001 160718 energy systems for green buildings20160718-2

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E f b ildiEnergy systems for green buildings

WANG R.Z.Shanghai Jiao Tong Universityg g y

July 18, 2016

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1. What is a Green Building (GB)?什么是绿色建筑？什么是绿色建筑？

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Possible forms of GBPossible forms of GB

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Energy saving, renewable uses

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Green Building Energy Systems

The concept of green building has stirred extensive interest among the building and energy researches.

Solar energy

R blRenewableenergy Wind energy

Geothermal energyEnergy systems

in green buildings

Geothermal energy

Heat pump

Efficienttechnology CCHP

Other technologies

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2. Solar Energy in Green Building太阳能在绿色建筑中的应用

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Solar collectors

Flat plate collector Evacuated tube collector

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Present state

Annual average growth of 30%.

Total area 310,000,000 m2 (2013).

Annual yield 60,000,000 m2 (2013).

Spreading from rural to urban areas.

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Integration approach

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Integration approach

Integration with balconies

Solar fraction 70%. Auxiliary electric heater.

Integration with awning Auxiliary air source heat

pump water heater.

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Integration approach

Solar hot water system in high-rise residential building. g g

Integration with balconiesIntegration with balconiesExample in Shanghai:2800 apartments

0 95 hi h U t t d t b l0.95m-high U-type evacuated tubular solar collectors with CPC. 3m2 each

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Hot water supply system Air outlet valveAir outlet valve

Central hot water supply systemHeat storage water tank

Roof of building

Set pressure tank

Roof of building

Set pressure tank

Central-individual hot water supply systemHot water pump

Set pressure tank

Solar collecting pump Heat storage water tank

Water tank space / attic

Individual hot water supply systemSolar collecting pump Water tank space / attic

To u

sers

Main-water

To u

sers

Hot water

Central Central-

T

Heat storage water tank

Hot water

M i t

Set pressure tankindividual

Main-water

Solar collecting pump

individual

Solar collectors Balcony

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Solar cooling

Adsorption Refrigeration for solar cooling.

60-90oC hot water driven adsorption chiller. 80oC 15 kW/15 oC COP=0.55. 65oC 8 kW/15 oC COP=0.4.

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Newly developed adsorption chiller

Cooling power: 50kWSize: 2.7m×2.1m×2mDesign COP: 0 4~0 6

A newly developed 50kW module designed system in 2014.There are 300 - 500 adsorption chillers sold per year

Design COP: 0.4~0.6

recently in the world, which shows the good prospects of solar cooling.

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Tests with High Performance

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6Heating temp(oC) 85.9 85.4 82.2 61.8 85.8 86.0

Cooling temp(oC) 29.8 30.3 32.1 29.4 30.0 30.1

Chilled ater inlet temp(oC) 15 0 11 8 19 5 14 7 15 3 15 0Chilled water inlet temp(oC) 15.0 11.8 19.5 14.7 15.3 15.0

Chilled water outlet temp(oC) 11.2 9.1 14.7 13.2 11.5 11.3

Cooling power(kW) 41.1 29.6 50.1 17.1 40.9 40.1

COP 0.515 0.344 0.627 0.358 0.431 0.439

SCP (W kg-1) 120.1 86.4 146.4 50.1 119.5 117.2

Cooling time(s) 800 600 600 600 600 600

i ( )Mass recovery time(s) 40 40 40 40 80 40

Heat recovery time(s) 40 24 24 24 40 40

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Solar cooling with absorption chillersWh 1 ff ?Why 1.n effect?

Double effect(>140 oC)Medium temp Double effect(>140 oC)Medium temp

No match of heat gradeStable temp?

Single effect(80oC -95oC)Low temp

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1.n effect: novel design

High P condensorHigh P vaporHeat

High P generator

High P absorber Low P generator 1

Low P generator 2

RefrigerantHeat

High P generator Low P generator 2

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1.n effect absorption chillerith t d 50kWwith rated power 50kW

Experimental data

T Tch1 ( C)

Tch2 ( C) T 1 (oC) T 2 (oC) Cooling

(k ) COP

Experimental data

Tgen (oC) (oC) Tc1 ( C) Tc2 ( C) power(kW) COP

95.0 12.5 9.4 31.2 34.9 35.9 0.69100.2 10.2 7.5 32.5 35.9 33.4 0.70104.4 16.4 13.2 29.8 34.2 45.5 0.78110.9 15.0 10.7 32.4 37.2 43.5 0.85115.8 14.7 10.5 30.9 35.1 49.0 1.00118.8 11.0 7.2 28.2 32.0 43.7 1.02120.0 13.5 9.0 27.6 31.9 51.9 1.08

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Solar desiccant coolingSolar collector

Regeneration air

Evaporative coolerProcess air

Ambient airSupply air

FanHeat exchanger

Air flow chart of a two stage desiccant cooling A 5kW desiccant cooling system

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A two-stage rotary desiccant cooling system with 20 kW cooling power and a th l COP f b t 0 8 1 0thermal COP of about 0.8~1.0.

