001 Anatomy Physiology Introduction

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

[MS T 102] 4 credits : 60 hours

Etymology

Late Latin Ana [up] + temnein [to cut]

Study of the structure of living beings (14 century)

Describe the different parts of the organism in the different levels i.e. cell, tissue, organ, etc…

Physio [nature] + logia [to study] Study and description of natural objects (16

century) Explain how the different elements in the body

interact to be functional, and give life to the organism

Terms Commonly Used

Sup

eri

or

Infe

rior

Dorsal Posterior

VentralAnteriorLateral

Dis

tal

Pro

xim

al

Prefix / Suffix Epi - Outer Endo - Inner Meso - Middle Ecto - Outer Exo - External Peri -

Surrounding Hypo - Under Hyper - Over Inter - Between Intra - Within

Systems Organization

Organism

Organ system

Organs

Tissue

Cell

Involves and coordinates different systems

Systems incorporate many organs for achieve a function

Organs are many types of tissues coordinating

Tissues are different types of cells functioning together

Cell is the basic unit of life

Anatomical Divisions

Sagital Section Coronal Section Transverse Section

Why is this useful?

Medical Imaging Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography

Quick Quiz!

Pelvic Girdle Thorax

Quick Quiz

Foot Foot

Anatomical Division

Segments of the human body Head and neck

Skull; Face; Neck Trunk

Chest; Abdomen; Pelvis Extremities

Arms; Legs

The Head and Neck

Skull

Face

Neck

The Trunk

Chest Bony Rib Cage

Air bags – Lungs

Vital Organs – Heart, Stomach, Pancreas, etc.

The Trunk

Abdomen Regions of the Abdomen

The Extremities

Arms Legs

Body Cavities

Cranial Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity

Pelvic Cavity

Structure, Function, Organelles

The Cell

Click icon to add picture

The Cell

OrganelleCell

TissueOrgan

Nucleus

Muscle CellMuscle

Heart

Circulatory System

Human

ORGANIZATION EXAMPLE

The Cell

Smallest unit of life Smallest Living Entity “Building Blocks of Life” Structural and Functional unit of any

organism

All living things made of one or more cells

A living cell can only exist from previous living cell

Multiplication by cell division

Activities of an organism is a result of total cellular activities

All cells are essentially similarYet they are capable of

different functions

History

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

Inventor of the microscope (c1700)

Fabric merchant Quality of thread

and weaving Used glass beads Described

protozoan species

History

Robert Hoocke c1700s Coined the term

“Cell” Microstructure of

various material described

History

Compound Microscope 1838 Schlieden – Botany Schwann - Zoology All organisms made of

cells Observed celldivision Described many more

unicellular species Cornerstone instrument

for anatomy and physiology

What is Life?

7 functions called “Life processes” that are necessary

Organism called “alive” if all 7 functions are done

Life

Jollyism: MRS. NERGMov

emen

t

Repr

oduc

tion

Sens

itivity

Nutrit

ion

Excr

etion

Resp

iratio

n

Growth

Movin

g b

ody

part

s

Pro

duci

ng

Off

spri

ng

Resp

ondin

g t

o

stim

uli

Gett

ing f

ood

Gett

ing r

id o

f w

ast

e

Convert

ing

food t

o e

nerg

y

Gett

ing a

dult

si

ze

Two Broad Types Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell specialization

As cells have lots of different functions

They are often specialized to do a particular job.

This means that they have special features that make them well adapted at carrying out these functions.

