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01' jZksh¾ le,smrh (Vernier Caliper)
ndysr ñkqula ,nd .ekSfï§ msg; ykq fhdod.kS'
is,skavrhl ndysr ú l=vd f,day l=Üáhl È. uekS ,S máhl >klu uekSu
mÍCIK k<hl" l=vd îlrhl
,nd .ekSfï§ we;=,; ykq fhdod.kS'
l=yrhl .eUqr jeks ñkqula ,nd
msg; ykq fhdodf.k uqÿjl msg; ykq fhdodf.k uqÿjl msg; ykq fhdodf.k uqÿjl msg; ykq fhdodf.k uqÿjl ndysr úndysr úndysr úndysr úIaIaIaIalïNh uksk wdldrhlïNh uksk wdldrhlïNh uksk wdldrhlïNh uksk wdldrh
msg; ykq
j~ksh¾ mßudKh
uqᐥ weKh
we;=,; ykq
msg; ykq / ndysr ykq
we;=,; ykq / wNHka;r ykq
.eUqr uksk l+r
1'3 rEmh
3
(Vernier Caliper) Ndú;d lr ñkqï ,nd .ekSu
ula ,nd .ekSfï§ msg; ykq fhdod.kS'
is,skavrhl ndysr úIalïNh uekSu'
l=vd f,day l=Üáhl È. uekSu'
,S máhl >klu uekSu'
l=vd îlrhl fyda isÿrl wNHka;r úIalïNhla jeks.ekSfï§ we;=,; ykq fhdod.kS'
l=yrhl .eUqr jeks ñkqula ,nd .ekSfï§ .eUqr uksk l+r fhdod.kS'
we;=,; ykq fhdodf.k isÿrl we;=,; ykq fhdodf.k isÿrl we;=,; ykq fhdodf.k isÿrl we;=,; ykq fhdodf.k isÿrl wNHka;r úwNHka;r úwNHka;r úwNHka;r úIaIaIaIalïNh uksklïNh uksklïNh uksklïNh uksk wdldrhwdldrhwdldrhwdldrh
.eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k .eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k .eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k .eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k Ndckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrhNdckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrhNdckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrhNdckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrh
uqod yeÍfï hdka;%Kh
ksh¾ mßudKh
uqᐥ weKh
m%Odk mßudKh
wNHka;r ykq
1'1 rEmh
1'4 rEmh
ï ,nd .ekSu
lïNhla jeks we;=,; ñkqula
l+r fhdod.kS'
.eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k .eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k .eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k .eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k Ndckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrhNdckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrhNdckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrhNdckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrh
.eUqr uksk l+r
1'2 rEmh
1'5 rEmh
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4
p,kh fkdjk ykqj wp, ykqjhs' msg; ykq tlla yd we;=,; ykq tlla fuhg iïnkaO fõ'
m%Odk mßudKh ,l=Kq lr we;af;a fuu wp, ykqj u;hs'
p,kh l< yels jk fia ilia lr we;s ykqj ip, ykqj fyj;a i¾mK ykqjhss' msg; ykq
tlla yd we;=,; ykq tlla ip, ykqjg iïnkaO lr we;' Bg wu;rj .eUqr uksk l+r o
iïnkaO lr we;af;a ip, ykqjghs' jZksh¾ mßudKh i,l=Kq lr we;af;a fuu ip, ykqj
u;hs'
wp, ykqj u; ip, ykqj ^i¾mK ykqj& tyd fuyd f.k hdu i|yd fuu uqod yeÍfï
hdka;%Kh fhdodf.k we;'
lsishï ñkqula ,nd .kakd wjia:dfõ§ mdGdxlh lshjd .kakd ;=re i¾mK ykqj
p,kh fkdjk mßÈ isr lsÍug fuu uqßÉÑ weKh fhdod.kS'
jZksh¾ le,smrfhka lshúh yels l=vdu mdGdxlh l=vdu ñkquhs' fndfyda úg m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil Èf.ys;a jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil Èf.ys;a w;r fjki l=vdu ñkqug iudk fõ' kuq;a §¾> l< jZksh¾ mßudKhl l=vdu ñkqu by; wdldrhg ,nd .; fkdyel'
m%Odk mßudKfha i<l=Kla jZksh¾ mßudKfha i<l=Kla iu. iumd; ù we;s wjia:dfõ isg" kej; j;djla i<l=Kq folla iumd; ùu i`oyd jZksh¾ mßudKh p,kh l< hq;= wju ÿr" l=vdu ñkqug iudk fõ'
idudkH jZksh¾ le,smrhl l=vdu ñkqu
l=vdu ñkqu l=vdu ñkqu l=vdu ñkqu l=vdu ñkqu = m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. − jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È.jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È.jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È.jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È.