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3. Heat Pumps and their applications in Green Building热泵等在绿色建筑中的应用热泵等在绿色建筑中的应用

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Air source heat pump water heater

Electricity inputy p

Heat of air inputCompressor

Evaporator

Conde

Hot water outlet

enser

Cold water inlet

Reservoir Filter Expansion valve

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Air source heat pump water heater

Demonstration projects

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Ground source heat pump

In summer, the heat from the room is delivered into the

earth

In winter, the heat from the earth is delivered into the

roomearth. room.

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Experience in an archives building

A GSHP system with condensation heat recovery for a building of 8000 m2.

The COP attains 5.2 in the heating mode. The COP attains 5.1 in the cooling mode. The heat rejected to the soil was reduced by 33.7% owing

to heat recovery.

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Solar panel heat pump

Solar PV

Vapor compression system by solar-powered prime mover.

Inverter AC

Controller

I t

Controller

InverterThe solar panel heat pump

produced by Midea Air Conditioning Company

Battery

Conditioning Company

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Experimental results

The system consists of PV panels, a controller, an inverter, a lead-acid battery bank and a commercial variable

System performance Index

frequency split type room air conditioner.

System performance Index

Cooling capacity 0.1~7 kW

H ti it 0 12 9 kWHeating capacity 0.12~9 kW

Solar-electric efficiency 12.5%

Inverter efficiency 80.2%

Electric COP of air conditioner 3~4.1

Solar COP 0.3~0.41

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4. CCHPs and smart grid in Green Building冷热电联供及智能电网与绿色建筑冷热电联供及智能电网与绿色建筑

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Combined cooling, heating and power system

Transformer

Grid

Building

Energy-cascaded-utilization system

Electric cabinet

Electricity

Electric cabinet

Exhaust gas or jacket water or exhaust steam

Hot water or steam

Heating Cooling

H d i hFuel

Heat recovery system

Heat-driven heat-pumpFuel

High-efficiency

Power generation Unit

Decrease in pollutant emission and losses in the transportIncrease in reliability and quality of the supply

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EquipmentsPrime movers

Steam turbine50-500,000kW

IC engine10-5000kW

Micro-turbine1-1000kW

Fuel cell1-1200kW

With differentelectric-thermal performance.

Stirling engineUp to 100kW

Different prime movers are suitable for different situations.

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Moveable micro-CCHP system

Heating output 17.7kW Electric output 16kW

Cooling output 6.5kW Electric efficiency 23.8% Thermal efficiency 56.9%

Physical mapThermal efficiency 56.9% Total efficiency 80.7%

System principle diagram

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5. Green Building Energy Systems D i SJTU G B ildiDemo in SJTU Green Building绿色建筑能源系统的示范与实践

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Green Energy Laboratory

1500 m2，14+  key energy system technologies;

Italian Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea

152 million euro (€), Solar energy utilization, technology integration, LEED certification

Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity

Sea

integration, LEED certification application;

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Experience in the GEL of SJTU

The 1st

floorExhibition atrium, labs for energy research

floorThe 2nd

floorLabs, meeting rooms, staff rooms, student rooms

The 3rd

floorTwo independent apartments with the area of 65 and 92 m2

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System and research in GEL

Category of the g y

technologies:• Renewable energy e e ab e e e gy

technologies.

• Highly efficient

energy systems.

• Heat recovery

technology.

• Energy storage.

