1/4/2013 1 Basic Approaches in Tourism Planning Tourism System Lecture Outline 1. Elements of Tourism System 2. Demand Factors 3. Supply Factors 1. Elements of Tourism System • Tourism is viewed as a single system comprised of interrelated parts, i.e. combination of parts forming a complex role • As a system, it can be defined, analyzed, planned and managed in an integrated manner Tour Operator Travel Agencies Lodging Food & Beverage Attractions Government Transport NGOs Guides • In planning & development concept, understanding the interrelationships between several parts of the system enables all tourism stakeholders to improve planning & management effectiveness while enhancing the likelihood of success Several different types of systems models have been utilized in tourism studies In this topic – the elements of tourism are based on a few models developed in the tourism industry a. Leiper’s (1990) b. Mill & Morrison’s (1985) c. Gunn (2002) a. Leiper’s Model Based on Leiper’s model, at a geographical level, three (3) elements may be identified in the basic tourism system; Generating region – this is the source region of the tourist and the place where the journey begins & ends. Transit region or route – this is the region which the tourist must travel through to reach his destination Destination region – this is the region which the tourist chooses to visit and where the most obvious consequences of the system occur
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1/4/2013
1
Basic Approaches in Tourism Planning
Tourism System
Lecture Outline
1. Elements of Tourism System
2. Demand Factors
3. Supply Factors
1. Elements of Tourism System
• Tourism is viewed as a single system comprised of interrelated parts, i.e. combination of parts forming a complex role
• As a system, it can be defined, analyzed, planned and managed in an integrated manner
Tour
Operator
Travel Agencies
Lodging Food &
Beverage
Attractions Government
Transport
NGOs
Guides
• In planning & development concept, understanding the interrelationships between several parts of the system enables all tourism stakeholders to improve planning & management effectiveness while enhancing the likelihood of success
Several different types of systems models have been utilized in tourism studies
In this topic – the elements of tourism are based on a few models developed in the tourism industry
a. Leiper’s (1990)
b. Mill & Morrison’s (1985)
c. Gunn (2002)
a. Leiper’s Model
Based on Leiper’s model, at a geographical level, three (3) elements may be identified in the basic tourism system;
Generating region – this is the source region of the tourist and the place where the journey begins & ends.
Transit region or route – this is the region which the tourist must travel through to reach his destination
Destination region – this is the region which the tourist chooses to visit and where the most obvious consequences of the system occur
1/4/2013
2
Departing Tourist
Returning Tourist
Tourist
Destination Regions
Tourist
Generating Regions
Transit
Routes
Environments: Human, Sociocultural,
Economical, Technological, Physical,
Political, Legal, etc.
Leiper’s Tourism Model
Leiper, 1990
b. Mill and Morrison’s Model
A more commercially oriented system – who argued that the system consist of four parts; • Market – highlights the decision of the individual
to travel and or become a tourist • Travel – describes & analyses the where, when
and how of the individual tourist’s travel behaviour
• Destination – consists of the study of the destination mix, i.e. the attractions and services that are used by the tourist
• Marketing – highlights the importance of marketing in encouraging people to travel
• In this model, they observed that the development
of a marketing plan, the selection of an appropriate marketing mix and the choice of a distribution channel will bring success or failure for the destination’s attempt to encourage tourist to travel
c. Gunn’s Model
Alternative to the model developed by Mill & Morrison (1985) and Leiper (1990) are systems models which emphasize the supply and demand dimensions of tourism
Focus on the importance of the tourist experience
• Often tourists from core generating markets are identified as the demand side
• The supply side includes all facilities, programs, attractions and land uses designed and managed for visitors
• The supply side may be under the control of private, NGO’s and/or governments
1/4/2013
3
Gunn’s (2002) Tourism System - supply and demand
2. Demand Factors
• Demand is comprised of the motivations, perceptions, previous experiences and expectations of tourist
• The motivations arise from a variety of socio-cultural factors
• Many tourist motivations have arise from the demands made on the individual by modern industrial society
There are five basic travel motivations;
a. Physiological
b. Cultural
c. Social
d. Spiritual
e. Fantasy
(Hall, 2008)
Travel Motivators a. Physiological – include the need for relaxation and improved health. For e.g. cruise travel associated with rest & relaxation and spa tourism
b. Cultural – the desire to observe & learn other societies & their customs
c. Social – include visiting friends & relatives, business & conference travel
d. Spiritual – pilgrimage, religion and spiritual quest has long been part of tourism
e. Fantasy – one of modern travel experience where tourists build up a picture of the world ‘that marks an escape from present reality’ an environment for acting out psychic needs’
1/4/2013
4
3. Supply Factors
The three main components of the supply side:
a. Resources
b. Government
c. The tourism industry Tour
Operator Natural
Lodging Food &
Beverage
Cultural Tourism Malaysia
Travel Associations
Transport Local
Community
In terms of planning purposes, the major components that comprise the supply side are;
a. Various mode of transportation & other tourism-related infrastructure
b. Tourist information
c. Marketing & promotion
d. The community or communities within the visitor destination area
e. The political & institutional frameworks for enabling tourism