Cell specialization

Examples: Sperm cells

Tail – motility Head – enzymes to

digest jelly layer Chromosome – father

Ovum cells Bulky with jelly – food

storage Chromosome – mother

Ciliated cell Air passages – filter Mucous cells trap foreign

matter

Cell Organelles

Mitochondria Nucleus Ribosomes Cell membrane ER + Golgi Apparatus Vacuoles Structural elements Others

The mitochondria

Mitochondria – the power house Respiration – Breathing? [production of ATP from organic

molecules] Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration Glucose Energy (using O2)

Energy

C6H12O6 + 6XO2 6XCO2 + 6XH2O + Energy

The Nucleus

‘Control center’ Covered by nuclear membrane Contains DNA – master

molecule Double helical ladder made

from nucleic acids DNA: contains code for all

cellular functions Nucleotide: ‘A T G C’ language Coding for proteins Cell division – code is conserved

The Ribosome

Protein production Made from amino acids Structural and functional Determines cellular characteristics Uses RNA as a template

Types of Proteins

Category Description Example

Enzymes speed up reactions digestive enzymes

Structural building materials collagen and nail keratin

Transporting carry substances haemoglobin in blood

Contraction cause muscles to compress

actin and myosin

Storage hold on to substances Albumin, ferritin

Hormones chemical messengers between cells

insulin, growth hormone

Protective Immune Functions antibodies, clotting –coagulantes

Toxins poisonous substances bee venom and snake venom

The cell membrane

Membranes organize the chemical activities of cells.

The outer plasma membrane forms a boundary between a living cell and its

surroundings Exhibits selective permeability (Controls traffic of

molecules in and out) Inner membranes provide structural order for

metabolism Form the cell's organelles Compartmentalize chemical reactions

The cell membrane

The fluid mosaic model Membrane is mosaic – proteins embedded

is a framework of phospholipids Membrane is fluid – proteins and lipids can

move laterally

Membrane Structure

Phospholipid – major component of all membrane

Membranes made of bilayer Hydrophilic head & Hydrophobic Tails Embedded Proteins have most functions

Integral (intrinsic) – through the bilayer Peripheral (extrensic) – on one side

The cell membrane

CiliaCarbohydrate of glycoprotein

GlycolipidCholesterol

GlycoproteinPhospholipid

Microfilaments

Glycoproteins and glycolipids are

proteins/lipids with short chain

carbohydrates attached on the

extracellular side of the membrane.

Membrane proteins – types and functions

Cell – Cell Recognition Integrins – helps structure Intercellular junction –

adhesiveness to form tissues

Enzymes Receptor (signal

transduction) Transport

Passive Active

Messenger molecule

Activated Molecule

Receptor

Enzyme Active Transport

Signal Transduction

Permeability

Diffusion Passive Solute moves from ↑ to ↓ Lipid soluble, non-polar

Osmosis Facilitated through SP

membrane Solvent moves from ↑ to ↓ Water soluble, polar

Active Transport Selective Specificity of transport

molecules to vehicle Na+, K+ channels

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

First noticed in the cytoplasm

of chick embryo cells ER is a network of folded

membranes that form channels.

ER makes protein and lipid components

smooth ER and rough ER. ER moves proteins /

carbohydrates to the Golgi Apparatus, lysosomes, and other places based on need

RER and SER

Dotted with ribosomes Involved in protein

production, protein folding, quality control and dispatch.

Network-like tunnels with tubules, vesicles and cisternae

Held together by cytoskeleton

No ribosomes on it More tubular than

RER Separate

interconnecting network.

Manufactures and metabolizes lipids and associated products

Rough ER Smooth ER

Golgi Apparatus

Shipping Department - delivery system

Structure Stacks of sacs (pancakes) Vesicles pinching off edges

Function Proteins processing and sorting Targeting them to membrane Lysosomes, Endosomes,

vesicle formation Intra cellular lipid transport

Endomembrane system.

•ER produce proteins

•Pass into cisternae

•Proteins packaged

•Blebbing with protein inside

•Drift into cytoplasm

Other Organelles

Vacuoles – water containing vesicles Peroxisome – enzyme containing vesicles Lysosome – vesicles with proteins that

breakdown large molecules Cytoskeleton – holding up internal

structure Actin – intracellular movement Microtubule – cilia, flagella Intermediary filament – support strength Centriole – cell division

“a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure”

Epithelium - coveringConnective tissue - supportMuscle tissue - movementNervous tissue - control

Tissues

Epithelial Tissue

According to thickness “simple” - one cell layer “stratified” – more than one layer of

cells (which are named according to the shape of the cells in the apical layer)