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Automatic monitoring system

Main interface of the automaticMain interface of the automatic monitoring system

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CCHP and smart micro grid system

LPG

PV Power GRID

Wind Power

Power (7 kW)

25 kW

(5 kW)(5 kW)

TEMA 30/50 Sino-Italian Green Energy Laboratory

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60 Jacket water exhaust gas total heating output electric efficiency primary energy efficiency 0.8

1.0

25

30

0.8

1.0

Design parameters1 Continuous el. Power kW 22

2 Nominal el. Efficiency % 28

10

20

30

40

heat

(kW

)

0 2

0.4

0.6 efficiency

5

10

15

20

cooling outputCOPco

olin

g ou

tput

(kW

)

0.2

0.4

0.6 efficiency

3 Cooling capacity (AC) kW 23

4 Heating capacity kW 60

5 Max. Water Temp. ℃ 95

6 Exhaust gas max. Temp. ℃ 550

0 4 8 12 16 200

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electric output (kW)

0.0

0.2

4 8 12 16 200

5 COP primary energy efficiency

electric output (kW)

c

0.0 7 Electric heat pump kW 24 (C)28 (H)

8 Battery pack Ah 620

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River water source heat pump

As for the cooling mode, the COP is 5.3; the temperature of supply and back water is 7/12 oC.pp yAs for the heating mode, the COP is 4.1; the temperature of supply and back water is 45/40 oC.

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Experimental results

atur

e / o C

dity

/ %

erat

ure

/ o CAmbient TempRelative humidity

ient

tem

pera

lativ

e hu

mid

wat

er te

mpe

Am

bi Re

Time / h Time / h

Riv

er Inlet Temp of river water

Outlet Temp of river water

C

ratu

re /

o C

mid

ity /

%

pera

ture

/ o C

Ambient TempRelative humidity

mbi

ent t

empe

r

Rel

ativ

e hu

m

er w

ater

tem

pInlet Temp of river water

Am

Time / h

R

Riv

e

Time / h

pOutlet Temp of river water

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Solar cooling and heating

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Ground source heat pump

To fan coilsGreen energy lab

Heat pump Ground heat exchanger

Green energy lab

The building area covered by the GSHP system is 180 m2.The rated cooling capacity is 22.3 kW.The rated heating capacity is 29 5 kWThe rated heating capacity is 29.5 kW.

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Experimental results in heating mode

Heat transfer IHeat transfer III

Heat transfer IIHeating capacity

For the ground heat

exchanger:

W/m

y / k

W

Group I: 38.5 W/m;

Group II: 15.5 W/m;

trans

fer /

W

ng c

apac

ity Group III: 18.1 W/m;

For the heating system:

Hea

t t

Hea

tin Average heating

capacity: 20.9 kW;

COP 3

Time / hh:mm

COP: 3

Variations in heat transfer of ground heat exchanger and heating capacity

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Experimental results in cooling mode

For the ground heat

W/m

y / k

W

exchanger:

Group I: 43.4 W/m;

Group II: 49 7 W/m;

rans

fer /

W

ng c

apac

ity Group II: 49.7 W/m;

Group III: 51.9 W/m;

For the cooling system:Heat transfer IHeat transfer IIHeat transfer IIICooling capacity

Hea

t tr

Coo

lin

For the cooling system:

Average cooling

capacity: 17 kW;

Time / hh:mm

p y ;

COP: 3.2

Variations in heat transfer of ground heat exchanger and cooling capacity

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Tests of ASHP for cooling,Tests of ASHP for cooling, heating with different terminals

70 2 t t70 m2 test room

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Air source heat pump system

Experimental setup of air-source heat pump with different terminals

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Layout of different indoor terminals

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Summer cooling testsSu e coo g tests

Comparison Group

Test Results: Outdoor Air Temperature in summer cooling mode

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Experimental results (summer cooling)

Daily energy consumption of ASHP with STDFCUS and NFCUs under different weather conditions

ASHP+STDFCU consumes 15%-22% less energy than ASHP+NFCU under cooling mode

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Experimental results

Daily average COP of ASHP with STDFCUS and NFCUs d diff t th ditiunder different weather conditions

ASHP+STDFCU has a 13%-24% higher COP than ASHP+NFCU under cooling mode

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Reasons why ASHP+STDFCU has a higher COP

ASHP water temperature change for ASHP with STDFCUs and NFCs

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Winter heating testste eat g tests

Comparison Groupp p

Test Results: Outdoor Air Temperature in winter heating mode

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STDFCU:Small Temperature

Difference Fan-coil Units

NFCU:Normal Fan-coil Units

FHC:Floor Heating coils

Test Results: Indoor air temperature of a typical day

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STDFCU:Small Temperature

Diff F il U it

NFCU:Normal Fan-coil Units

FHC:Floor Heating coils

Test Results: Power consumption of ASHP with different terminals

Difference Fan-coil Units

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STDFCU:Small Temperature

Diff F il U itNFCU:

Normal Fan-coil UnitsFHC:

Floor Heating coils

Test Results: Power consumption of ASHP with different terminals

Difference Fan-coil UnitsNormal Fan coil Units Floor Heating coils

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Reasons why ASHP+STDFCU/FHC has a higher COP

42oC42 C

37oC

ASHP water temperature change for ASHP with different terminals

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FCU: Fan-coil Units FHC: Floor Heating coils

Test Results: Temperature difference between T&RH logger andblack ball temperature measurement

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Small compact air source heat pump

Small compact air source heat pump system (3hp compressor) with the rated cooling capacity of 7.4 kW.