∗ kuq;a §¾> l< jZksh¾ mßudKhl l=vdu ñkqu fuu iólrKfhka ,nd .; fkdyel'
m%Odk mßudKh ñ,sóg¾j,ska i,l=Kq lr we;s jZksh¾ le,smrhl ñ,sóg¾ fldgia 9la iudk fldgia 10lg fn§fuka jZksh¾ mßudKh ks¾udKh lr we;' l=vdu ñkqu .Kkh lrkak'
m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. = 1 ��
jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È. = 9 10 ��
∴ l=vdu ñkqu = �1 − 9 10 � ��
uqoduqoduqoduqod yyyyeÍfï hdka;%KheÍfï hdka;%KheÍfï hdka;%KheÍfï hdka;%Kh
uqᐥ weKhuqᐥ weKhuqᐥ weKhuqᐥ weKh
l=vdu ñkqul=vdu ñkqul=vdu ñkqul=vdu ñkqu
WodyrKhWodyrKhWodyrKhWodyrKh � ∶
wp, ykqjwp, ykqjwp, ykqjwp, ykqj
ip, ykqjip, ykqjip, ykqjip, ykqj
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= 0.1 ��
m%Odk mßudKh w¾Ow¾Ow¾Ow¾O ñ,sóg¾ñ,sóg¾ñ,sóg¾ñ,sóg¾ j,ska i,l=Kq lr we;s jZksh¾ le,smrhl w¾O ñ,sóg¾ fldgia 19la iudk fldgia 20lg fn§fuka jZksh¾ mßudKh ks¾udKh lr we;' l=vdu ñkqu .Kkh lrkak'
m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. = 1 2 ��
jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È. = (� � ��)×����
∴ l=vdu ñkqu = �1 2 − �� � �×���� � ��
= 0.025 ��
m%Odk mßudKh ñ,sóg¾ j,ska i,l=Kq lr we;s jZksh¾ le,smrhl ñ,sóg¾ fldgia 39la iudk fldgia 20lg fn§fuka jZksh¾ le,smrh ks¾udKh lr we;' l=vdu ñkqu .Kkh lrkak'
fuu .eg¿j úi|Sfï§ idudkH wdldrhg m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil Èf.ys;a jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil Èf.ys;a w;r fjkiska l=vdu ñkqu ,nd .; fkdyel' l=vdu ñkqu .Kkh lsÍug m%Odk mßudKfha fldgia 2l Èf.ys;a" jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil Èf.ys;a w;r fjkiska ,nd .; hq;=h' fuh oS¾> oS¾> oS¾> oS¾> l<l<l<l< jZksh¾ mßudKjZksh¾ mßudKjZksh¾ mßudKjZksh¾ mßudKhhhh f,i y`ÿkajhs'
m%Odk mßudKfha fldgia foll È. = 2 ��
jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È. = 39 20 ��
∴ l=vdu ñkqu = �2 − 39 20 � ��
= 0.05 ��
uq,skau ip, ykqj p,kh lsÍug yelsjk mßÈ uqßÉÑ weKh nqre,a lr ykq wE;a
lsÍfuka miq jia;=j ykq w;r isr lrkak' l=yrhl .eUqr uksk wjia:dfõ§ jZksh¾
le,smrfha n`o fldgi .eÜgg isrjk f,i ;nd" l+r m;=f,a .efgk f;la l=yrh ;=<g
.s,ajkak' bkamiq uqßÉÑ weKh ;o lrkak' túg mdGdxlh lshjd .kakd ;=re i¾mK
ykqj p,kh fkdù mj;ajd .; yelsh'
mdGdxl ,nd .ekSfï§ m%Odk mßudKfha lshùug jZksh¾ mßudKfha lshùu
tl;= lsÍfuka mdGdxlh ,nd .; hq;=h'
mdGdxlh mdGdxlh mdGdxlh mdGdxlh = m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu + jZksh¾ mßudKfha lshùujZksh¾ mßudKfha lshùujZksh¾ mßudKfha lshùujZksh¾ mßudKfha lshùu
WodyrKhWodyrKhWodyrKhWodyrKh � ∶
WodyrKhWodyrKhWodyrKhWodyrKh ∶
mdGdxl ,nd .ekSumdGdxl ,nd .ekSumdGdxl ,nd .ekSumdGdxl ,nd .ekSu
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m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu ,nd.ekSfï§ jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH mdGdxlhg fmr we;s ñ,sógr
