resources (including networks)
– Address interdomain issues: security, policy
– Permit application-level management and monitoring of end-to-end performance
• Broadly deployed, like Internet Protocols
• Enabler of application-specific tools as well as applications themselves
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GEANT, necessary infrastructure
Minimum bandwidth of 2.5 Gbps between core nodes, possibility of starting with some 10Gbps (STM-64/OC-768c) circuits is not excluded.
Connection to other World Regions in principle via core nodes only, They will, together, form a European Distributed Access (EDA) “point” conceptually similar to the STAR TAP.
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The Web, a historical case study• Invented at CERN in 1989 as application layer
on top of the internet infrastructure• Development started in Europe (small) and US
(big, >50 computer scientists initially for MOSAIC)
• 80% of the most visited sites: US, <10% Europe
Web Site Servers
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Questions and AnswersQ1:Flexibility of institutional structure to allow researchers to change field
Q2: Exchange of knowledge across disciplines and institutions
Q3: Main obstacles to international co-operation
Q4:Information revolution
A1:Beginning discussion with astro-, space- physics; technology transfer-> funding for interdisciplinary activities? However,very clear mission, "mono-culture"A2: More fellowships in technological and interdisciplinary fields with specific funding: domain competence and add-on competence(KI, DataGrid)A3: Funding agencies, scientists, politicians still think "national" Employment conditions, spouses, schools--> keep national employment in Europe "in exchange" plus adjustment allowance, help for spouses to find appropriate work, international schoolsA4: Promote e-science, grids, . . .
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International Collaboration Objective: top scientific excellence in your particular field
Create a complete, competitive, technological infrastructure in your particular field beyond local, regional, national meansCreate a network of competence to solve detailed problems quickly and to prepare new meansBase your collaboration to a large degree on Universities (talent)
Reach, sustain excellence by attracting the best people