Capable of heating cooling and hot water Capable of heating, cooling and hot water supply.

4 small temperature difference fan coil units.

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25

30

温度（℃） 相对湿度（%）

25

30

温度（℃） 相对湿度（%）

10

15

20

10

15

20

0

5

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

时间（min）

0

5

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

时间（min）

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温度（℃） 相对湿度（%）

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温度（℃） 相对湿度（%）

North bed room South bed room

15

20

25

30

15

20

25

30

0

5

10

15

0

5

10

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

时间（min）

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

时间（min）

Kitchen room Living room

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30℃ R t t M t (3 d )30℃ Return water Measurements (3 days)Experimental Date：2015-1-08-21:25-2015-1-11-21:25

Date Tav（℃）

RHav（%）

Ave Dew point（℃）

Tmin（℃）

Tmax（℃）

（℃）

Out

1-08-1-09 5.9 52.7 -3.3 0 11.9

1-09- 7 9 54 7 1 1 2 4 14 8door 1-10 7.9 54.7 -1.1 2.4 14.8

1-10-1-11 8.7 58.2 0.3 2.2 15.5

92 m2 two bed rooms & 1 living room+kichen roomsElectricity consumptions: 29 35/27 3/25 87 kWhElectricity consumptions: 29.35/27.3/25.87 kWh

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ASHP electric po erASHP electric power, consumption, heating output

4 hours

1 hour

24 hours

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35℃ R t t M t (2 d )35℃ Return water Measurements (2 days)Experimental Date： 2015-1-06-13:20-2015-1-08-13:20

Date Tav（℃）

RHav（%）

Ave Dew Point(℃)

Tmin（℃）

Tmax（℃）

1 06Outdoor

1-06-1-07 4.8 67.8 -0.7 3.4 8.5

1-07- 4 4 56 7 3 8 0 91-08 4.4 56.7 -3.8 0 9

92 m2 two bed rooms & 1 living room+kichen rooms92 m2 two bed rooms & 1 living room+kichen roomsElectricity consumptions: 39.8/32.5 kWh

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40℃ R t t M t (3 d )40℃ Return water Measurements (3 days)Experimental Date： 2015-1-11-21:28-2015-1-14-21:28

Date Tav（℃）

RHav（%）

Ave dew point（℃）

Tmin（℃）

Tmax（℃）

（℃）

Out

1-11-1-12 6.8 70.1 1.6 4.2 10.2

1 12 1Outdoor

1-12-1-13 7.4 77.5 3.6 5.7 10.3

1-13-1- 7 8 91 3 6 5 7 1 8 5

92 m2 two bed rooms & 1 living room+kichen rooms14 7.8 91.3 6.5 7.1 8.5

Electricity consumptions: 55.02/52.3/48.46 kWh

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Experimental results(35 oC return water)

Room Average Minimum Maximum

The ambient temperature: from 0 oC to 9 oC.

Room Average temperature/ oC

Minimum temperature/ oC

Maximum temperature/ oC

Living room 20 2 17 4 22 5Living room 20.2 17.4 22.5

Dining room 20.1 17.5 22.5

Kitchen 19 8 17 3 20 8Kitchen 19.8 17.3 20.8

South bedroom 21.9 18.6 24.0

North bedroom 20 8 18 0 22 0North bedroom 20.8 18.0 22.0

The indoor thermal environment is comfortable, especially in winter, the indoor temperature is always p y p yuniform and kept at 20-22 oC or so.

The winter daily electric consumption is about 38 kWh.

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Conclusions

Resources and climatei Sh h i

Mean annual temperature of 17.6 oC 2000 h of sunshine Hot summer and cold winterin Shanghai Hot summer and cold winter Lower reaches of the Yangtze River Sufficient gas supply

A li bl t h l i Solar energy system Ground source heat pumpApplicable technologies

in green buildings Ground source heat pump River water source heat pump Air source heat pump Combined cooling, heating and power

Integration of R ti f bl b 75%Integration of renewable technologies

Ratio of renewable can be over 75% Energy saving rate can be over 50%

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Thanks!Thanks!