mdGdxlh igyka lr .; hq;=h' my; olajd we;s wjia:dfõ m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu 2��ls'
iumd; jZksh¾ fldgia ixLHdj 6ls'
mdGdxlh = m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu + jZksh¾ mßudKfha lshùu
= m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu + iumd; jZksh¾ mßudKfha × l=vdu ñkqu fldgia .Kk
= 2 �� + 6 × 0.1 ��
= 2.6 ��
jZksh¾ le,smrfha ykq tlsfkl iam¾Y ù we;s úg m%Odk mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K;a
jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K;a iu. iumd; úh hq;=h' tfia iumd; fkdfõ kï
uQ,dxl fodaIhla we;ehs lshkq ,efí' uQ,dxl fodaIh m%Odk fldgia folls'
1. Ok uQ,dxl fodaIh
2. iDK uQ,dxl fodaIh
jZksh¾ le,smrfha ykqj, øjH ;ekam;a ùu ksid fyda u,lv lEu ("#$$#%&#') ksid ykq tlsfkl iam¾Y jqj;a jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K;a m%Odk mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K;a tlsfkl iumd; fkdù" jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K" m%Odk mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=Kg bÈßfhka msysghs' fuh Ok uQ,dxl fodaIhhs'
a) fodaIh bj;a lsÍug mdGdxlfhka Ok uQ,dxl fodaIh wvq l< hq;=h' fuh iDK uQ,dxl fYdaOkhiDK uQ,dxl fYdaOkhiDK uQ,dxl fYdaOkhiDK uQ,dxl fYdaOkh f,i o y`ÿkajhs'
0
0
10 20
��
l='ñ' 0.1 ��
0
0 l='ñ' 0.1 ��
iumd; jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgia .Kk 3ls' Ok uQ,dxl fodaIh
3 × 0.1 �� = 0.3 ��
fodaIh bj;a lsÍug mdGdxlfhka
0.3 ��la wvq l< hq;=h'
iumd; jZksh¾ fldgi
uQ,dxl fodaIhuQ,dxl fodaIhuQ,dxl fodaIhuQ,dxl fodaIh
Ok uQ,dxl fodaIhOk uQ,dxl fodaIhOk uQ,dxl fodaIhOk uQ,dxl fodaIh
(
)
1'6 rEmh
1'7 rEmh
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jZksh¾ le,smrfha ykq f.ùhdu ksid ykq tlsfkl iam¾Y jqj;a jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K;a m%Odk mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K;a tlsfkl iumd; fkdù" jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K m%Odk mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=Kg msgqmiska msysghs' fuh iDK uQ,dxl fodaIhhs'
b) fodaIh bj;a lsÍug mdGdxlhg iDK uQ,dxl fodaIh tl;= l< hq;=h' fuh Ok uQ,dxl fYdaOkhOk uQ,dxl fYdaOkhOk uQ,dxl fYdaOkhOk uQ,dxl fYdaOkh f,i y`ÿkajhs'
Ok uQ,dxl fodaIh fl,skau iumd; fldgia .Kkska ,nd .;a;;a iDK uQ,dxl fodaIh fl,skau ,nd .; fkdyel'
uqM jZksh¾ iumd; jZksh¾ l=vdu ñkqu fldgia .Kk fldgia .Kk
jZksh¾ le,smrh Ndú;fhka m%dfhda.slj .; hq;= ñkqï iy .Kkh lsÍï"
a) ,S l=Üáhl È." m<," Wi fiùu ( 2 "�, 4 "�, 6 "� muK ) b) k< lene,a,l øjH mßudj fiùu (1.3 "�, 6"� muK ) c) >k f.da,hl øjH mßudj fiùu d) l=yr is,skavrhl wNHka;r mßudj fiùu
WmlrKfha l=vdu ñkqu = … … … … … … … .. uQ,dxl jro = … … … … … … … ..