According to shape “squamous” – wider than tall

diffusion “cuboidal” – as tall as wide

Secretion, absorption “columnar” - taller than wide

Special structures [cilia, mucous]

“ciliated” = eyelashes

Stratified: regenerate from below

Exclusive epithelia

Endothelium A simple squamous

epithelium that lines the interior of the circulatory vessels and heart

Mesothelium A simple squamous

epithelium that lines the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities and covers the viscera

Glands – formed by epithelial cells

Production & secretion of needed substances

Are aqueous products

Protein product made RER

Packed Golgi apparatus

Released by exocytosis

Exocrine

External

secretion

Internal Secreti

on

Endocrine

Hormones

Ductless

secretion

Goblet CellsMucous

Alveoli

Other Exocrine Glands Sweat glands Oil glands Salivary glands Liver (bile) Pancreas Mammary glands

“a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure”

Epithelium - coveringConnective tissue - supportMuscle tissue - movementNervous tissue - control

Tissues

Classes of Connective Tissue: variety of subclasses

Connective Tissue Originate from embryonic tissue called

mesenchyme Most diverse and abundant type of tissue Many subclasses (see previous slide) Function: to protect, support and bind

together other tissues Bones, ligaments, tendons Areolar cushions; adipose insulates and is food

source Blood cells replenished; body tissues repaired

Cells separated from one another by large amount of nonliving extracellular matrix

Extracellular Matrix explained

Nonliving material between cells Produced by the cells and then

extruded Responsible for the strength Two components

1. Ground substance Of fluid, adhesion proteins, proteoglycans Liquid, semisolid, gel-like or very hard

2. Fibers: collagen, elastic or reticular

Basic functions of connective tissue reviewed

Support and binding of other tissues Holding body fluids Defending the body against infection

macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, WBCs

Storing nutrients as fat

Classes of Connective Tissue: variety of subclasses

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Classes of Connective Tissue: variety of subclasses

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Classes of Connective Tissue: variety of subclasses

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Classes of Connective Tissue: variety of subclasses

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Classes of Connective Tissue: variety of subclasses

*

Blood

Functions Homeostasis Respiration Excretion Transport internal

secretions Acid base balance Water electrolyte

balance (osmosis) Immunity Temperature

regulation

Blood Types

Anti-A Anti-B antibodies are  IgM antibodies

Produced in the first years of life

Sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria, and viruses.

Epithelial sheets + connective tissue

Cutaneous membranes Skin: epidermis and dermis

Mucous membranes, or mucosa Lines every hollow internal

organ that opens to the outside of the body

Serous membranes, or serosa Slippery membranes lining of pleural, pericardial

and peritoneal cavities Surface fluid called a

transudate Synovial membranes

Line joints

“a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure”

Epithelium - coveringConnective tissue - supportMuscle tissue- movementNervous tissue - control

Tissues

“a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure”

Epithelium - coveringConnective tissue - supportMuscle tissue - movementNervous tissue - control

Tissues

Tissue response to injury

Immune: takes longer and is highly specific

Inflammation Nonspecific, local, rapid Inflammatory chemicals Signs: heat, swelling,

redness, pain Repair – two ways

Regeneration Fibrosis and scarring

Severe injuries Cardiac and nervous tissue

Tissue Origins - Embryology

Tumors (neoplasms): abnormal growth of cells

Adenoma – neoplasm of glandular epithelium, benign or malignant

Carcinoma – cancer arising in an epithelium (90% of all human cancers)

Sarcoma – cancer arising in mesenchyme-derived tissue (connective tissues and muscle)

STEM CELLS….

Totipotency Stem cell

therapy Amniotic

stem cells

Homeo – Constant; Stasis – Stable

Homeostasis

Regulation – a state of dynamic constant

Temperature Iron Energy Blood composition

Sugar Fats Osmoregulation Pressure Calcium Acid-base Volume Hemostasis Sleep

Extracellular fluid