a) ,S l=Üáh i`oyd
,S l=Üáfha mßudj = È. × m<, × Wi
0 l='ñ' 0.1 ��
iumd; jZksh¾ fldgi
0
iumd; jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgia .Kk 6ls' iDK uQ,dxl fodaIh
(10 − 6) × 0.1 �� = 0.4 ��
fodaIh bj;a lsÍug 0.4 ��la mdGdxlhg tl;= l< hq;=h'
− × iDK uQ,dxl fodaIh = =
iDK uQ,dxl fodaIhiDK uQ,dxl fodaIhiDK uQ,dxl fodaIhiDK uQ,dxl fodaIh
mdGdxl yd .Kkh
fYdaê; mdGdxlh
(&) (&&) (&&&)
("�) uOHkH w.h
È. ("�)
m<, ("�)
Wi ("�)
1'8 rEmh
1'1 j.=j
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b) k< lene,a, i`oyd
ndysr úIalïNh -. o" wNHka;r úIalïNh -/ o" È. 0 o kï"
k<h idod we;s øjH mßudj = 12 345� 6� − 2 347
� 6�8 × 0
c) >k f.da,h i`oyd
úIalïNh - jk f.da,fha mßudj= 9: 2 34
�6�
d) l=yr is,skavrh i`oyd
wNHka;r úIalïNh - o" .eUqr 0 o jk
l=yr is,skavrhl l=yrfha mßudj = 2 34�6� × 0
fYdaê; mdGdxlh (&) (&&) (&&&) uOHkH w.h ("�) wNHka;r úIalïNh
-/("�)
ndysr úIalïNh
-.("�)
È. 0 ("�)
fYdaê; mdGdxlh (&) (&&) (&&&) uOHkH w.h ("�) f.da,fha úIalïNh
-("�)
fYdaê; mdGdxlh (&) (&&) (&&&) uOHkH w.h ("�) wNHka;r úIalïNh
-("�)
.eUqr 0 ("�)
1'4 j.=j
1'3 j.=j
1'2 j.=j
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jZksh¾ uQ,O¾uh fhdod
ish¿u mdGdxl ,nd .ekSfï§ uqßÉÑ weKh ;o lr ip, ykq
mdGdxl lshjd .; hq;=h'
ñkqï WmlrKhlska ñkqula ,nd
fodaIhla ;sfí±hs mÍCId l<
;=kS lïìhl;=kS lïìhl;=kS lïìhl;=kS lïìhl úIalïNh
fya;=j jZksh¾ le,smrfha ;shqKq odr j,g lïìh ;e,S
ñkqula ,nd .ekSug uhsfl%dóg¾
tfiau rn¾ nghla rn¾ nghla rn¾ nghla rn¾ nghla
.ekSu i`oyd jZksh¾ le,smrh iqÿiq fkdfõ' thg fya;=j ykq w;r ysr lsÍfï§ rn¾
ngfha iajNdúl yevh fjkia úh yels ks
úIalïNh uek .ekSu i`oyd iqÿiq jkafka
.eg¿ úi|Sfï§ ksjerÈ wdldrhg i
tkï jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH i<l=Kg fmr we;s m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu
f;dard.; hq;=h'
idudkH jZksh¾ mßudKhidudkH jZksh¾ mßudKhidudkH jZksh¾ mßudKhidudkH jZksh¾ mßudKh
m%Odk mßudKfha fldgia 19la
jZksh¾ fldgia 20lg fnod we;'
l=vdu ñkqu = 1 − 1920 ��
= 0.05 ��
1
;
0 1
=
mdGdxlh = 0.9 � (
1'9 rEmh
1'12 rEmh
(
)
9
jZksh¾ uQ,O¾uh fhdod .kakd WmlrK 1' jZksh¾ le,smrh2' p, wkaùCIh 3' j¾Kdj,Sudkh
ish¿u mdGdxl ,nd .ekSfï§ uqßÉÑ weKh ;o lr ip, ykqj i¾mkh ùu j,lajd
mdGdxl lshjd .; hq;=h'
ñkqï WmlrKhlska ñkqula ,nd .ekSug fmr wksjd¾hfhkau WmlrKfha
fodaIhla ;sfí±hs mÍCId l< hq;=h'
lïNh uekSu i`oyd jZksh¾ le,smrh Ndú;d l<
fya;=j jZksh¾ le,smrfha ;shqKq odr j,g lïìh ;e,S hd yels neúks'
.ekSug uhsfl%dóg¾ bial=remamq wdudkh fhdod.kS'
rn¾ nghla rn¾ nghla rn¾ nghla rn¾ nghla jeks m%;Hia: øjHhl wNHka;r fyda ndysr ú
.ekSu i`oyd jZksh¾ le,smrh iqÿiq fkdfõ' thg fya;=j ykq w;r ysr lsÍfï§ rn¾
ngfha iajNdúl yevh fjkia úh yels ksihs' rn¾ nghl wNHka;r fyda ndysr
.ekSu i`oyd iqÿiq jkafka p, wkaùCIhp, wkaùCIhp, wkaùCIhp, wkaùCIhhs'
fï§ ksjerÈ wdldrhg iQCIuj m%Odk mßudKfha w.h f;dard
tkï jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH i<l=Kg fmr we;s m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu
jl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhjl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhjl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhjl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKh
2 "� 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0.01 "�
0.94 "�
(4 × 0.01) "�
1'12 rEmh
§¾> §¾> §¾> §¾> l<l<l<l< jZksh¾ mßudKhjZksh¾ mßudKhjZksh¾ mßudKhjZksh¾ mßudKh
m%Odk mßudKfha fldgia 19la
jZksh¾ fldgia 10lg fnod we;'
l=vdu ñkqu = 2 − 1910 ��
= 0.1 ��
(
) 1'10 rEmh
rEmfha olajd we;af;a ,S l=Üáhl >klu jZksh¾ le,smrh Ndú;fhka uek we;s wjia:djls'
fuys mdGdxlh f,i tkï 0.74 "�wmg jegfya' kuq;a fuys m%Odk mßudKh f;dardf.k we;s wdldrh fodaI iys;h'
m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh
hq;af;a hq;af;a hq;af;a hq;af;a . > ?@
by; olajd we;af;a j¾Kdj,Sudkfha Ndú;d lrk jl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhls'
1' jZksh¾ le,smrh
3' j¾Kdj,Sudkh
j i¾mkh ùu j,lajd
.ekSug fmr wksjd¾hfhkau WmlrKfha uQ,dxl
Su i`oyd jZksh¾ le,smrh Ndú;d l< fkdyel' thg
hd yels neúks' fujeks
jeks m%;Hia: øjHhl wNHka;r fyda ndysr úIalïNh uek
.ekSu i`oyd jZksh¾ le,smrh iqÿiq fkdfõ' thg fya;=j ykq w;r ysr lsÍfï§ rn¾
rn¾ nghl wNHka;r fyda ndysr
QCIuj m%Odk mßudKfha w.h f;dard.; hq;=h'
tkï jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH i<l=Kg fmr we;s m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu
jl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhjl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhjl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhjl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKh
1'11 rEmh
rEmfha olajd we;af;a ,S l=Üáhl >klu jZksh¾ le,smrh Ndú;fhka uek we;s wjia:djls'
mdGdxlh 0.7 � (4 × 0.01) "�
"� f,i neÆ ne,aug wmg jegfya' kuq;a fuys m%Odk mßudKh f;dardf.k we;s wdldrh fodaI iys;h'
m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh
?@
by; olajd we;af;a j¾Kdj,Sudkfha Ndú;d lrk jl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhls'
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>KldNhla wdldrfha ,S lene,a,l È. fiùfï§ tys
ueÈka tla mdGdxlhla o fofl<jrg wdikakj ;j;a
mdGdxl folla o f,i mdGdxl ;=kla ,nd f.k tajdfha
uOHkH w.fhka ,S lene,af,a È. ,nd .; hq;=h' m<,
iy Wi ,nd .ekSfï§ o by; l%uhu wkq.ukh l<
hq;=h'
mÍCIK k<hl ndysr úIalïNh ,nd .ekSfï§ jZksh¾ le,smrfha ndysr ykq w;r
k<h isr lr mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak' bkamiq mÍCIK k<h 90°lska lrljd
kej; mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak' fuf,i k<fha by< fl<jr wdikakfhka o
my< fl<jr wdikakfhka ;j;a mdGdxl fol ne.ska o f,i úIalïNh i`oyd
mdGdxl 6la ,nd .kak' fuu mdGdxl j, uOHkH w.fhka ksjerÈ úIalïNh ,efí'
mÍCIK k<hl wNHka;r úIalïNh ,nd .ekSfï§ jZksh¾ le,smrfha wNHka;r
ykq k<h ;=<g we;=¿ lrkak' ykq wE;a lrñka isr jk wjia:dj ,nd .kak'
mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak' bkamiq mÍCIK k<h 90°lska lrljd kej; úIalïNh
i|yd mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak' fuu mdGdxl j, uOHkH w.fhka ksjerÈ
wNHka;r úIalïNh ,efí'
mÍCIK k<hl .eUqr uekSfï§ jZksh¾ le,smrh k<fha .eÜg u; isriaj isgqjd l+r
m;=f,a .efgk ;=re my<g hjkak' l+r m;=f,a .efgk wjia:dfõ§ mdGdxlh igyka
lr .kak' bkamiq k<h 90°lska lrljd kej; uq,a wdldrhgu .eUqr i|yd
mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak' fuu mdGdxl fofla uOHkH w.fhka mÍCIK k<fha
.eUqr ,nd.; hq;=h'
.eUqr uekSfï§ uQ,dxl fodaIhla we;a±hs mÍCId l< hq;=hs' ta i`oyd ùÿre ;yvqjla
u; jZksh¾ le,smrh isriaj isgqjd l+r ùÿre ;yvqfõ .efgk ;=re my<g hjkak'
tu wjia:dfõ Y=kH i<l=Kq iumd; fkdfõ kï uQ,dxl fodaIhla we;'
f.da,Sh jia;=jl úIAlïNh ,nd .ekSfï§ tlsfklg ,ïNl ÈYd ;=kla Tiafia
úIalïNh i`oyd mdGdxl ,ndf.k tajdfha uOHkHfhka f.da,fha úIalïNh ,nd
.; hq;=h'
hï ñkqula i`oyd mdGdxl lsysmhla ,ndf.k tajdfha uOHkH w.fhka ksjerÈ w.h
,nd.; hq;=h' fuu .Kkh lr.;a w.h WmlrKfha l=vdu ñkqug .e<mS ;sìh
hq;=h'
;yvqjl >klu i`oyd fjkia ia:dk myl § ,nd.;a mdGdxl ms<sfj,ska
1.15 ��, 1.12 ��, 1.13 ��, 1.14 �� yd 1.14 �� fõ'
a) fuu mdGdxl ,nd.;a WmlrKh jkafka"
uhsfl%dóg¾ bial=remamq wdudkhhs'
fya;=j" ;yvqjl >klu uekSu i|yd iqÿiqu WmlrKh th ùuhs'
1'13 rEmh
Page 9
iy flá igyka
11
b) fuu mdGdxl ,nd.;a WmlrKfha l=vdu ñkqu jkafka"
0.01 ��
fya;=j" WmlrKh u.ska ,nd.;a ñkqï ish,a,u oYuia:dk follg iSud ùu yd
tajd 0.01 ��ys .=Kdldr ùuhs'
c) ;yvqfõ >klu = �.�B ��C�.�� ��C�.�9 ��C�.�: ��C�.�:��
B
= 1.136 ��
;yvqfõ >klu 1.14 �� fõ'
fya;=j" WmlrKfha l=vdu ñkqu oYuia:dk follg iSud ùu yd" fuu wjika
ms<s;=r l=vdu ñkqfuys tkï 0.01 ��ys .=Kdldrhla úh hq;= ùuhs'
⊗ by; wdldrhg .Kkh lsÍfuka miq ;yvqfõ >klu
1.136 �� f,i igyka lsÍu fhda.H fkdfõ' thg fya;=j
WmlrKfhka ueksh yels jkafka ñ,sóg¾ oYuia:dk follg
muKla ùuhs'
ñkqï WmlrKhlska mdGdxl ,nd .ekSfï§ tu.ska isÿúh yels fodaIh" WmlrKfha
l=vdu ñkqug iudk fõ'
l=vdu ñkqu 0.1mmla jk jZksh¾ le,smrhlska 25.4 mm ñkqula ,nd.;a
wjia:djla i<luq'
a) ñkqfï isÿúh yels fodaIh 0.1mm
b) ñkqfï Nd.sl fodaIh = �.� EE
�B.: EE
= �
�B:
c) ñkqfï m%;sY; fodaIh = �.� EE
�B.: EE × 100%
= 0.39 %
***